Categories
Chicago Fields Regulations

Chicago. Doctoral Field Exams Schedule for the Friedmans, Stigler, Wallis. 1935

Milton Friedman, Rose Friedman née Director, George Stigler, and W. Allen Wallis all took some of their doctoral field examinations at the University of Chicago in the Spring Quarter of 1935. The names of the examiners and the other examinees can be seen from the mimeographed page I found in George Stigler’s papers at the University of Chicago Archives. I have included in this post the field examination requirements for doctoral students in economics from the annual Announcements published for the 1934-35 academic year.

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 Three Field Examinations for Doctorate

“The candidate is expected to have general training in the important fields listed below and to specialize in three fields, one of which must be Economic Theory, including Monetary and Cycle Theory, and another must be the field of his thesis. The fields to be chosen (in addition to Economic Theory) may be taken from (1) Statistics; (2) Accounting; (3) Economic History; (4) Finance and Financial Administration; (5) Government Finance; (6) Labor and Personnel Administration; (7) Trusts and Public Utilities; (8) International Economic Relations; (9) some other field proposed by the candidate. A field proposed by the candidate may be in Economics or in another social science, the arrangement in either case being made with the Department of Economics. It is desired to develop that program of work which best meets the needs of the individual student. This usually involves the election of some courses in other departments and possibly the development of a field in another social science as a substitute for one of the fields in economics.

“The candidate’s grasp of his three fields of specialization is tested by preliminary written examinations which must be passed to the satisfaction of the Department before admission to candidacy. The final oral examination is on the field of concentration and on the thesis. The written examinations can be taken in one quarter or they can be divided between two quarters, not necessarily consecutive quarters, at the option of the candidate. The written examinations are given in the sixth, seventh, and eighth weeks of the Autumn, Spring, and Summer quarters. The written examination in general economic theory, including monetary and cycle theory, is in two parts and will require five hours in all. The written examination in each of the other fields requires from three to four hours. Notice of intention to take any written examination must be filed with the Department at least three weeks before the examinations begin. In written examinations for the doctorate the questions cover both the theoretical and administrative aspects of the field.”

 

Source: Announcements. The University of Chicago. The College and the Divisions for the Sessions of 1934-35, pp. 283-4.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

SCHEDULE FOR PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DOCTORATE

Spring Quarter, 1935

The schedule below shows the preliminary examinations requested for the current quarter. Will the Chairman of each Committee please be responsible for turning in the complete examination by at least one week before the date on which it is to be given?

Dates Examinations Committees Students Enrolled
Saturday, May 11
8:30, S.S.R. 417
Economic Theory
(New Plan)
Viner, Chairman
Schultz
Yntema
Knight
Friedman, M.
Shohan, C.J.
Stigler, G.J. (Brookings)
Wallis, W.A.
1:30, S.S.R. 417 Monetary and Cycle Theory Mints
Cox
Saturday, May 18
8:30, S.S.R. 417
Financial System and Financial Administration Mints, Chairman
Cox
Meech
Gideonse
Curtis, C.H.
Shohan, C.J.
Saturday, May 18
8:30, S.S.R. 417
Government Finance Leland, Chairman
Simons
Stigler, G.J. (Brookings)
Saturday, May 18
8:30, S.S.R. 417
Statistics Schultz, Chairman
Cover
Yntema
Director, R.
Friedman, M.
Jacoby, N.H. (Springfield)
Saturday, May 25
8:30, S.S.R. 417
Economic History Wright, Chairman
Nef
Knight
Ostrander, F.T. (Williams)
Shohan, C.J.

 

Source: University of Chicago Archives, George Stigler Papers Addenda, Box 33, Folder “1935 Univ. of Chicago, Class Notes (Gray binder)”.

Image Source: Rose and Milton Friedman. From The Prodos Blog.

 

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Uncategorized

Swarthmore. Economic Theory Honors Exam Questions by Samuelson. 1943

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Harvard economics alumnus Wolfgang Stolper (Ph.D. 1938)  was able to leverage his friendships and connections from graduate school to obtain a flow of external examiners for Swarthmore College’s honors examinations in economics. For today’s post I have transcribed the examination questions in economic theory provided by Paul Samuelson.

I find particularly interesting the early use by Samuelson of the term “neoclassical synthesis” under which he grouped “Marshall, Walras, Wicksell, Cassel or the Austrians” and that he considered distinct from the later synthesis of “orthodox economic thought” by Hicks.

I have also attached to this post a most delightful artifact, Paul Samuelson’s remembrance sent to the seventieth birthday celebration for James Tobin’s wife, Elizabeth (a.k.a. Bess, Betty) Ringo, who had been a graduate student of Samuelson’s at M.I.T. after having been one of his (probably January) examinees that year at Swarthmore.

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Samuelson’s Remembrance of Being a Swarthmore External Examiner

“Success has a thousand fathers. Failure is an orphan.” John F. Kennedy said that, and so before him did Mussolinis son-in-law. I claim some credit for bringing Bess Ringo to Cambridge and into Jim Tobin’s orbit.

It was Wolfi Stolper who persuaded me to be an external Swarthmore examiner. I never worked a harder weekend. Janet Goodrich and John Chapman, Peter and Freddie Kuh, Bess, and many more were part of that intense honors group. Even the faculty lobbied our Olympian outside group.

No good deed goes unrewarded. My booty from the countryside was Ringo’s promise to come to MIT’s new graduate program in economics, which was starved for draft-proof students. Nuns cannot be trusted except in pairs and to Betty’s indignation we admitted a female from Hunter College to be her buddy.

The rest is history.

Blessed history—for Betty and Jim and theirs have enriched the lives of us happy many.

[signed] Paul Samuelson

Paul Samuelson (and, by proxy, Marion Crawford Samuelson)

1 August 1992

 

Source: Duke University, Rubenstein Library. Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, Box 73, Folder “Tobin, James”

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SWARTHMORE COLLEGE
1943
Department of Economics

 

Honors Examination                       Division of the
Thursday, January 28                     Social Sciences

ECONOMIC THEORY

Examiner: Professor Paul A. Samuelson
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Answer one question from each of four sections.

Section I

Write an hour essay on one of the following subjects.

  1. The use of a pricing system in a completely planned and socialized society.
  2. The difficulties faced in the classification of monopoly and competition, with a provisional, constructive solution of them.
  3. The significant meanings of the term “exploitation of a factor of production.”
  4. The marginal productivity theory and its difficulties.
  5. The relationship between firms and industry, between cost and supply, in the long and in the short run.
  6. Conflicting views as to the true nature of profit.

Section II

  1. Discuss price determination and allocation of supply between more than one market, under simple and discriminating
  2. “Edgeworth is wrong when he says that Giffen’s Paradox, positively inclined demand curve, is highly unrealistic and not to be found in practice. I have often observed that poor people eat more bread and potatoes than the wealthy, precisely because their income is less.” (Marshall) Comment upon this quotation bringing out the analytical point at issue.
  3. Why is it said that price is indeterminate under oligopoly and duopoly?
  4. Why has the Marshallian concept of consumer’s surplus been under attack? What did it attempt to do and under what conditions was it valid?

Section III

  1. “It is illogical that the Keynesians should speak of a future possibility of inadequate investment relative to saving since they insist on the necessary equality of these magnitudes.” Examine the issue raised here, making reference to other schools of thought. If you dare, attempt a synthesis of divergent theories and definitions.
  2. “Labor is like any other commodity. If its supply is excessive relative to its demand, lower its price and you will clear the market.” Comment.
  3. “I deny the very existence of a business cycle, and challenge anyone to produce evidence of its reality.” Meet this challenge.
  4. “The business cycle is monetary in origin, being nothing more than the ‘dance of the dollar’.” Comment.
  5. “The interest rate is a purely monetary phenomenon.” Comment.

Section IV

  1. Discuss the revolution in population outlook after World War I, and the economic problems raised.
  2. Will our major post-war problem be that of controlling a boom or combating a depression? Defend your stand.
  3. Disillusioned with monetary controls, governments have turned to fiscal policy to combat the business cycle. Give reasons and implications.
  4. When we have solved the problem of unemployed resources, there will arise the necessity to allocate resources in their optimal What are the criteria by which correct decisions are made in this sphere, and how is the perfection of competition involved?

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Professor Paul A. Samuelson
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

SWARTHMORE COLLEGE

            Honors Examination                        May 19, 1943                       Division of the
Department of Economics               Social Sciences

 

ECONOMIC THEORY

Answer one question from each of four sections.

Section I

Write an hour essay on one of the following subjects.

  1. The relationship between firms and industry, between cost and supply, in the long and in the short run, under perfect and imperfect competition.
  2. The scope and method of economics.
  3. We have had at last four syntheses of orthodox economic thought: (a) that of Smith; (b) that of John Stuart Mill; (c) the neo-classical synthesis (Marshall, Walras, Wicksell, Cassel or the Austrians); (d) Hicks. Write a critical contrast of at least two of these.

Section II

  1. Discuss discriminatingly the multitude of meanings of the term “excess capacity.”
  2. What bearing does the use of indifference curves have upon
    1. the problem of the measurability of utility
    2. the definition of complementarity, independence, competitiveness; joint demand and substitutability
    3. Giffen’s paradox and “inferior” goods?
  3. “Since each worker is paid the productivity of the last worker, (marginal productivity), a really smart and unscrupulous employer would hire so many workers as to cause the wage to be zero, or at least only enough above zero to support a physiological minimum of existence.” Comment.

Section III

  1. “Everybody talks about the disparity between saving and investment, but nobody attempts to measure it.” Discuss the theoretical and statistical problems involved here.
  2. “There is an inherent instability in the banking system, and this gives rise to the business cycle which is essentially ‘the dance of the dollar.’” Analyze.
  3. Describe the “multiplier doctrine,” its fields of application, its validity and shortcomings.

Section IV

  1. Weigh the arguments for and against secular stagnation.
  2. Defend or attack the thesis that there will be a post-war boom. Give your characterization of the post-war economy.
  3. The business cycle is a misnomer; it is a question of many cycles not of one.” Discuss the historical, statistical, and theoretical issues raised by this statement.
  4. Describe the cyclical behavior and importance of
    1. the building industry or
    2. consumers credit and installment institutions.

 

Source: Duke University, Rubenstein Library. Papers of Wolfgang Stolper, Box 22, Folder1.

Image Source: Elizabeth Fay Ringo from Swarthmore’s Halcyon 1943. Paul Samuelson (1940) from M.I.T. Memorial.

Categories
Chicago Economists Exam Questions

Chicago. Price and Distribution Theory. Taught by Viner and attended by Samuelson, 1935.

The graduate economics course at the University of Chicago “Price and Distribution Theory” as taught by Jacob Viner was often referred to by Paul Samuelson. From the Paul A. Samuelson papers at Duke University we have a copy of the examination questions for that course together with a copy of Jacob Viner’s evaluation of his “with one possible exception, the most promising undergraduate I have ever encountered since I began teaching some twenty years ago”. Any clues as to who might have claimed the status of the “one possible exception”? Viner’s cover note to Samuelson and the latter’s gracious response are included for the sake of completeness.

I have already posted the reading list for the 1932 vintage of the course.

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Course Description

[Economics] 301. Price and Distribution Theory.—A study of the general body of economic thought which centers about the theory of value and distribution and is regarded as “orthodox theory,” including the critical examination of some modern systems of this character. Prerequisite: Economics 209 or its equivalent and the Bachelor’s degree. Summer, 9:00 Knight; Winter, 10:00, Viner.

 

Source: Announcements. The University of Chicago. The College and the Divisions for the Sessions of 1934-35, p. 286. (Note the 1936-37 course description Announcements is identical to that of 1934-35, so we can assume the course announcement in the 1935-36 Announcements would too.)

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[Samuelson’s handwritten note and the copy of the 1935 examination for Economics 301]

My Final Exam for Viner’s famous course. Only 3(a) caused me trouble (no wonder!)
PAS 6/30/72

Examination in Economics 301
Winter Quarter, 1935-

  1. Discuss the relationship of marginal cost to prices:
    1. under short-run competitive equilibrium;
    2. under long-run competitive equilibrium

when (1) the industry is subject to external diseconomies of large production; (2) the industry operates under conditions of constant cost.

  1. In order that an industry shall operate at constant costs as its output is varied, what conditions must hold as to:
    1. the definition of “industry”;
    2. the supply curves, general and partial, of the factors used by that industry;
    3. the mode of operation of the law of diminishing returns in that industry;
    4. the presence or absence of internal diseconomies of large-scale firms in that industry;
    5. the size of the changes in output?
  2. Comment briefly on the following statements:
    1. “If labor has effective occupational mobility, the prices of all commodities under competitive conditions will tend to equal their marginal labor costs.”
    2. “Labor is paid out of current product, and if advances are made, they are made by laborer to employer, rather than vice versa.”
    3. “Saving is necessary only in an expanding economy. No one need wait for the product of his labor or property in a stationary economy.”
    4. “Any increase in investment lengthens the production period, and the production period cannot be lengthened unless more investment takes place.”

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Jacob Viner’s Handwritten Note to Paul Samuelson, 1963

Jacob Viner
13 Newlin Road
Princeton, New Jersey

Aug. 7, 1963

Dear Paul,

I have just run across my carbon copy of a 1935 appraisal of you by me and am sending you a reproduction of it not to raise your ego but to raise mine. I recall your report at Pittsburg of a less perspicacious appraisal of about the same period by Paul Douglas. In this instance at least I showed skill apparently as a forecaster.

Cordially yours,
Jack

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Jacob Viner’s Recommendation for Paul Samuelson to SSRC, 1935

The Social Science Research Council
230 Park Avenue
New York City

Mr. Paul A. Samuelson, although an undergraduate, did distinctly better work than any other member of my graduate course in Economic Theory during the past Quarter. He is a sober, careful and extremely able student, equipped with extensive mathematical technique, zealous, original and independent, without the belligerence and the arrogance that so often marks young men with keen minds and the knowledge that they are superior in mental capacity to their classmates. Mr. Samuelson shows all the signs of having it in him to become a very distinguished economic theorist, and is, with one possible exception, the most promising undergraduate I have ever encountered since I began teaching some twenty years ago. I have only known him for some four months, but I do not think that this is a too hasty judgment.

Jacob Viner
Professor of Economics
Chicago, Illinois

April 15, 1935
University of Chicago

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Paul Samuelson’s response to Jacob Viner, 1963
Carbon copy

August 23, 1963

Dear Jack:

I had to be flattered by your August 19 note and the enclosed carbon of your 1935 evaluation of me. I feel as proud of that young man as if he had been my son and prouder still after your early discernment of his “growth-stock” potential.

Your 1935 graduate course certainly stimulated me. It sent me to Harvard well-prepared—over-prepared some of my teachers may have thought!

Last June I basked in the reflected glory of your Harvard degree.

Our love to Frances,

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Source: Duke University.   Rubenstein Library. Paul A. Samuelson Papers, Box 74, Folder “Viner, Jacob (corresp) 1935-1990”.

Image Source: University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-08490, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

 

Categories
Economic History Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Economic History of Europe Since 1800. Edmund E. Lincoln, 1920.

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This post provides a transcription of over thirty printed pages from the List of References in Economics 2 at Harvard published in 1920 by Edmund Earle Lincoln (1888-1958). These pages include all the bibliographic references for the first semester course “Economic History of Europe since 1800” along with an introductory note and a short list of titles recommended for students who wish to build a personal library in European and U.S. economic history. The final examination questions and a course description have also been transcribed. The list of references for Economics 2b, “Economic History of the United States” will be posted sometime in the near future.

Edmund Earle Lincoln was born February 5, 1888 in McCook, Nebraska. He received an A.B. from Ohio Wesleyan in 1909; a B.A. from Oxford in 1910; M. A. from Oxford in 1914; Ph.D. from Harvard in 1917 with the thesis, “The Results of Municipal Electric Lighting in Massachusetts.” He was appointed Instructor in Economics and Tutor at Harvard in 1915 (where he stayed at least until the 1920 U.S. Census). As of the 1930 U.S. Census Lincoln worked as an executive with International Telephone & Telegraph Co. in New York City. From 1931 to his retirement in 1953 Lincoln was an economist with E. I. Du Pont Nemours & Co. He died May 15, 1958 in Wilmington, Delaware.

Apparently his 1950 published translation of Dangers of Inflation: An Address by Pierre Samuel du Pont, 1790, is still available from the Harvard Business School for $20 as Kress Collection Publication No. 7.

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Economics 2: Course Enrollment, 1920-21

[Economics] 2a 1hf. Dr. E. E. Lincoln, assisted by Mr. Hyde.–European Industry and Commerce in the Nineteenth Century

Total 70: 18 Graduates, 8 Seniors, 17 Juniors, 11 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 15 Others.

[Economics] 2b 2hf. Dr. E. E. Lincoln, assisted by Mr. Hyde.–Economic History of the United States.

Total: 148: 13 Graduates, 34 Seniors, 47 Juniors, 26 Sophomores, 3 Freshmen, 25 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Reports of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard College 1920-21, p. 95.

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LIST OF REFERENCES IN ECONOMICS 2
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EUROPE SINCE 1800,
AND OF THE UNITED STATES

Revised, Enlarged, and Rearranged

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
PUBLISHED BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY
1920

 

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

The following list of readings is a rearrangement, revision and extension of the references originally prepared by Professor E. F. Gay for use in connection with the courses in European and American Economic History at Harvard College. The changes and additions have been such as to make this practically a new list. It in no way purports to be a complete bibliography of the subject, nor is it necessarily definitive in form. It is intended simply to serve as a guide to reading on the topics of the course, especially on those subjects which are not covered by the lectures, and should prove particularly useful to graduate students who wish to pursue their studies independently.

The aim has been to include only the more authoritative readings on a given topic, though on such questions as are admittedly mooted an attempt is made to cite the more representative writers on either side. Occasionally, also, in lieu of any work treating of a given subject in a more satisfactory manner, books have been listed of which the compiler thoroughly disapproves. In such cases, however, there are good reasons for the inclusion: As the list is itself a careful selection, it does not seem necessary for present purposes to add critical comments on the various authors.

Each section (indicated by Roman numerals) maps out a week’s work. The required reading for the present year (tested by means of fortnightly papers) is marked with an asterisk. There has, however, been such an arrangement of topics that the requirements can readily be varied from year to year. The bibliographies cited at the end of each section give further references on the topics under discussion; they are also useful as starting points in the thesis work of the course.

Edmond E. Lincoln, M.A. (Oxon), Ph.D.

 

SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS

Although no text-books are required in the course, most of the books in which reading is assigned are recommended for purchase by those who wish to start a library on the subject, and the following titles are suggested for those who desire to purchase a few inexpensive and rather general but thoroughly useful books:

Economics 2a
(European Economic History in the last century.)

Ashley, P., Modern Tariff History (ed. 1910).

Ashley, W. J., Economic Organization of England.

Ashley, W. J., British Industries.

Barker, J. Ellis, Economic Statesmanship (ed. 1920).

Dawson, W. H., The Evolution of Modern Germany.

Day, Clive, History of Commerce. (Useful also in Economics 2b. Good bibliography.)

Hobson, J. A., Evolution of Modern Capitalism.

Marshall, A., Industry and Trade.

Morley, Life of Cobden.

Ogg, Economic Development of Modern Europe. (Bibliography at end of each chapter.)

Perris, G. H., The Industrial History of Modern England.

Prothero, R. E., English Farming, Past and Present.

Raper, Railroad Transportation. (Useful also in Economics 2b.)

Robinson, E. van D., Commercial Geography; or Smith, J. R. Commerce and Industry. (Useful also in Economics 2b.)

Toynbee, Industrial Revolution.

Usher, A. P., Introduction to the Industrial History of England.

Wallace, D. M., Russia (ed. 1912).

 

Economics 2b
(Economic History of the United States.)

Bishop and Keller, Industry and Trade.

Bogart, Economic History of the United States. (“Selected Readings” by Bogart and Thompson is also useful.)

Callender, Economic History of the United States. (Selected readings before 1860.)

Dewey, Financial History of the United States. (Bibliography.)

Jenks and Clark, The Trust Problem.

Johnson and Van Metre, Principles of Railroad Transportation.

Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance.

Taussig, Some Aspects of the Tariff Question.

Taussig, Tariff History (ed. 1914).

 

General Bibliographical Aids in Thesis Writing

American Economic Review (Contains conveniently classified lists of recent books and magazine articles from 1911 to date. Earlier lists are to be found in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1886-1907, and the Economic Bulletin, 1908-1911.

Catalogue of Parliamentary Papers, 1801-1900; and Decennial Supplement, 1901-1910.

Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.), Bibliographies.

Harvard College Library, Subject Catalogue by names of countries.

Library of Congress, Bibliographies on special topics.

Poole’s Index of Periodical Literature.

Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature (1900-).

University of Chicago, Bibliography of Economics.

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ECONOMICS 2a
FIRST HALF-YEAR

ECONOMIC HISTORY OF EUROPE SINCE 1800

SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND AIDS TO THESIS WORK IN ECONOMICS 2a

 

Official Publications

Annuaire Statistique.

Berichte über Handel und Industrie.

Parliamentary Papers, particularly Commercial Reports (annual); Statistical Abstract of Foreign Countries.

Statistisches Jahrbuch.

U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Foreign Countries (1909).

U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Consular Reports (formerly published by the State Department); Special Agent’s Series, and Bulletins.

 

Periodicals

Annual Register.

Archiv für Socialwissenschaft und Socialpolitik.

Bankers’ Magazine (London).

Economic Journal.

Journal des Économistes.

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.

London Economist. (A weekly financial paper, well indexed, with valuable information on commercial and industrial subjects.)

London Times, with Russian and South American Supplements.

Revue d’ Économie Politique.

Schriften des Vereins fur Socialpolitik.

 

Encyclopedias, Yearbooks, Dictionaries, etc.

Bartholomew, J. G., Atlas of the World’s Commerce.

Dictionary of National Biography.

Encyclopaedia Britannica (11th ed.).

Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaft.

Jahrbücher fur Nationalökonomie.

McCulloch, Commercial Dictionary (ed. 1856).

Palgrave, Dictionary of Political Economy (including 1909 supplement).

Statesman’s Year-Book.

Wörterbuch der Volkswirtschaft (ed. Elster).

 

General Books

Bland, Brown, and Tawney, English Economic History: Select Documents.

Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, Part 2, Vols. II, III. (A carefully arranged, exhaustive bibliography at the end of Vol. III.)

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany.

Day, History of Commerce. (Useful bibliography with each chapter.)

Levasseur, Histoire des Classes Ouvrières en France depuis 1789; Questions Ouvrières et Industriélles en France sous la Troisième République.

Levi, L., History of British Commerce, 1763-1878.

Macpherson, D., Annals of Commerce, Vol. IV.

Mavor, Economic History of Russia.

Page, Commerce and Industry. (Based on Hansard’s Debates. Vol. II,’ ‘Tables of Statistics for the British Empire from 1815,” is useful.

Porter, Progress of the Nation. (Hirst edition, 1912. Contains some interesting data for Great Britain.)

Smart, Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century, Vols. I and II, 1801-1830. (A convenient digest of economic materials in annuals and official publications of the time.)

Smith, J. R., Industrial and Commercial Geography.

Sombart, Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert.

Traill, ed., Social England. (Includes contributions by leading authorities on economics and economic history. Vols. V, VI cover the period of this course. Useful bibliography with each chapter.)

Wallace. D. M., Russia (ed. 1912. Still probably the best general book on Russian economic conditions.)

Webb, Trade Unionism (ed. 1911); Industrial Democracy. (These two volumes contain the best bibliographies on English labor problems.)

Williams, J. B., Guide to English Social History, 1750-1850. (Contains some useful though frequently inaccurate bibliographies.)

 

Text-Books

Economic histories of England are legion. Among these may be mentioned the following:

Perris, G. H., The Industrial History of Modern England (covers the period of this course); Rogers, J. E. T., Industrial and Commercial History of England; Tickner, Social and Industrial History of England; Usher, Introduction to the Industrial History of England; Warner, G. T., Landmarks in English Industrial History.

Probably Dawson’s Evolution of Modern Germany and Wallace’s Russia are the most satisfactory books on these countries. Russia: Its Trade and Commerce, by Raffalovich, is a useful recent book on Russia. For more general reading, Ogg’s Economic Development of Modern Europe covers parts of the field of this course and has some useful bibliographies at the end of each chapter. Rand’s Economic History since 1763 (a collection of readings) is still of some service.

Slater, G., Making of Modern England, and Hayes, C. J. H., Political and Social History of Modern Europe, attempt to link up political and economic development.

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Required reading is indicated by an asterisk (*). Large Roman numerals indicate volumes; Arabic numerals pages. References in brackets [ ] are recommended but not required.

 

I. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

General Reading

*Hobson, Evolution of Modern Capitalism (ed. 1902), 10-82, or ed. 1910 and 1917, 30-102.

*Toynbee, Industrial Revolution (ed. 1908), 22-96.

Ashley, Economic Organization of England, 140-172.

Bücher, Industrial Evolution, 150-184, 282-314.

Cheyney, Readings in English History, 610-616.

Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, III, 620-668.

Lewinski, L’Évolution Industrielle de la Belgique.

Mantoux, Révolution Industrielle, 179-502.

Rappard, La Révolution Industrielle en Suisse.

Traill, ed., Social England, V, 301-357.

Veblen, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution, 168-270.

Wood, H. T., Industrial England in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century.

 

The Factory System

Bland, Brown, and Tawney, English Economic History: Select Documents, 545-643.

Engels, Condition of the Working Classes in 1844.

Hutchins and Harrison, History of Factory Legislation (ed. 1911), 1-42.

Marx, Das Capital, Vol. I, passim.

Cooke-Taylor, The Modern Factory System, 44-225.

Villermé, L’État Physique et Moral des Ouvriers.

Wallas, Life of Francis Place, 197-240.

Webb, History of Trade Unionism, 24-101.

Woolen Report of 1806; reprinted in Bullock, Selected Readings in Economics, 114-124.

 

Introduction of Textile Machinery

Babbage, The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures.

Chapman, The Lancashire Cotton Industry, 1-112.

Clapham, “Transference of the Worsted Industry,”Economic Journal, XX, 195-210.

Guest, R., Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture (1823).

Radcliffe, W., Origin of the New System of Manufacture (1828).

Walpole, “The Great Inventions,” in History of England, I, 50-76; reprinted in Bullock, 125-145, and Rand, Selections illustrating Economic History, ch. ii.

 

Bibliographies

Cannon, References for English History, 399-400.

Cunningham, III, 944-946, 990-996.

Hunt, W., Political History of England, 1760-1801 (Hunt and Poole Series, X), 468-469.

Traill, ed., Social England, V, 364-365, 627.

 

II. AGRARIAN MOVEMENT — CONTINENT

Germany

*Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 255-294.

*Morier, “Agrarian Legislation of Prussia,” in Probyn, Land Tenure in Various Countries, 267-275; also in Rand, 98-108.

*Seeley, Life and Times of Stein, I, 287-297; in Rand, 86-98.

Brentano, “Agrarian Reform in Prussia,” Econ. Jour., VII, 1-20 (March, 1897).

Knapp, Bauernbefreiung in Preussen.

Preuss, Die wirtschaftliche und soziale Bedeutung der Stein-Hardenbergschen Reform.

Probyn, ed., Land Tenure in Various Countries, 243-287.

Von der Goltz, Agrarwesen und Agrarpolitik, 40-50; also Geschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft.

 

France

*Dumas, “French Land System,” Econ. Jour., XIX, 32-50 (March, 1909).

*Von Sybel, French Revolution, in Rand, Selections, 55-85.

Cliffe Leslie, The Land System of France, in Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural Economics, 410-432.

De Foville, Le Morcellement, 52-89.

Flour de St. Genis, La Propriété Rurale, 80-164.

Levasseur, Histoire des Classes Ouvrières (ed. 1867), 23-42.

Young, A., Travels in France.

 

Other Countries

Chlapowski, Belgische Landwirtschaft.

Faucher, J., Russian Agrarian Legislation of 1861, in Probyn, Land Tenure in Various Countries, 309-346.

Laveleye, Économie Rurale de la Belgique.

Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Czars, I, 403-580; II, 1-57.

Mavor, Economic History of Russia, I.

Schulze-Gaevernitz, Volkswirtschaftliche Studien aus Russland, 308-383.

Simkhovitch, Feldgemeinschaft in Russland.

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, X, 795, 884, 886.

Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale, IX, 417, 622; X, 472.

 

III. AGRARIAN MOVEMENT — ENGLAND

General Agricultural Conditions

*Prothero, R. E., English Farming Past and Present, 148-189, 207-252, 290-315.

Caird, English Agriculture in 1850, 473-528.

Curtler, Short History of English Agriculture, 190-270.

Garnier, English Landed Interests.

Levy, H., Large and Small Holdings (1911 transl.), 3-54.

Levy, Entstehung und Rückgang des landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebs in England.

Parliamentary Reports: 1816, Committee on Mendicity and Vagrancy; 1821, IX, Committee on Agriculture; 1822, V, Committee on Agricultural Distress.

Smart, Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century, 1801-20, chs. vi, xx, xxii.; 1821-30, chs. i, v, x, xii.

Young, A., Tour through the Southern Counties (1768).

 

The Small Holder

Broderick, English Land and English Landlords, 65-240.

Colman, European Agriculture (2d ed.), I, 10-109, 133-174.

Green, F. E., The Small Holding.

Hasbach, History of the English Agricultural Labourer, 71-147.

Johnson, A. H., Disappearance of the Small Land Holder in England, 7-17, 107-164.

Prothero, R. E., English Farming, Past and Present, 190-206.

Taylor, Decline of the Land-owning Farmers in England, 1-61.

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, X, 884-885.

Garnier, English Landed Interests, II, 536, 553.

Levy, H., Large and Small Holdings, 230-235.

Traill, ed., Social England, V, 513; VI, 110.

 

III. AGRICULTURAL DEPRESSION AND RECENT AGRARIAN HISTORY

England and Ireland

*Prothero, R. E., English Farming Past and Present, 316-331, 346-418.

Adams, “Small Holding in the United Kingdom,” Roy. Stat. Soc. Jour., 1907, 412-437.

Arch, Autobiography, 65-144, 300-345.

Barker, E., Ireland in the Last Fifty Years, 69-141.

Bastable, “Economic Movement in Ireland,” Econ. Jour., XI, 31-42.

Besse, P., L’Agriculture en Angleterre de 1875 à nos jours.

Caird, in Ward, Reign of Queen Victoria, II, 129-153.

Caird, English Agriculture in 1850.

Curtler, Short History of English Agriculture, 271-322.

Curtis, C. E., and Gordon, Handbook upon Agricultural Tenancies.

Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland, Report on Agricultural Credit in Ireland (1915).

Gray, H. L., War Time Control of Industry, 249-269, “Agriculture.”

Green, F. E., History of the English Agricultural Labourer, 1870-1920.

Haggard, Rural England, II, 536-576.

Hasbach, English Agricultural Labourer, 274-353.

Herrick, M. T., Rural Credits, 148-160.

Levy, H., Large and Small Holdings, 55-213.

Parliamentary Tariff Commission, III, Report of the Agricultural Committee, 1906.

Plunkett, Ireland in the New Century (ed. 1905), 175-209.

Royal Commission of 1897, Report on Agricultural Depression, 6-87.

Thompson, “Rent of Agricultural Land in England and Wales,” Roy. Stat. Soc. Jour., 1907, 587-611.

Turner, E. R., Ireland and England, 188-225.

 

Other Countries

Brentano, Die deutschen Getreidezölle (ed. 1911).

Chlapowski, Belgische Landwirtschaft.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 226-293.

Ely, R. T., “Russian Land Reform,” Am. Econ. Rev., VI, 61-68.

Goulier, Commerce du Blé en France.

Haggard, Rural Denmark and its Lessons.

Herrick, M. T., Rural Credits, 34-147, 161-186.

Imbart de la Tour, Le Crise Agricole, 24-34, 127-223.

King and Okey, Italy To-day, 156-192.

Mavor, Economic History of Russia, II, 251-357.

Méline, J., Return to the Land, 83-144, 185-240.

Morman, J. B., Principles of Rural Credits, 3-141.

Rowntree, Land and Labour, Lessons from Belgium.

Simkhovitch, “Agrarian Movement in Russia,” Yale Rev., XVI, 9-38.

Wallace, D. M., Russia.

 

Bibliographies

Besse, P., L’Agriculture en Angleterre.

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 856-862, 866-867, 872-873.

Levy, Large and Small Holdings, 235-242.

Traill, ed., Social England, VI, 452.

 

V. THE FREE TRADE MOVEMENT — ENGLAND

*Armitage-Smith, G., Free Trade and its Results, (ed. 1898), 39-60, 130-163.

*Morley, Life of Cobden, chs. vi, vii, xvi.

Ashworth, Recollections of Cobden and the League, 32-64, 296-392.

Cambridge Modern History, XI, 1-21.

Cheyney, Readings in English History, 702-716.

Cunningham, Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Movement, 27-99.

Curtler, Short History of English Agriculture, 271-293.

Day, History of Commerce, 354-372.

Levi, History of British Commerce, 218-227, 261-272, 292- 303; in Rand, 207-241.

McCulloch, J. R., Dictionary of Commerce (ed. 1850), 411-449, 1272-1289.

Mongredien, History of the Free Trade Movement.

Morley, Life of Gladstone, I, 247-303, 443-476; II, 18-69.

Nicholson, J. S., History of the English Corn Laws.

Northcote, Twenty Years of Financial Policy.

Parker, Sir Robert Peel from his Private Letters, II, 522-559; III, 220-252.

Parliamentary Reports: 1840, Committee on Import Duties; 1843-1845, Commission on the Health of Towns; 1842-1843, 1863-1868, Committees on Employment of Children, Young Persons, and Women in Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture.

Prentice, History of the Anti-Corn Law League, I, 49-77.

Schulze-Gaevernitz, Britischer Imperialismus, 243-375.

Tooke, History of Prices, 1839-1847, V, 391-457.

Trevelyan, G. M., Life of John Bright, 45-153.

 

Bibliographies

Arnauné, Le Commerce Extérieur, 199-226, notes.

Cambridge Modern History, X, 868-870; XI, 869, 871-872.

Cannon, References for English History, 423-424.

Morley, Life of Cobden (ed. 1908), II, 495-504.

N. Y. State Library, Bulletin, May, 1902, “Bibliography of the Corn Laws.”

 

VI. TARIFF HISTORY — CONTINENT

General Reading

*Ashley, P., Modern Tariff History (ed. 1910), 3-73, 359-372.

Bastable, Commerce of Nations.

Day, History of Commerce, 342-352, 391-417.

Fisk, G. W., “Middle European Tariff Union” (Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, November-December, 1902).

 

Germany

*Bowring, “Report on Prussian Commercial Union,” Parl. Doc., 1840, in Rand, Selections, 170-196.

Bigelow, P., German Struggle for Liberty, III, ch. 17.

Dawson, W. H., Protection in Germany.

Lang, Hundert Jahre Zollpolitik, 168-230.

Weber, W., Der Deutsche Zollverein.

Worms, L’Allemagne Économique, 57-393.

 

France

Amé, Les Tarifs de Douanes, I, 21-34, 219-316.

Arnauné, Le Commerce Extérieur et les Tarifs de Douane, 90-269.

Meredith, H. O., Protection in France.

Morley, Life of Cobden, ch. xxix.

Perigot, Histoire du Commerce Français, 77-185.

 

Bibliographies

Ashley, P., Modern Tariff History (ed. 1910), 165-166, 437-438.

Cambridge Modern History, X, 832; XI, 878.

Lavisse et Rambud, Histoire Générale, X, 472, 668.

 

VII. RECENT TARIFF HISTORY

Return to Protection; France and Germany

*U. S. Tariff Commission, Reciprocity and Commercial Treaties, 461-510.

Ashley, P., Modern Tariff History (ed. 1910), 80-121, 145-154, 373-436.

Arnauné, Le Commerce Extérieur, 247-350.

Dawson, Protection in Germany, 26-160.

Dijol, La France sous la Régime Protectionniste de 1892.

Meredith, Protection in France, 54-129.

Zimmermann, Deutsche Handelspolitik, 218-314.

 

English Controversy; Imperial Federation

*Ashley, W. J., Tariff Problem, 114-167.

Armitage-Smith, Free Trade Movement and its Results, 188-203.

Balfour, Economic Notes in Insular Free Trade, 1-32; Fiscal Reform, 71-95, 97-113, 266-280.

Caillard, V. H. P., Imperial Fiscal Reform.

Chamberlain, Imperial Union and Tariff Reform, 19-44.

Coates, G., Tariff Reform Employment and Imperial Unity.

Cunningham, Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Movement, 100-168.

Drage, G., Imperial Organization of Trade.

Marshall, Fiscal Policy of International Trade, 30-82.

Pigou, Protective and Preferential Import Duties, 1-117. (See also his Riddle of the Tariff, 1-107.)

Root, J. W., Trade Relations of British Empire.

Smart, Return to Protection, 27-44, 136-185.

Tariff Reform League, Speakers’ Handbook.

 

Bibliographies

U. S. Library of Congress, Foreign Tariffs (1906); British Tariff Movement (1904).

Cambridge Modern History, XI, 878, 969; XII, 872.

Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale, XII, 788.

 

VIII. COMMERCE AND SHIPPING

England

*Bowley, England’s Foreign Trade in the Nineteenth Century, (ed. 1905), 55-96, 141-147.

*Grosvenor, G. M., Government Aid to Merchant Shipping, 45-61, 75-86, 135-165.

Bourne, S., Trade, Population, and Food.

Cornewall-Jones, British Merchant Service, 252-260, 306-317.

Ginsburg,”British Shipping,” in Ashley, British Industries, 173-195.

Glover, “Tonnage Statistics of the Decade, 1891-1900,” Roy. Stat. Soc. Jour., 1902, 1-41.

Kirkaldy, British Shipping: its History, Organization, and Importance.

Lindsay, Merchant Shipping, IV.

Meeker, History of Shipping Subsidies, 1-67, 79-95.

Porter, Progress of the Nation (Hirst, ed.), 473-546.

Root, “British Shipping Subsidies,” Atlantic Monthly, LXXXV, 385-394 (1900).

Root, J. W., Trade Relations of the British Empire.

Smith, J. Russell, Influence of the Great War on Shipping, 153-184, 244-265.

Smith, J. R., The Ocean Carrier.

Taylor, “British Merchant Marine,” Forum, XXX, 463-477 (1900-1901).

U- S. Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Abstract of Foreign Countries (1909).

Ward, T. H., Reign of Queen Victoria, II, 111-118.

 

Other Countries

Arnauné, Le Commerce Extérieur, 425-460.

Austin, O. P., Effects of the War on World Trade and Industry.

Bracq, J. C., France under the Republic, ch. 3.

Charles-Roux, L’Isthme et le Canal de Suez, II, 287-339.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 65-74.

Hauser, H., Germany’s Commercial Grip on the World.

Le Roux de Bretagne, Les Primes à la Marine Marchande, 93-224.

Marx, A., Französische Handelsgesetzgebung.

Snow, C. D., Germany’s Foreign Trade Organization (U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, miscellaneous series, no. 57).

Von Halle, Volks-und Seewirtschaft, 136-219.

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 872-873.

Day, History of Commerce, 380, 398, 407-408, 417.

Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale, X, 472.

Van der Borght, Handel und Handelspolitik.

 

IX. TRANSPORTATION — PRIVATE OWNERSHIP

*Cunningham, W. J., “Characteristics of British Railways,” New Eng. R.R. Club, 8-60.

*Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 187-202.

*Raper, Railway Transportation, 14-60.

 

General Reading

Hendrick, Railway Control by Commissions, chs. ii, vii.

Johnson, American Railway Transportation, 322-334.

Parliamentary Papers, Reports of Board of Trade Railway Conference: 1909, Germany, Austria, and Hungary; 1910, Belgium, France, and Italy.

Sterne, “Railway Systems in Europe,” U. S. Sen. Misc. Doc., 66, II, 1886-1887.

U. S. Industrial Commission, Report, IX, 946-949, 955-957.

 

England

Acworth, Railways of England, 1-56.

Acworth, Elements of Railway Economics, 61-74, 131-159.

Cohn, G., Englische Eisenbahnpolitik.

Dixon, F. H., and Parmelee, War Administration of the Railroads in the United States and Great Britain, 71-127.

Edwards, “Railways and the Trade of Great Britain,” Roy. Stat. Soc. Jour., 1908, 102-131.

Evans, A. D., “British Railways and Goods Traffic,” Econ. Jour., 1905, 37-46.

Forbes and Ashford, Our Waterways, 107-177, 215-252.

Francis, J., History of the English Railway.

Gordon, W. J., Our Railways.

Gray, H. L., War Time Control of Industry, 1-13, “The Railways.”

Grindling, “British Railways as Business Enterprises,” in Ashley, British Industries, 151-172.

Jackman, W. T., The Development of Transportation in Modern England, particularly II.

Johnson and Van Metre, Principles of Railroad Transportation, 385-414.

McDermott, Railways, 1-149.

McLean, “English Railway and Canal Commission of 1888,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XX, 1-55 (1905); also in Ripley, Railway Problems, 602-649 (ed. 1907).

Moulton, Waterways versus Railways, 98-169.

Porter, Progress of the Nation (ed. 1851), 287-339.

Pratt, Railways and their Rates, 1-184.

Protheroe, E., The Railways of the World, 1-528.

Stephens, E. C., English Railways; their Development and their Relation to the State.

Thompson, H. G., Canal System of England, 1-73.

Ward, Reign of Queen Victoria, II, 83-129.

France

Buckler, “Railway Regulation in France,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XX, 279-286 (1906); also in Ripley, Railway Problems, 652-659 (ed. 1907).

Colson, Legislation des Chemins de Fer, 3-20, 133-182.

Colson, Railway Rates and Traffic, 53-111.

Guillamot, L’Organisation des Chemins de Fer, 82-120.

Kaufmann, Die Eisenbahnpolitik Frankreichs, II, 178-284.

Leon, Fleuves, Canaux, et Chemins de Fer, 1-156.

Lucas, F., Voies de Communication de la France.

Monkswell, French Railways.

Picard, A., Traité des Chemins de Fer, 5 vols.

Raper, Railway Transportation, 61-101.

 

Bibliographies

Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 146-202, notes.

Johnson, American Railway Transportation, 334.

Lavisse et Rambaud, Histoire Générale, X, 472; XI, 876-877.

U. S. Library of Congress, Government Regulation of Railways in Foreign Countries (1905-1907).

 

X. TRANSPORTATION — STATE OWNERSHIP

General Reading

*Raper, Railway Transportation, 278-305.

Acworth, W. M., Historical Sketch of Government Ownership of Railways in Foreign Countries.

Acworth, “Relation of Railways to the State,” Econ. Jour., 1908, 501-519.

Archiv fur Eisenbahnwesen. (Best general periodical for all aspects of continental railway problems and history.)

Dunn, Government Ownership of Railways, 14-36.

Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 236-258.

Jevons, The Railways and the State.

Johnson, American Railway Transportation, 336-348.

McPherson, L. G., Transportation in Europe, 149-175.

Pratt, Railways and their Rates, 185-236; Railways and Nationalization, 1-120, 253-293.

 

Germany

*Cunningham, “Administration of the State Railways of Prussia-Hesse,” Proceedings N. Y. Railroad Club, XXIII, 3124-3127, 3146-3155.

*Raper, Railway Transportation, 134-177.

Cohn, G., “State Railway Administration in Prussia,” Jour. Pol. Econ., I, 172-192.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, ch. xi.

Johnson and Van Metre, Principles of Railroad Transportation, 415-434.

Lotz, Verkehrsentwicklung in Deutschland, 2-47, 96-142.

Lenshau, Deutsche Wasserstrassen, 9-56, 95-161.

Mayer, Geschichte und Geographie der deutschen Eisenbahnen, 3-41.

Meyer, B. H.,”Railroad Ownership in Germany, Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Sci., X, 399-421, also in Ripley’s Railway Problems (ed. 1913), 803-825.

Meyer, H. R., Government Regulation of Railway Rates, 3-33, 69-92.

Moulton, Waterways versus Railways, 170-323.

 

Other Countries

*Holcombe, A. N., “The First Decade of the Swiss Federal Railways,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XXVI, 341-362.

Cucheval-Clarigny, “Les Chemins de Fer Italiens,” Rev. des Deux Mondes, July 1, 15, 1884.

Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 203-235.

Peschaud, “Belgian State Railways,” in Pratt, State Railways, 57-107.

Raper, Railway Transportation, 102-133.

Tajani, “Railway Situation in Italy,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XXIII, 618-651.

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 872-873, 883-884.

U. S. Library of Congress, Government Ownership of Railroads; Railroads in Foreign Countries.

 

XI. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: ENGLAND

*Ashley, W. J., British Industries, 2-38.

*Clapham, J. H., Woollen and Worsted Industry, 1-24, 125-173.

Ashley, W. J., Adjustment of Wages, 185-229, 268-311.

Chapman, S. J., The Lancashire Cotton Industry.

Cox, British Industries under Free Trade, 2-84, 142-175, 235-276.

Gray, H. L., War Time Control of Industry, 61-100, “The Coal Mines.”

Great Britain: Coal Industry Commission (1919), Interim Report and Final Report (“Sankey Report”).

Great Britain: Final Report of the Committee on Commercial and Industrial Policy after the War, Parl. Doc. 9035 (1918).

Helm, E., “Survey of the Cotton Industry,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XVII, 417-437.

Jeans, J. S., Iron Trade of Great Britain, 1-72, 100-111.

Jevons, H. S., The British Coal Trade.

Jones, J. H., The Tinplate Industry.

Lloyd, Cutlery Trades, 30-63, 171-208.

Macrosty, Trusts and the State.

Marshall, A., Industry and Trade, 32-106.

Pollock, Shipbuilding Industry.

Porter, Progress of the Nation (Hirst, ed.), 213-432.

Schoenhof, History of Money and Prices, 148-173, 215-323.

Spicer, A. D., Paper Trade.

U. S. Dept. Commerce and Labor, English Cotton Industry (1907); British Iron and Steel Industry (1909).

Ward, ed., Reign of Queen Victoria, II, 153-196 (Slagg, Cotton Trade); II, 197-238 (Bell, Iron Trade).

 

XII. INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: THE CONTINENT

General Reading

*Copeland, Cotton Manufacturing Industry, 275-332.

Beck, Die Geschichte des Eisens.

Brauns, Samt- und Seiden Industrie.

Marshall, A., Industry and Trade, 107-139.

Schultze, Die Entwicklung der chemischen Industrie.

U. S. Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Special Agents Series, 1909-13; continued in publications of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

 

Germany

*Helfferich, Germany’s Economic Progress, 1888-1913, 13-85.

Barker, J. E., Modern Germany.

Berglund, A., “The Iron Ore Problem of Lorraine,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XXXIII, 531-554.

Blondel, L’essor industriel et commercial du peuple allemande (3d ed.), 1-114, 272-412.

Dehn, R. M. P., The German Cotton Industry.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 37-65.

Farrington, F. E., Commercial Education in Germany.

Von Halle, “Die deutsche Volkswirthschaft an der Jahrhundertwende,” Volks- und Seewirthschaft, 13-219.

Haskins and Lord, Some Problems of the Peace Conference, 117-152, “The Rhine and the Saar.”

Hauser, Germany’s Commercial Grip on the World; also Les Méthodes Allemandes d’Expansion Économique.

Howard, Recent Industrial Progress in Germany, 51-109.

Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 56-251.

Laughlin, J. L., Credit of the Nations, 1-38.

Schumacher, H., Die westdeutsche Eisenindustrie.

Sombart, Die deutsche Volkswirthschaft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert.

Sombart, “Industrial Progress of Germany,” Yale Rev., XIV, 6-17, 134-154.

Williams, E. E., “Made in Germany.”

Wolfe, A. J., Commercial Organization in Germany (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Sp. Ag. Ser. No. 98).

 

Other Countries

Aftalion, Le Développement de la Fabrique dans les Industries de l’Habillement.

Fischer, Italien und die Italiener (ed. 1901), 240-267.

The Industries of Russia, prepared by Department of Trade and Manufactures, Ministry of Finance, St. Petersburg, for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893.

Kennard, The Russian Year Book (1911- ).

La Belgique, 1830-1905, 397-617.

Levasseur, Questions ouvrières et industrielles en France sous la troisième République, 27-166.

Machat, Le Développement Économique de la Russie, 157-229.

Raffalovich, Russia: its Trade and Commerce.

U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Russia: A Handbook of Commercial and Industrial Conditions, (U. S. Consular Report, No. 61, 1913).

Wolfe, A. J., Commercial Organization in France (U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Sp. Ag. Ser., No. 98).

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, XI, 931; XII, 866, 872, 883, 903, 960.

Howard, Industrial Progress in Germany, x-xiii.

U. S. Library of Congress, Iron and Steel in Commerce (1907).

 

XIII. INDUSTRIAL COMBINATION

*British Ministry of Reconstruction, Report of Committee on Trusts (1919), 15-30.

*Marshall, A., Industry and Trade, 544-635.

Baumgarten und Meszleny, Kartelle und Trusts, 83-152.

Brodnitz, “Betreibskonzentration in der englischen Industrie,” Jahrb. fur Nat. Oek., 1908-1909, XC, 173-218; XCII, 51-86, 145-184.

Carter, G. R., The Tendency toward Industrial Combination.

Chastin, Les Trusts et les Syndicats, 13-127.

Davies, J. E., Trust Laws and Unfair Competition, 529-662.

Deutsches Kartell-Jahrbuch.

Hauser, “La Syndicalisation Obligatoire en Allemagne,” Revue d’Économie Politique, XXXII, 230-265.

Kartell Rundschau.

Liefmann, Kartelle und Trusts (ed. 1910).

Liefmann, Beteiligungs- und Finanzierungsgesellschaften.

Liefmann, R., Die Kartelle in und nach dem Kriege.

Macrosty, Trust Movement in British Industry, 24-56, 81-84, 117-154, 284-307, 329-345.

Macrosty, “Trust Movement in Great Britain,” in Ashley, British Industries, 196-232.

Notz, W., “Kartels during the War,” Jour. Pol. Econ., XXVII, 1-38.

Passama, Formes Nouvelles de Concentration, 1-171.

Paul, L., Histoire du Mouvement Syndical en France (1789-1910).

Tosdal, ” Kartell Movement in the German Potash Industry,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XXVIII, 140-180.

Tosdal, “The German Steel Syndicate,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XXXI. 259-306.

Tschierschky, Kartelle und Trusts.

U. S. Industrial Commission, Report, XVIII, 7-13, 75-88, 101-122, 143-165.

U. S. Federal Trade Commission, Report on Coöperation in the American Export Trade, I, 98-127, 272-279, 285-292.

Utsch, Kartelle und Arbeiter.

Walker, Combinations in the German Coal Industry, 38-111, 175-289, 322-327.

Walker, “German Steel Syndicate,” Quar. Jour. Econ., XX, 353-398.

 

Bibliographies

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 960-961.

Carter, G. R., The Tendency toward Industrial Combination, xi-xv.

Chastin, Les Trusts, 13-127, notes.

Liefmann, Beteiligungs- und Finanzierungsgesellschaften, ix-x.

Passama, Formes Nouvelles de Concentration, xxi-xxiii.

 

XIV. BANKING AND FINANCE IN RELATION TO INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

*Hobson, C. K., Export of Capital, 95-163.

*Riesser, The German Great Banks and their Concentration, 703-750.

Andréadès, History of the Bank of England, 331-369, 381-388.

Bastable, Public Finance (3d ed.), 629-657.

Bagehot, Lombard Street (ed. 1910).

Burrell, “Historical Survey of the Position Occupied by the Bank of England,” etc., Journal of the Institute of Bankers, XXXVI (1915), 405-425.

Dunbar, History and Theory of Banking (ed. 1917), 132-219.

Giffen, Economic Inquiries, I, 75-97, 121-228.

Giffen, Growth of Capital, 115-134.

Huth, W., Die Entwickelung der deutschen und französischen Grossbanken.

Jevons, Investigations in Currency and Finance, 34-92.

Juglar, Crises Commerciales.

Liesse, Credit and Banks in France (in Nat. Mon. Com. Reports).

McLeod, Theory and Practice of Banking (4th ed.), I, 433-540; II, 1-197.

Patron, Bank of France (in Nat. Mon. Com. Reports).

Powell, E. T., The Evolution of the Money Market, 243-705.

Van Antwerp, The Stock Exchange from Within, 323-412.

Vidal, History and Methods of the Paris Bourse (in Nat. Mon. Com. Reports).

Warburg, P. M., The Discount System in Europe (in Nat. Mon. Com. Reports).

Withers, Meaning of Money, 85-106, 138-172.

Withers, War Time Financial Problems, 15-30, 76-90, 163-179.

 

 

XV. LABOR PROBLEMS

General Reading

*Cole, G. D. H., World of Labor, 101-127.

*Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 106-134 [135-169].

*Hammond, M. B., British Labor Conditions and Legislation during the War, 3-21.

*Webb, “Social Movements,” in Cambridge Modern History, XII, 730-765.

Ashley, W. J., German Working Classes, 1-141.

Board of Trade Report, 1909, Cost of Living of the Working Classes in the United Kingdom, Germany, France.

Board of Trade Report, 1911, Cost of Living of the Working Classes in American Towns (comparisons with English conditions).

Booth, Life and Labor of the People in London.

Bowley, Wages in the United Kingdom, 22-57, 81-127.

Cole, “Recent Development in the British Labor Movement,” Am. Econ. Rev., VIII, 485-505.

Cole, G. D. H., The World of Labor.

Dawson, German Workman, 1-245.

Engels, Condition of the Working Class in 1844.

Gray, H. L., War Time Control of Industry, 14-60, “Munitions and Labor.”

Hammond, J. L., and Barbara, The Village Labourer (1760-1832); The Town Labourer (1760-1832); The Skilled Labourer (1760-1832).

Hammond, M. B., British Labor Conditions and Legislation during the War (passim).

Hayes, C., British Social Politics.

Herkner, Arbeiterfrage.

Hutchins, Women in Industry (ed. 1920).

Kirkup, History of Socialism.

Lecky, Democracy and Liberty, II, 224-503.

Levasseur, Questions Ouvrières et Industrielles en France, 523-600.

Macrosty, Trusts and the State (passim).

Nicholls, G., History of the English Poor Law, II, chs. xi-xii; III (supplementary vol., 1834-1898, by Thos. Mackay).

Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages (one vol. ed., 1884), 468-575.

Schloss, Methods of Industrial Remuneration.

Shadwell, Industrial Efficiency (ed. 1906), II, 307-350; or in ed. 1909, 533-568.

U. S. Commissioner of Labor, 15th Ann. Report (1900), Wages in Commercial Countries.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 237, Industrial Unrest in Great Britain.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Monthly Labor Review, April, 1918, 63-83, “Social Reconstruction Program of the British Labor Party.”

U. S. Commission of Labor, 21st Annual Report (1906), Strikes and Lockouts, 775-916.

Wallas, G., Life of Francis Place, ch. viii.

Ward, ed., Reign of Queen Victoria, II, 43-83 (Mundella and Howell, Industrial Association).

Webb, English Poor Law Policy.

Wood, “Real Wages since 1860,” Roy. Stat. Soc. Jour., 1909, 91-101.

 

Labor Organizations

Ashley, Adjustment of Wages, 160-183.

Kulemann, Die Gewerkschaftsbewegung.

Levasseur, Questions Ouvrières et Industrielles en France sous la Troisième République, 642-741.

Levine, Labor Movement in France.

Webb, S. and B., History of Trade Unionism (ed. 1920).

Webb, Industrial Democracy.

 

Factory Legislation

Barrault, La Réglementation du Travail à Domicile en Angleterre.

Commons and Andrews, Principles of Labor Legislation.

Hutchins and Harrison, History of Factory Legislation (ed. 1911).

Pic, Traité Élémentaire de Législation Industrielle (ed. 1912).

Plener, English Factory Legislation.

Taylor, R. W. C., Factory System and Factory Acts.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 146, Administration of Labor Laws and Factory Inspection in Certain European Countries.

 

Coöperation and Profit-sharing

Aves, E., Coöperative Industry.

Corréard, J., Des Sociétés coopératives.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 294-307.

Fay, C. R., Cooperation at Home and Abroad (ed. 1920).

Herrick, M. T., Rural Credits, 247-455.

Holyoake, Cooperation in England (ed. 1908), I, 32-162; II, 361-396.

Maxwell, W., History of Cooperation in Scotland, 43-114.

Potter, B. (Mrs. Webb), Cooperative Movement in Great Britain.

Report of U. S. Commission to investigate and study agricultural credit and coöperation in Europe (1914): 63d Cong., 2d Sess., Senate Doc. 380.

Valleroux, La Coopération.

(See also topic no. IV of this list)

 

Workingmen’s Insurance and Unemployment

Beveridge, Unemployment.

Dawson, Social Insurance in Germany.

Frankel and Dawson, Workingmen’s Insurance in Europe.

Gibbon, I. G., Unemployment Insurance.

Willoughby, Workingmen’s Insurance, 29-87.

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 206, The British System of Labor Exchanges.

 

Population and Emigration

Bullock, Selected Readings in Economics, 255-286.

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, chs. xvi, xvii.

Duval, Histoire de L’Émigration au XIXe Siècle.

Foerster, R. F., Italian Emigration of Our Times, 3-202, 415-525.

Godwin, Wm., Of Population.

Gonnard, L’Émigration Européenne au XIXe Siècle.

Leroy-Beaulieu, P., La Question de la Population.

Leroy-Beaulieu, P., De la Colonisation chez les Peuples Modernes, II, 435-522.

Malthus, Essay on Population.

Nitti, Population and the Social System.

Philippovich, “Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Deutschland,” in Schriften des Vereins für Socialpolitik, LII bd.

Wakefield, E. G., The Art of Colonization.

 

Bibliographies

Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, references.

Cambridge Modern History, XII, 960-966.

Commons and Andrews, Principles of Labor Legislation, 465-488.

Frankel and Dawson, Workingmen’s Insurance, 435-443.

Gibbon, Unemployment Insurance, 337-342.

Harvard University, Dept. of Social Ethics, Guide to Reading in Social Ethics, 68-163, 183-209.

Hutchins and Harrison, Factory Legislation, 279-284.

Ogg, Economic Development of Modern Europe, at the end of chs. xvi-xx, inclusive.

Taylor, F. I., Bibliography of Unemployment.

Webb, Trade Unionism (ed. 1911), 499-543.

Webb, Industrial Democracy, 879-900.

Wright, Practical Sociology, references.

 

Image Source: Edwin Francis Gay and Edmund E. Lincoln from Harvard Class Album 1920.

Categories
Columbia Economists Harvard UCLA

Columbia. Ph.D. alumnus (1911) Benjamin M. Anderson, Obituary

_____________________

Benjamin McA. Anderson, Economics: Los Angeles

by Earl J. Miller, Marvel Stockwell, John Clendenin, Vern O. Knudsen

BENJAMIN MCALESTER ANDERSON (May 1, 1886-January 19, 1949), son of Benjamin McLean and Mary Frances (Bowling) Anderson, was born in Columbia, Missouri. He married Margaret Louis Crenshaw May 27, 1909. He is survived by his wife and three children, John Crenshaw, William Bent, and Mary Louise (Brown). A fourth child, Benjamin M. Anderson III, died in 1919.

Professor Anderson received the A.B. at the University of Missouri in 1906, the A.M. at the University of Illinois in 1910, and the Ph.D. in Economics at Columbia in 1911. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and an active member of the American Economic Association, in which he served as vice-president and a member of the Executive Committee. He served as Professor of History in the State Normal School at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in 1905; Professor of English Literature and Economics at Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri, in 1906; Professor of History and Economics at the State Teachers College, Springfield, Missouri, from 1906 to 1911; Instructor in Economics at Columbia from 1911 to 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics at Columbia, 1913; Assistant Professor of Economics, Harvard, 1913-1918; economic advisor in the National Bank of Commerce in New York, 1918-1920; economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, 1920-1939; Professor of Economics in the University of California at Los Angeles, 1939-1949 (Connell Professor of Banking, 1946-1949).

Professor Anderson enjoyed a rich experience as a youth in his home at Columbia, Missouri. His father was for many years a prominent member of the Missouri State Legislature. Their home was the scene of innumerable political conferences to which Dr. Anderson was invited and from which he developed a keen interest in the then current political and economic problems.

Dr. Anderson’s publications were extensive, including four books and many articles and reviews. Outstanding among them were his books, Social Value, 1911; The Value of Money, 1917; Effects of the War on Money, Credit and Banking in France and the United States, 1919; Financing American Prosperity (coauthor with J. M. Clark, Columbia; A. H. Hansen, Harvard; S. H. Slichter, Harvard; H. S. Ellis, California at Berkeley; and J. H. Williams, Harvard), 1945. Much of his time during the last few years of his life was devoted to the writing of another book entitled Economics and the Public Welfare, a financial and economic history of the United States, 1914-1946. This extensive work was ready for proofreading at the time of his death. The book has now been published. It is a further major contribution to the field of economic literature comparable in quality to the high standard set in his previous works.

He contributed articles to many magazines and journals. Among them were the American Economic Review; Annals of the American Academy; Political Science Quarterly; Quarterly Journal of Economics; The New York Times; The Commercial and Financial Chronicle; The Bankers Magazine (London); The London Times; and the Wall Street Journal. During the past ten years he has published eight issues of the Economic Bulletin under the sponsorship of the Capital Research Company of Los Angeles. He associated himself for many years with a group of well-known economists in the organization known as the Economists’ National Committee on Monetary Policy, and served as President of that organization. Several of his articles were reprinted and circulated on a wide basis by that organization.

While economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, Professor Anderson published over two hundred issues of theChase Economic Bulletin, which was distributed and read extensively in government, banking and educational circles in many countries. Representing the Chase National Bank he traveled extensively in foreign countries to conduct negotiations with leading government and banking officials. He was called on numerous occasions to testify before committees of the U.S. Congress and the New York State

Legislature on questions of state, national and international policy relating to the fields of money and banking. These activities together with the wide circulation of his books, and of his articles in professional and financial journals and magazines, made him one of the best-known and most distinguished economists of his generation in both the national and international fields.

The firsthand contact with practical banking, with American and foreign banking officials, and with government agencies concerned with our economic and monetary affairs, which Dr. Anderson had enjoyed through many years, greatly enriched the content of his teaching and enabled him to provide for his students a sound and thoroughly practical experience. He originally possessed a scholarly command of history, literature, and languages which added impressively to his work, and he brought to his teaching and advisory tasks a broad perspective and keen judgment which made his pronouncements on economic affairs surprisingly accurate and wise.

Professor Anderson was a modest and distinguished scholar and a man esteemed by his colleagues for his personal qualities of kindly manner, stimulating humor, sympathetic appreciation and helpful cooperation. As a scholar and as a man he made a memorable contribution to the community in which he lived.

 

Source: Academic Senate of the University of California. University of California: In Memoriam 1949, pp. 1-4.

Image Source:  Wikipedia article on Benjamin McAlester Anderson.

Categories
Courses Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Syllabus for Money, Banking & Commercial Crises. Anderson, 1917-18.

Benjamin McAlester Anderson (1886-1949) was awarded a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1911. His dissertation, Social Value–A Study in Economic Theory Critical and Constructive was published in the Hart, Schaffer & Marx Prize Essays series. From 1913-18 he held the rank of Assistant Professor of Economics at Harvard University. Today I post his syllabus for the course “Money, Banking and Commercial Crises” from 1917-18 that is wonderfully detailed  both with respect to topics and detailed reading assignments. The final examination questions for the second-term of the two-term course have been transcribed and posted too. I have included Anderson’s c.v. as of the publication of his dissertation in November, 1911 below. I’ll next post the University of California’s brief biography of Anderson published in its “In Memoriam” series.

_______________________

VITA
[Benjamin M. Anderson 1911]

The author was born in Columbia, Missouri, May 1, 1886. He was prepared for college in the high
school in Columbia, and attended the State University of Missouri, receiving the A. B. degree from that institution in 1906. His work in economics at Missouri was chiefly with Professor J. E. Pope. He was made a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha of Missouri, in 1905. He filled a temporary vacancy in the chair of history at the State Normal School in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, during the summer session of 1905. He was Professor of Political Economy at Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri, 1906-7, and from 1907 to 1911 was Head of the Department of History and Political Economy in the State Normal School at Springfield, Missouri, though on leave of absence during the years 1909-10 and 1910-11. He was Fellow in Economics at the University of Illinois during the term 1909-10, working in the seminars of Dean Kinley and Professor E. L. Bogart, and, in philosophy, in the seminar of Professor B. H. Bode. He received the A. M. degree at Illinois in 1910. As Garth Fellow in Political Economy at Columbia University, 1910-11, he studied under Professors Seligman, Seager, H. L. Moore, Giddings and John Dewey, doing seminar work with Professors Seligman, Seager and Giddings. He was appointed in 1911 Instructor in Political Economy at Columbia University. In May, 1909, he was married to Miss Margaret Louise Crenshaw, at St. Louis, Mo.

Source: Benjamin M. Anderson, Social Value–A Study in Economic Theory Critical and Constructivep. i.

_______________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 3. Asst. Professor Anderson, assisted by Mr. Laporte.—Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises.

Total 38: 13 Seniors, 15 Juniors, 4 Sophomores, 6 Other.

 

Source: Harvard University. Reports of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard College, 1917-18, p. 54.

_______________________

 

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
1917-18

SYLLABUS FOR ECONOMICS 3

(Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises)
Assistant Professor Anderson

Required reading is marked with an asterisk

 

Part I. MONEY

  1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS.
    1. Definitions: money; specie; currency, etc.
    2. Origin of money; origin of gold and silver money; gold as a commodity.
    3. Functions of money; common measure of values; medium of exchange; legal tender; standard of deferred payments; store of value; bearer of options; reserve for credit operations.
    4. Standard and subsidiary money; Gresham’s law and monometallism; the gold standard.
    5. Value of money: preliminary statement.

Reading.

Anderson, Value of Money, pp. 397-427.*
Phillips, Readings in Money and Banking, pp. 1-26.*
Moulton, Money and Banking, Pt. I, pp. 45-62.*
Laughlin, Principles of Money, passim.
Menger, art. “Geld” in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften.

  1. GOVERNMENT PAPER MONEY.
    1. Colonial and Revolutionary Paper Money.
    2. The French Assignats.
    3. The Greenbacks.
    4. Causes governing the value of inconvertible paper.
      1. Gold premium and index numbers.
    5. Financial results of inconvertible paper.
    6. Social and industrial consequences of inconvertible papers.

Reading.

Moulton, Pt. I, pp. 134-162; 168 (chart); 178-209, 260-66.*
Horace White, Money and Banking, chs. on Revolutionary Bills of Credit, and Greenbacks.*
Phillips, pp. 26-70, 115-120.*
Mitchell, W. C., History of the Greenbacks, and Gold, Wages and Prices under the Greenback Standard.

  1. THE STANDARD QUESTION.
    1. Early history of metallic money.
    2. History of bimetallism.
      1. Mediaeval and early modern times.
      2. England
      3. France
      4. United States.
    3. Theory of bimetallism:
      1. Theory of the ratio:
        1. Gresham’s Law.
        2. The compensatory principle.
      2. The standard of deferred payments: justice between debtor and creditor:
        1. Index numbers: of commodity prices; of wages.
        2. The commodity standard upheld by bimetallists.
        3. The labor standard by monometallists.
      3. Theory of exchanges between gold and silver countries.
    4. The monetary system of the United States.

Reading.

Phillips, Chs. VI and VII.*
Moulton, Pt. I, pp. 66-68, Chs. IV, VI, and VIII.*

    1. The gold exchange standard, and the triumph of the gold standard.
      1. India.
      2. Philippines.
      3. Mexico.
      4. Straits Settlement.
      5. Gold standard in 1914.

Reading.

Phillips, Chs. XII and XIV.*
Kemmerer, Modern Currency Reforms.

  1. THE VALUE OF MONEY.
    1. Economic Value.

Reading.

Anderson, Ch. I.

    1. Must the value of money rest on a commodity basis? Quantity theory doctrine that inconvertible paper may be sustained in value by limitation in supply.
    2. The quantity theory v. Gresham’s Law.

Reading.

Anderson, Chs. VII and XVII.
Fisher, Purchasing Power of Money, pp. 14-32.*

  1. STABILIZING THE GOLD DOLLAR.

Reading.

Moulton, Pt. I, pp. 258-60; 266-71.*
Phillips, Ch. XIII.*

PART II. CREDIT AND BANKING

  1. NATURE OF CREDIT.
    1. Kinds of credit instruments.
    2. Definitions of credit.
    3. Bank-credit—analysis of bank statement.
    4. The mechanism of the modern bank.

Reading.

Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 12-37.*
Anderson, Ch. XXIII.*
Dunbar, Theory and History of Banking, Chs. I-V.*
Fiske, The Modern Bank, pp. 25-260, omitting Chs. XXI, XXVIII, XXX.*
Horace White, ch. on Bank Statement.*

    1. The use of checks in payments in the United States.

Reading.

Phillips, pp. 150-58.*
Kinley, The Use of Credit Instruments in Payments in the United States, National Monetary Commission Report.

    1. The volume of money and credit and the volume of trade,—trade and speculation.

Reading.

Anderson, Ch. XIII.*

  1. BANK-NOTES AND BANK DEPOSITS: “CURRENCY SCHOOL” v. “BANKING SCHOOL.”
    1. Currency School and the quantity theory.
    2. Essential identity of notes and deposits under “assets banking.”
    3. Systems of bank-note issue: Suffolk system; Canada; England; France; Germany; Austria; United States national banking system.

Reading.

Anderson, Ch. XIV.*
Mill, J. S., Principles of Political Economy, Bk. III, Ch. XXIV, pars. 1 and 2.*
Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 225-58.*
Conant, Modern Banks of Issue, passim.

  1. THE ENGLISH BANKING SYSTEM.
    1. History.
    2. Analysis of present system in London: Bank of England; Joint Stock Banks; branches of foreign banks; discount houses; acceptance houses; bill brokers; Stock Exchange; commodity speculation; warehousing system and commission houses; insurance; foreign exchange.

Reading.

Withers and Palgrave, English Banking System, National Monetary Commission Report, pp. 3-110.*
Phillips, pp. 435-442; 464-473.*
Withers, The Meaning of Money.
Bagehot, Lombard Street.
Conant, Modern Banks of Issue.

  1. FOREIGN EXCHANGE.

Reading.

Escher, Foreign Exchange.*
Anderson, Ch. XVI, and Appendix to Ch. XIII.*
Weekly article in Annalist on foreign exchange market.

  1. SPECULATION ON THE STOCK AND PRODUCE EXCHANGES.
    1. Theory of speculation.
    2. The New York Stock Exchange.
      1. Methods of doing business.
      2. Contrasted with London, Paris, and Berlin exchanges.
    3. Investment bankers and underwriters.
    4. Chicago Board of Trade; New York Cotton Exchange.

Reading.

Emery, Speculation on the Stock and Produce Exchanges.
Pratt, Work of Wall Street.
Van Antwerp, The Stock Exchange from Within.
Passages to be assigned
.
Weekly articles in Annalist on stock and bond markets.

  1. “COMMERCIAL BANKING” AND SPECULATION; BANK ASSETS AND BANK RESERVES.

Reading.

Fisher, Purchasing Power of Money, pp. 47-54.*
Anderson, Ch. XXIV, and pp. 363-81, and 177-85.
Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 66-89.*

  1. CLEARING HOUSES.
    1. Methods.
    2. Extraordinary functions.
    3. The interpretation of “clearings.”

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XIX.

  1. THE “MONEY MARKET.”
    1. “Money” v. money.
    2. “Money rates” v. interest rates.
    3. Analysis of causes governing money rates:
      1. General causes.
      2. Causes affecting special types of “paper.”

Reading.

Scott, W. A., Money and Banking, ch. on “Money Market.”* (1910 or later editions.)
Anderson, pp. 375-79; 425-32; 453-58;495-97; 516-27; 529-44.*
Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 120-136.*
Weekly article on “Money” in the Annalist.

  1. BANKING IN GERMANY.

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXV.*

  1. BANKING IN CANADA.

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXI.*

  1. BANKING IN FRANCE.

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXIV.*

  1. BANKING IN THE UNITED STATES.
    1. Before the Civil War.
      1. The two National Banks.
      2. State and private banks.
    2. Origin of the national banking system.
    3. State banks and trust companies; private banks; savings banks, etc.
    4. Comparative growth and present status of different classes of institutions. Geographical distribution.

Reading.

Horace White, Chs. on First and Second National banks, The Bank War, The Suffolk Bank System, The Safety Fund System, The Free Bank System, The National Bank System.*
Phillips, Chs. XV and XX.*
Barnett, State Banks and Trust Companies.

 

PART III. CRISES AND PANICS

  1. THEORY OF CRISES.
  2. FINANCIAL PANICS.

Reading.

Phillips, pp. 644-71.*

  1. HISTORY OF CRISES UNDER THE NATIONAL BANKING ACT.

Reading.

Sprague, History of Crises under the National Banking System, National Monetary Commission Report, pp. 153-320.*

  1. THE ENGLISH BANKING SYSTEM DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
  2. NEW YORK AND THE CRISIS OF 1914.

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXXII.*

  1. REMEDIES FOR CRISES AND PANICS. BUSINESS BAROMETERS.

 

PART IV. THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

Reading.

Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 259-337.*

 

PART V. MISCELLANEOUS

  1. AGRICULTURAL CREDIT.

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXVII.*

  1. THE “MONEY TRUST.”

Reading.

Phillips, Ch. XXVIII.*
Anderson, pp. 516-20.*
Moulton, Pt. II, pp. 471-95.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003, Box 1, Folder “Economics 1917-1918”.

Image Source: Benjamin M. Anderson in Harvard Album, 1915.

Categories
Courses M.I.T. Syllabus

M.I.T. Industrial Economics Syllabus. Bishop. 1957

Robert Lyle Bishop was born June 4, 1916 in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard in 1937.  He was awarded a Sheldon Travelling Fellowship that financed a ten month study tour in Europe. He then went to Princeton for the following year (1938-9), but returned to Harvard where he received an appointment as instructor in economics and tutor in the Division of History, Government and Economics. Bishop moved to M.I.T. in September 1942. Robert Bishop received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1950. The title of his doctoral dissertation was “The Mechanization of the Glass-Container Industry: a Study in the Economics of Technological Change.”  Besides having served as department chairman (1958-1965) and as dean of the School of Humanities and Social Science (1964-73),  his biggest mark in the education of economists at M.I.T. is to be found in his mimeographed notes for 14.121, the graduate-level introduction to microeconomic theory. Bishop died February 7, 2013.

This reading list for Robert L. Bishop’s first term in a two-term sequence is found filed in a folder of reading lists in Robert Solow’s papers at Duke.

Fun fact: A future president of the United States, an undergraduate named John F. Kennedy, lived in the suite directly below Bishop’s tutorial quarters in F entry of Winthrop House.

_______________________________

Course Enrollment

“Problems in Industrial Economics” (14.271) in the Fall term of 1957 was taught by Professor Robert L. Bishop. The course met three hours per week. Seven students were enrolled.

Source: MIT Libraries, Institute Archives. MIT Department of Economics Records, Box 3, Folder “Teaching Responsibility”.

_______________________________

Brief Course Description

The prerequisite for the course was the intermediate microeconomics course “Prices and Production” (14.03).

Small and large enterprises in the American economy; market structures; degrees of monopoly and competition; requisites of public policy.

Source: Course Catalogue of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1957-1958, p. 234.

_______________________________

 

14.271 Reading List
Fall, 1957

  1. General

  1. P.W.S. Andrews, “Industrial Economics as a Specialist Subject,” Journal of Industrial Economics, Nov. 1952.
  2. W. Leontief, “Input-Output Economics,” Scientific American, Oct. 1951.
  3. Bureau of the Census, 1952 Annual Survey of Manufactures, pp. 1-12, 201-06.
  4. Conklin and Goldstein, “Census Principles of Industry and Product Classification”, Universities: National Bureau of Economic Research, in Business Concentration and Price Policy, pp. 15-55.
  5. J.S. Bain, “Price and Production Policies,” in Ellis (ed.), Survey of Contemporary Economics, Vol. I., pp. 129-73.
  6. J.K. Galbraith, “Monopoly and the Concentration of Economic Power,” in Ellis (ed.), Survey of Contemporary Economics, Vol. I. pp. 99-128.
  7. E.A.G. Robinson, The Structure of Competitive Industry.
  8. Foss and Churchill, “The Size Distribution of the postwar Business Population,” Survey of Current Business, May 1950, pp. 12-20.
  9. Survey of Current Business, National Income Supplement, July 1954, Tables 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 29.
  1. Big Business Concentration, and the “Monopoly Problem”

  1. A. A. Berle, The 20th Century Capitalist Revolution, pp. 1-60.
  2. Joel Dean, Managerial Economics, pp. 97-109.
  3. A. Papandreou, “Problems in the Theory of the Firm, “ in Haley (ed.) Survey of Contemporary Economics, Vol. II, pp. 183-222.
  4. Kaplan and Kahn, “Big Business in a Competitive Society,” Fortune, Feb. 1953, pp. 1-14.
  5. Corwin Edwards, “Conglomerate Bigness as a Source of Power,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, Business Concentration and Price Policy, pp. 331-60.
  6. T.N.E.C. Monograph No. 27, Part I, pp. 1-18, 54-57; Part V, 273-96, 407-12; Part VI, pp. 581-91, 660-71.
  7. Stocking and Watkins, Monopoly and Free Enterprise, pp. 53-84.
  8. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cost Behavior and Price Policy, pp. 219-66.
  9. A. N. Burns, The Decline of Competition, pp. 1-42.
  10. E.S. Mason, “Industrial Concentration and the Decline of Competition,” in Explorations in Economics, pp. 434-43; also available in Mason, Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem, pp. 16-43.
  11. J.M. Clark, The Economics of Overhead Cost, pp. 434-50.
  12. Butters, Lintner, and Cary, The Effects of Taxation: Corporate Mergers, Chs. IX, X.
  13. M.A. Adelman, “The Measurement of Industrial Concentration,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Nov. 1951, pp. 269-96.
  14. Edwards, Stocking, George, and Berle, “Four Comments on ‘The Measurement of Industrial Concentration,’ with a Rejoinder by Professor Adelman,” Review of Economics and Statistics, May 1952, pp. 156-78.
  15. J.M. Blair, “The Measurement of Industrial Concentration: A Reply,” M.A. Adelman, “Rejoinder,” Lintner and Butters, “Further Rejoinder,” Review of Economics and Statistics, Nov. 1952, pp. 343-67.
  1. General Motors and the Automobile Industry

  1. Joel Dean, Managerial Economics, pp. 397-403, 427-57.
  2. Donaldson Brown, “Pricing Policy in Relation to Financial Control,” Management and Administration, Feb., Mar., and Apr., 1924.
  3. Albert Bradley, “Financial Control Policies of General Motors,” paper read to American Management Association, 1926, revised 1928.
  4. H.B. Vanderblue, “Pricing Policies in the Automobile Industry,” Harvard Business Review, (1939), Vol. 18, pp. 385-401, and Vol. 19, pp. 64-81.
  5. Wall Street Journal, “How Auto Firms Figure Their Costs to Reckon The Price Dealers Pay”, December 10, 1957.
  6. General Motors Corporation, The Dynamics of Automobile Demand, articles by Horner and S.M. Du Brul, pp. 3-18, 124-139.
  7. D.A. Moore, “The Automobile Industry,” in Adams (ed.), The Structure of American Industry, 2nd ed., pp. 274-325.
  1. Competition in the Steel Industry

  1. Walter Adams, “The Steel Industry,” in Adams (ed.), The Structure of American Industry, 2nd ed.
  2. R.L. Bishop, “Price Stability v. Flexibility,” manuscript.
  3. U.S. Steel Corporation, Business, Big and Small, Built America, articles by D. Austin and B.B. Smith, pp. 69-111.
  4. Synopses and Excerpts from Affidavits in U.S. v. Bethlehem Steel and Youngstown Sheet and Tube, 1957.
  5. R.L. Bishop, “On the Definition of Markets,” manuscript.
  6. Fritz Machlup, The Basing-Point System, Chs. 1, 3, 5.
  7. J.M. Clark, “Basing Point Methods of Price Quoting,” Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1938, pp. 477-89.
  8. Carl Kaysen, “Basing Point Pricing and Public Policy,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Aug. 1949.
  1. Cost Determination and Analysis

  1. J. M. Clark, The Economics of Overhead Costs, pp. 17-69, 201-03, 459-79.
  2. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cost Behavior and Price Policy, pp. 1-32, 51-218.
  3. Caleb Smith, “Survey of the Empirical Evidence on Economies of Scale,” in Universities, National Bureau of Economic Research, Business Concentration and Price Policy, pp. 213-38.
  4. J.S. Bain, “Economies of Scale, Concentration, and Condition of Entry in Twenty Manufacturing Industries,” Economic Review, 1954, pp. 15-39.
  5. Leonard J. Doyle, “Most Profitable Product Volume,” N.A.C.A. Bulletin No. 30 (Feb. 1, 1949), pp. 643-52.
  6. James Earley, “Marginal Policies of ‘Excellently Managed’ Companies,” American Economic Review, Mar. 1956, pp. 44-70.
  7. Joel Dean, Managerial Economics, pp. 247-347.

 

Source: Duke University. Rubenstein Library. Papers of Robert M. Solow, Box 68, Folder “Reading lists”.

Image Source:   Robert Lyle Bishop. MIT Museum.

Categories
Economists Fields Harvard

Harvard. Subjects Chosen by Economics Ph.D. Candidates for Examination.1904

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This posting lists the seven graduate students in economics who took their subject examinations for the Ph.D. at Harvard in 1904.  The examination committee members, academic history, general and specific subjects are provided along with the doctoral thesis subject, when declared. Lists for 1915-16 and 1926-27 were posted previously. In the same archival box one finds lists for the academic years 1902-03 through 1904-05, 1906-07 through 1913-14, 1915-16, 1917-18 through 1918-19, and finally 1926-27. I only include graduate students of economics (i.e. not included are the Ph.D. candidates in history and government).

Titles and dates of the economic dissertations for the period 1875-1926 can be found here.

______________________________

 

DIVISION OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1903-04

 

Charles Beardsley.

General Examination in Political Science, Wednesday, February 24, 1904.
Committee: Professors Ripley, Lowell, Haskins, Carver, Bullock, Gay and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1888-92; Graduate School, 1893-94, 1896-97, 1902-03; Harvard, 1897[sic, he received his A.B. in 1892] (A.B.); Harvard, 1902 [sic, he received his A.M. in 1897] (A.M.)
General Subjects: 1. Constitutional History of England since the beginning of the Tudor Period. 2. Modern Government and Comparative Constitutional Law. 3. Economic Theory and its History. 4. Applied Economics: Money and Banking, International Trade, Taxation and Finance. 5. Economic History of the United States, with special reference to the Tariff, Financial Legislation, and Industrial Combinations. 6. Sociology, including the Labor Question. 7. (Special subject.).
Special Subject: Tariff Legislation and Controversy in England since the time of Adam Smith.
Thesis Subject: “Huskisson’s Tariff Reforms in England.” (With Professors Taussig and Gay.)

[Note: Charles Beardsley, Jr. was never awarded a Ph.D. from Harvard. More about Charles Beardsley’s life is found in my earlier posting taken from the Secretary’s Report of the Harvard Class of 1892 (1912).

 

William Hyde Price.

General Examination in Political Science, Wednesday, April 13, 1904.
Committee: Professors Carver, Macvane, Taussig, Ripley, Bullock, Gay, and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Tufts College, 1897-1901; Harvard Graduate School, 1901-04; Tufts, 1901(A.B.); Harvard, 1902 (A.M.).
General Subjects: 1. Constitutional History of England since 1500. 2. Modern Government and Comparative Constitutional Law. 3.(a) History of Economic Theories; (b) Statistics. 4.(a) Public Finance; (b) Transportation; (c) Labor and Industrial Organization. 5. European Economic History. 6. American Economic History. 7. Sociology.
Special Subject: English Economic History since the Sixteenth Century.
Thesis Subject: “Elizabethan Patents of Monopoly.” (With Professor Gay.)

 

George Randall Lewis.

General Examination in Political Science, Thursday, April 14, 1904.
Committee: Professors Ripley, Macvane, Turner, Taussig, Carver, Gay, and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1898-1902; Harvard Graduate School, 1902-04; Harvard, 1902 (A.B.).
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Applied Economics; Labor and Railroads. 3. Economic History of the United States and Europe. 4. Economic History of the United States, with special reference to the Tariff, Financial Legislation, and Railroads. 5. Sociology. 6. History of American Institutions. 7. International law and Diplomatic History.
Special Subject: Economic History of Europe.
Thesis Subject: “Mines and Mining in Mediaeval England.” (With Professor Gay.)

 

David Hutton Webster.

General Examination in Political Science, Monday, May 2, 1904.
Committee: Professors Ripley, Lowell, G.F. Moore, Carver, Andrew, Bullock and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Stanford University, 1893-97; Assistant in Economics, Stanford University, 1899-1900; Harvard Graduate School, 1902-04; Stanford University, 1896 (A.B.); Stanford University, 1897 (A.M.); Harvard University, 1903 (A.M.).
General Subjects: 1. History of Religion. 2. Theory of the State. 3. Economic Theory and its History. 4. Applied Economics: Money and Banking, International Trade, Problems of Labor and Industrial Organization. 5. Economic History of the United States, with special reference to the Tariff, Financial Legislation, and Transportation. 6 and 7 Sociology (double subject).
Special Subject: Sociology.
Thesis Subject: “Primitive Social Control: A Study of Tribal initiation Ceremonies and Secret Societies.”

Special Examination in Political Science, Friday, May 27, 1904.
Committee: Professors Carver, Wright, Peabody, Ripley, Gay and Dr. Dixon.

 

Albert Benedict Wolfe.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 11, 1904.
Committee: Professors Ripley, Carver, Bullock, Gay, Hart, Andrew, and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1899-1902; Harvard Graduate School, 1902-04; 1902 (A.B.); 1903 (A.M.); South End House Fellow, 1902-04; Final Honors at graduation in 1902.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Sociology and Social Reform. 3. Statistics. 4. Labor Problems and Industrial Organization. 5. United States History and International Law. 6. Economic History of Mediaeval Europe and of the United States.
Special Subject: Not yet announced.
Thesis Subject: “The Lodging House Problem in Boston, with some Reference to other Cities.”

 

Vanderveer Custis.

General Examination in Political Science, Friday, May 20, 1904.
Committee: Professors Carver, Macvane, Taussig, Ripley, Andrew, Gay, and Dr. Sprague.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1897-1901; Harvard Graduate School, 1902-04; Harvard, 1901 (A.B.); Harvard, 1902 (A.M.).
General Subjects: 1. Constitutional History of England since the beginning of the Tudor Period. 2. Modern Government and International Law. 3. Economic Theory and Statistics. 4. Applied Economics: Money and Banking, Industrial Organization, Taxation, and Finance. 5. Economic History of Europe and the United States. 6. Economic History of the United States, with special reference to the Tariff, Financial Legislation, and Transportation. 7. Sociology.
Special Subject: Industrial Organization.
Thesis Subject: “The Theory of Industrial Consolidation.”

 

Chester Whitney Wright.

General Examination in Political Science, Thursday, May 26, 1904.
Committee: Professors Carver, Haskins, Turner, Ripley, Andrew, and Bullock.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1897-1901; Harvard Graduate School, 1902-04; Harvard, 1901 (A.B.); Harvard, 1902 (A.M.).
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Statistics. 3. Money, Banking, Commercial Crises. 4. Transportation and Foreign Commerce. 5. The Economic History of the United States and Industrial Organization. 6. United States History since 1789.
Special Subject: The Economic History of the United States.
Thesis Subject: Not yet announced.

 

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examinations for the Ph.D. (HUC 7000.70), Folder “Examinations for the Ph.D., 1903-04”.

Image Source: John Harvard Statue (1904). Library of Congress. Photos, Prints and Drawings.

Categories
Courses Harvard Socialism Syllabus

Harvard. Socialism and Communism. Carver and Bushee, 1901

Beginning with his second year at Harvard, Thomas N. Carver regularly offered a course on schemes of social improvement which covered utopias through marxian socialism, including communistic experimental communities in America. He co-taught his first offering of “Socialism and Communism” in 1901 with the graduate student Frederick A. Bushée who was to go on to teach at Clark University, Colorado College and the University of Colorado. Following a brief c.v. for Bushée, enrollment numbers for the course and its reading list are provided in this post.

Carver’s course reading lists for 1919-20 and 1920 have been previously posted.

Since this post was completed, Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has acquired and transcribed a copy of the final exam for this course.

Links to all the readings but one (Anton Menger, The Right to the Whole Produce of Labor) can be found in the post for Economics 14 (1902-1903).

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Bushée, Frederick Alexander.

Harvard thesis title: Ethnic factors in the population of Boston. New York, Macmillan (London, Sonnenschein), 1903, 8°, pp. viii, 171 (Publ. Amer. Econ. Assoc., ser. 3, 4: no. 2). Preliminary portion pub. as “The growth of the population of Boston,” in Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., 1899, n. s., 6: 239-274.

1872, July 21. Born in Brookfield, Vermont.
1894. Litt. B. Dartmouth College.
1894-95. Resident South End House, Boston.
1895-96. Hartford School of Sociology.
1896-97. Resident South End House, Boston.
1897-1900. Graduate student, Harvard University.
1898. Harvard University, A.M.
1900-01. Collège Libre des Sciences Sociales, Collège de France, Paris; University of Berlin.
1901-02. Assistant in Economics, Harvard University.
1902. Harvard University, Ph.D. in Political Science.
1902-03. Instructor in Economics and History in the Collegiate Department of Clark University.
1903-08. Assistant Professor in Economics, Clark University.
1907-08. Instructor in Economics and Sociology, Clark University.
1910-12. Professor of Economics and Sociology at Colorado College.
1912. Hired by University of Colorado. Boulder, Colo.
1916. Professor of Economics and Sociology, and Secretary of the College of Commerce, University of Colorado. Boulder, Colo.
1925-32. Professor of Economics and Sociology, and Acting Dean of the School of Business Administration, University of Colorado. Boulder, Colo.
1939. Retired.
1960, April 4. Died in Boulder, Colorado.

Reminiscence of the Bushees by Earl David Crockett, the son of Bushee’s successor at the University of Colorado.

___________________

[Course Enrollment]

[Economics] 14 1hf. Asst. Professor Carver and Mr. Bushée.—Socialism and Communism.

Total 27: 5 Graduates, 14 Seniors, 2 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, 3 Others.

 

Source: Harvard University. Annual Reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College, 1901-02, p. 77.

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ECONOMICS 14

Topics and references. Starred references are prescribed.

HISTORICAL

  1. *Ely, R. T. French and German Socialism.
  2. Russell, Bertrand. German Social Democracy.
  3. Rae, John. Contemporary Socialism.
  4. Kirkup, Thomas. A History of Socialism.
  5. Menger, Anton. The Right to the Whole Produce of Labor.
  6. Bliss, W. D. P. A Handbook of Socialism.
  7. Graham, William. Socialism New and Old.

 

EXPOSITORY AND CRITICAL

  1. *Schaeffle, Albert. The Quintessence of Socialism.
  2. [Shaeffle, Albert.] The Impossibility of Social Democracy.
  3. *Marx, Karl. Capital.
  4. [Marx, Karl] and Engels, Frederick. The Manifesto of the Communist Party.
  5. Engels, Frederick. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
  6. Gonner, E. C. K. The Socialist Philosophy of Rodbertus.
  7. [Gonner, E. C. K.] The Socialist State.
  8. Shaw, Bernard, and others. Fabian Essays in Socialism.
  9. Fabian Tracts.
  10. Ely, R. T. Socialism: an Examination of its Nature, Strength, and Weakness.
  11. Bernstein, Edward. Ferdinand Lassalle.
  12. Hyndman, Henry M. The Economics of Socialism.
  13. Webb, Sidney, and Mrs. Beatrice. Problems of Modern Industry.
  14. Simonson, Gustave. A Plain Examination of Socialism.

 

UTOPIAS

  1. *Plato’s Republic.
  2. *More, Sir Thomas. Utopia.
  3. *Bacon, Francis. New Atlantis.
  4. *Campanella, Tommaso. The City of the Sun.
    (Numbers 2, 3, and 4 may be found in convenient form in Henry Morley’s Ideal Commonwealths.)
  5. Cabet, Etienne. Voyage en Icarie.
  6. Morris, William. News from Nowhere.
  7. Bellamy, Edward. Looking Backward.
  8. [Bellamy, Edward.] Equality.

 

COMMUNISTIC EXPERIMENTS

  1. *Nordhoff, Charles. The Communistic Societies of the United States.
  2. Kautsky, Karl. Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation.
  3. Hinds, W. A. American Communities.
  4. Noyes, J. H. History of American Socialisms.
  5. Codman, J. T. Brook Farm Memoirs.
  6. Shaw, Albert. Icaria.
  7. Randall, E. O. History of the Zoar Society.
  8. Landis, G. B. The Separatists of Zoar.

 

WORKS WITH SOCIALISTIC TENDENCIES

[Under this heading is brought several classes of theories wrongly confused with socialism.]

A. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM

  1. Lamenais and Kingley. Contemporary Review, April, 1882.
  2. Les Paroles d’un Croyant.
  3. Kingsley, Charles. Alton Locke.
  4. Gladden, Washington. Tools and the Man.
  5. Strong, Josiah. Our Country.
  6. [Strong, Josiah.] The New Era.

B. STATE SOCIALISM

An indefinite term, which is generally made to include all movements for the extension of government control or ownership, especially over Transportation and Lighting systems.

C. AGRARIAN SOCIALISM

  1. *George Henry. Progress and Poverty.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003 (HUC 8522.2.1) Box 1, Folder “Economics, 1901-1902”.

Image Source: Thomas Nixon Carver in Harvard Album, 1906.

Categories
Agricultural Economics Economists Harvard

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. William H. Nicholls, 1941

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In his file at the President’s Office of the University of Chicago one finds a carbon copy of William H. Nicholls’ section 18 “Education, Employment, Publications” from what looks to be his U.S. Federal Civil Service application, perhaps required for his consultancy for the Office of Price Administration, Meats Section Washington in 1941-42. We have here a very complete accounting of his activities covering his graduate school years 1934-1940, both coursework and employment.

This post also includes a biographical sketch at his Kentucky alma mater’s Hall of Fame together with a memorial piece in his honor at the department of economics of Vanderbilt University where he was on the faculty for thirty years.

___________________

[Carbon Copy from Federal Civil Service Application(?) ca. January 1941]

18. EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, PUBLICATIONS, ETC.

18(a). Chronological Record.

Education

1930-34
(School-years)
University of Kentucky A.B., 1934 Graduated “with high distinction”, Phi Beta Kappa.
1934-37
(School-years)
Harvard University A.M. in Economics, 1937 Also part-time assistantships (see “Employment” below[)].
Feb., 1941 Harvard University Ph.D. in Economics, 1941 Thesis completed in absentia.

 

Foreign Travel

Summer, 1931         Travel in 12 countries of Europe.

 

Employment (Part-time= *)

Place of Employment Dates Institution Immediate Employer Title Salary
Washington, D.C. June-Sep. 1934 Tobacco Section, AAA Dr. J. B. Hutson
Chief
Statistical Clerk $1800.
Cambridge, Mass. Sep.1934-June 1935 Harvard Univ. Dr.John D. Black Research Assistant $600.*
Harrodsburg, Ky. June-Sep. 1935 Farm H.F. Parker Farm hand Room & board
Cambridge, Mass. Sep.1935-June, 1936 Harvard Univ. Dr. John D. Black Research Assistant $720.*
New England (Boston) June-Sep.1936 Bureau of Agri. Econ., U.S.Dept. of Agriculture Mr. R.L. Mighell Field Agent $2000.
Cambridge, Mass. Sep.1936-June 1937 Harvard Univ. Dr.John D. Black Research Assistant $500.*
New England (Boston) June-Oct., 1937 Bureau of Agri. Econ., U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Mr. R.L. Mighell Field Agent $2000.
Cambridge, Mass. Oct.1937-Jan.1938 (Independent Research at Harvard University)
Ames, Iowa Feb. 1938-July 1939 Iowa State College Dr. T.W. Schultz Research Assistant & Instructor $2430.
Ames, Iowa July, 1939-July, 1940 Iowa State College Dr. T.W. Schultz Research Assistant & Instructor $3000.
Ames, Iowa Iowa State College Dr. T.W. Schultz Assistant Professor $3300.

 

 

18(b). Graduate Courses at Harvard University and Research

Graduate Courses at Harvard University

Professor Title of Course Grade
F. W. Taussig Economic Theory A-
Joseph Schumpeter Economic Theory
W. L. Crum Theory of Statistics B, A
C. J. Bullock History of Economic Thought Audit
John H. Williams Theory of Money and Banking A-
E. F. Gay Economic History B plus
John D. Black Economics of Agriculture A-
O. H. Taylor Scope and Method of Economics A
John D. Black Interregional Competition A
John D. Black Commodity Prices and Distribution A-

 

  1. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Field Agent, June-September, 1936.

Supervisors– Ronald L. Mighell, Senior Agricultural Economist, and Dr. John D. Black, Harvard University.

Nature of Work– The project concerned Interregional Competition in Dairying, and was a cooperative endeavor of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and Harvard University. The work consisted of taking farm-survey records on dairy farms in Vermont and Connecticut. The applicant was also responsible for collecting background material on milk marketing problems, including local hauling, operation of milk plants, milk prices and price plans, rail and truck transportation, governmental programs, and cooperative organization.

  1. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Field Agent, June-October, 1937.

Supervisors– Ronald L. Mighell Dr. John D. Black, Harvard University.

Nature of Work– This was a continuation of the project outline above. The applicant was in charge of the marketing phases of the study in New England. This work consisted primarily of a study of milk distribution and milk control problems in Hartford, Worcester, and Boston, involving contacts with distributors, cooperative officials, administrators of milk control boards, and health officials in those milk markets, as well as research workers in milk marketing at the state colleges of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. A manuscript of 189 pages was prepared, bringing together and analyzing the data gathered. Although this was to be used primarily as service material to the larger study of which it was only a part, it will later be published in some form.

  1. Research Assistant to Dr. John D. Black, Harvard University, September 1934-June, 1935: September, 1935-June, 1936; September, 1936-June, 1937.

Supervisors– Dr. John D. Black, Dr. John M. Cassels, and Dr. J. K. Galbraith, all of Harvard University.

Nature of Work- The duties of these part-time assistantships required some 20-27 hours a week, while the applicant carried a ¾ time graduate study program concurrently.

During the school-year 1934-35, he was responsible for a considerable part of the statistical work on Dr. Black’s book, “The Dairy Industry and the AAA”, as well as two articles in the Quarterly Journal of Economics by J. K. Galbraith and John M. Cassels, respectively.

During the school-year 1935-36 he assisted Dr. Black in the construction of index numbers and the study of farmers’ supply response to price, and made a brief study of tobacco marketing for use in Dr. Black’s course in Prices and Distribution.

During the school-year 1936-37 the applicant made an intensive study and analysis of the dairy-farm records and marketing data collected during the summer of 1936 on the Bureau of Agricultural Economics project. This work was supervised by Dr. Black.

  1. Independent Research, Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 1937-Jan. 1938.

Advisors– Dr. John D. Black and Dr. John M. Cassels of Harvard University.

Nature of Work-During this period, the applicant was working independently on a proposed Ph.D. thesis tracing the historical development of the marketing of manufactured dairy products. This period was one of an extremely intensive survey of the literature on dairy marketing since 1870 in libraries at Harvard and Washington, D. C. It also included several weeks of consulting with the staff of the Dairy Section of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. This project was dropped as a thesis subject in January, 1938, in order that the applicant might accept a position at Iowa State College. This work served as the foundation for several Iowa Experiment Station research publications at a later date (see next item).

  1. Member of Staff, Department of Economics, Iowa State College, Feb. 1938 to date.

In February, 1938, the applicant became a member of the staff of the Department of Economics, Iowa State College, of which Dr. T. W. Schultz is department head. His initial rank was “Research Assistant” at a salary of $2430. His duties involved full responsibility for initiating and carrying out a aresearch study of the price and production policies in the meat-packing industry. During the following year, largely outside of office hours, the applicant produced manuscripts on the butter and cheese industries, based on data collected just previous to his employment at Iowa State College, which were deemed worthy of publication as research bulletins (see “list of publications”).

The objective of the study of the eat-packing industry was to make a comprehensive survey of the industry, with intensive study of those phases which would shed light on the nature of competition and monopoly elements in the industry.

The procedure was divided into four parts:

(1) Conditions in the livestock and meat markets.

The purpose of this phase of the work was to compile background descriptive material such as was necessary as a foundation for the later, more important phases of the project. This general survey was completed, covering such things as the nature of supply of livestock, demand for meats, the marketing mechanism for livestock and for meats, the composition and degree of concentration in the industry, accounting methods in the industry, and the economics of large-scale plant and firm in the industry.

            (2) Price and production policies followed in the meat-packing industry.

The procedure here was to survey past attempts at control of monopoly in the industry, covering a period of some 50 years. The status of individual packers was examined, as well as the effects on competition of such policies as market sharing, price leadership, price discrimination, advertising and branding, handling of by-products and produce, storage, and trade associations. This program necessitated two important steps: (a) the examination of leading agricultural processing-distributing industries better to determine the true nature of competition in such industries, and the applicability to problems faced by the worker in agricultural marketing research of recent developments in the economic theory of monopolistic competition. The studies of the butter and cheese industries contributed a great deal in this direction, in addition to a full year’s empirical work on the packing industry. (b) the adaptation and extension of the existing theory of monopolistic competition to the somewhat peculiar requirements of the agricultural processing-distributing industries as opposed to the strictly “manufacturing” industries, which have been the main interest of the general economist. It should be realized that the applicant is working in an entirely new field—imperfect competition in agricultural processing and distribution and has, therefore, constantly had to develop or adapt new research techniques and tools.

As a result, under the encouragement of Dr. T. W. Schultz and Dr. John D. Black, the applicant devoted the year 1939-40 primarily to developing the pure theory of imperfect competition, with special application to the agricultural processing-distributing industries. In order to make this theory of as general application as possible, not only were problems of immediate concern in the meat-packing project covered, but the theoretical considerations were broadened to include the theoretical aspects of competition in fluid milk among local country-buying units, and under short-run dynamic conditions as well. Particular emphasis was given to the theory of market-sharing, price leadership, and price discrimination, with major attention to the markets between the farm and the processing-distributing “bottleneck”.

A 460-page manuscript, “A Theoretical Analysis of Imperfect Competition, with Special Application to the Agricultural Industries” resulted. This manuscript represented four times redrafting after critical reading by Professors Black and Mason of Harvard; Professor Stigler of Minnesota; Professors Schultz, Hart, Shepherd, Reid, Lynch and Tintner of Iowa State College; Dr. Frederick V. Waugh and Dr. A. C. Hoffman of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics; and Dr. Harold B. Howe, of the Brookings Institution. All of these critics are highly qualified general or agricultural economists, and their reactions have been generally favorable.

In September, 1940, the manuscript was submitted as a Ph.D. thesis at Harvard University, and has since been accepted by Professors Black and Chamberlin. Professor Chamberlin, the leader in this phase of economic theory, states in a letter of December 23, 1940, that it is “a very fine piece of analysis and a very much worthwhile one…….an chievement of first order ……I can honestly say that I have spent more time in going over and working through some of the complex arguments that I have ever spent on any preceding doctor’s theses. This was partly because I was naturally interested in the subject and also because the thesis itself merited. it.” The plan is to push the manuscript toward publication during the next few months. The applicant expects formally to receive his Ph.D. degree before February 15, 1941.

Beginning July 1, 1939, the applicant’s salary was advanced to $3000 per annum. During the school-year 1939-40, he taught elementary Principles of Economics one-quarter time. On July 1, 1940, he was promoted to the rank of Assistant Professor at a salary of $3300, continuing to teach one-quarter time and pursue research three-quarters time. In the spring of 1941, he is scheduled to initiate a course for graduate students on Imperfect Competition in Agricultural Processing and Distribution.

Concurrently with other work previously outlined, the applicant prepared and presented a paper (unpublished) before a round-table of the American Farm Economic Association on December 28, 1938, entitled “A Suggested Approach to a Research Study in Price and Production Policies of an Agricultural Processing Industry”. Through the combination of theoretical hypotheses and empirical support, as based on the previously described work, he presented a second paper before the American Farm Economic Association in December, 1939. This paper, “Market-Sharing in the Packing industry”, presents statistical data for 1931-37 showing that the four dominant packers still buy relatively fixed proportions of hogs and cattle on the terminal markets as they did in 1913-17. It indicates how this may be evidence of oligopsonistic behavior in buying, the possible limitations of “market-sharing” as a monopolistic device, and how it may affect producer and consumer. This paper, the first published results of the meat-packing project, represents that balanced combination of empirical and theoretical analysis which the applicant considers the ideal research method.

In the December, 1940, issue of the Journal of Political Economy, another article (“Price Flexibility and Concentration in the Agricultural Processing Industries”, pp. 883-88) was published, growing out of previous empirical and theoretical work. This paper discusses the terminology concerning price “Flexibility” and alleged relationships between price flexibility and concentration of control in a given industry. It is argues that, in the agricultural processing industries (where short-run control of the supply of the food product is impossible), unlike the manufacturing industries, flexibility of margins is the important consideration, not flexibility of prices. Previous work of Means, Backman, and others in this field have failed to recognize the necessity for making this important distinction.

The great bulk of the descriptive phases of the price and production policies in the meat-packing industry has been completed. The basis no exists, in the applicant’s opinion, for a much clearer understanding of the nature of competition in the industry. Two important steps yet remain, however:

            (3) The RESULTS of these policies.

This will involve the financial analysis of the leading firms (partially completed), the examination of the relationship of such monopolistic practices as do exist to market price differentials, costs and margins, the method of buying of livestock, and the results in terms of the effects on farmer and consumer. In other words, how far do actual results as to prices, profits, employment, and investment—depart from “ideal” results under more nearly perfect competitive conditions?

(4) Practicable solutions to eliminate any ill-effects on farmer and consumer which are found to exist.

This will involve the consideration as to whether or not reform is necessary. If it is, such alternatives as government regulation, distribution as a public utility, dissolution of large firms, cooperation, government competition, etc., will have to be considered.

 

18(c). List of Publications

“Marketing Phases of Interregional Competition in Dairying”, 189-page manuscript, 1937, to be published.

*Post-War Developments in the Marketing of Butter, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bul. 250, Feb. 1939, 64 pages.

*”Some Economic Aspects of University Patents”, Journal of Farm Economics, May, 1939, pp. 494-98.

“Short-Circuiting the Butter Middlemen”, Iowa Farm Economist, Jan., 1939, pp. 13-14.

*Post-War Developments in the Marketing of Cheese, Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta., Res. Bul. 261, July, 1939, 100 pages.

“Concentration in Cheese Marketing”, Iowa Farm Econmist, April, 1939, pp. 5[?]-6.

*”Post-War Concentration in the Cheese Industry”, Journal of Political Economy, Dec. 1939, pp. 823-45.

“Suggested Approach to a Research Study in the Price and Production Policies of an Agricultural Processing Industry”, paper read at Round-table on Marketing Research, American Farm Economic Association, Detroit, Dec., 1938, 14 pages, to be published.

*”Market-Sharing in the Packing Industry”, paper read at Annual Meeting, American Farm Economic Association, Philadelphia, Dec., 1939. Published in Proceedings, Journal of Farm Economics, Feb., 1940, pp. 225-40.

Review of Malott and Martin, “The Agricultural Industries”, in American Economic Review, March 1940, pp. 147-48.

*”Price Flexibility and Concentration in the Agricultural Processing Industries2, Journal of Political Economy, Dec., 1940, pp. 883-88.

** A Theoretical Analysis of Imperfect Competition, with Special Application to the Agricultural Industries, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, accepted in December, 1940; 460 pages. To be published on Iowa State College Press by summer of 1941.

 

* Copy available for submission upon request.
**Topical table of contents or summary available upon request.

Source: University of Chicago Archives. Office of the President. Hutchins Administration. Records. Box 284. Folder “Economics 1943-47”.

___________________

Hall of Distinguished Alumni
[University of Kentucky]

William Hord Nicholls

Born in Lexington, Ky., on July 19, 1914. Died, August 3, 1978. University Professor and Administrator. University of Kentucky, A.B., magna cum laude, 1934.

Serving as President of the Southern Economic Association (1958-59) and the American Farm Economic Association (1960-61), his expertise in the area of farm economics has been recognized also by governmental agencies and by a number of professional journals and societies.

After graduating magna cum laude (A.B., 1934) from the University, he then earned an M.A. degree at Harvard University (1938), the Ph.D., (1941) also at Harvard, and did post-doctoral work as a Fellow at University of Chicago (1941-42).

He was instructor, assistant professor and associate professor of economics, Iowa State College, 1938-44; assistant professor of economics, University of Chicago, 1945-48, and went to Vanderbilt University as a professor of economics in 1948. He became Chairman of the Department of Economics and Business Administration there in 1958, serving until 1961, serving the following year as visiting professor of economics at Harvard University. From 1965-77, he was Director of the Graduate Center for Latin American Studies at Vanderbilt, and was Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Professor at Vanderbilt, 1973-74.

He served briefly in 1934 as a statistical clerk for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Tobacco Section, Washington, D.C. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, he was field agent for the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, New England. He was research fellow and research assistant to Prof. John D. Black at Harvard, 1934-37, and a consultant, Office of Price Administration, Meats Section Washington, 1941-42. He was managing editor of “Journal of Political Economy,” 1946-48, and a visiting lecturer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, summer of 1947.

He also was a member of the faculty, Salsburg (Austria) Seminar in American Studies, summer of 1949; economist and co-editor of “Mission Report,” “Turkish Mission,” “International Bank of Reconstruction and Development,” Turkey and Washington, in 1950; economist, Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisers, Washington, 1953-54; technical director, Seventh American Assembly on U.S. Agriculture, Columbia University, 1954-56; consultant on Latin America,, Ford Foundation, Brazil and New York, 1960-64; agricultural economist, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, during the summers of 1965, 1968 and 1970, and for a period in 1963 and early 1964, and guest consultant, Instituto de Planejamento Economics e Social, Ministry of Planning, Rio de Janeiro, 1972-73.

He has served on the board of editors of three professional journals, on a number of national committees and advisory boards, and has won a number of additional honors given by agencies he served in various ways.

His book, “Imperfect Competition Within Agricultural Industries,” (1941) went into a second printing in 1947. He also wrote numerous articles for professional publications, as chapters to books, as papers to be delivered at various professional meetings and as policy reports to various agencies.

William Hord Nicholls was named to the Hall of Distinguished Alumni in February 1965.

Source: Hall of Distinguished Alumni, University of Kentucky website.

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Vanderbilt University Memorial

William H. Nicholls was born in Lexington, Kentucky on July 19, 1914, and died in Nashville on August 4, 1978. Professor Nicholls did his undergraduate work at the University of Kentucky and his graduate work at Harvard University, where he received the Ph.D. in 1941. His doctoral dissertation, published that same year, on Imperfect Competition Within Agricultural Industries, established his reputation as one of the country’s leading agricultural economists. He began his teaching career at Iowa State University in 1938 and moved to the University of Chicago in 1945. While serving as assistant professor at the University of Chicago, he edited one of the major professional journals in economics, the Journal of Political Economy. Nicholls came to Vanderbilt as a full professor in 1948, where he continued his prodigious output of books and articles. He was president of the Southern Economic Association in 1958-59 and presidentof the American Farm Economic Association in 1960-61. He received the Centennial Distinguished Alumnus Award of the University of Kentucky in 1966 and was Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Professor at Vanderbilt in 1973. He chaired the Department of Economics and Business Administration from 1958 to 1961 and directed the Graduate Center for Latin American Studies at Vanderbilt from 1965 to 1977.

Distinguished Professor Nicholas Gerogescu-Roegen, writing in support of Professor Nicholls’ nomination for the Harvie Branscomb Distinguished Professorship, said of him, “He is the originator of the field of regional development. One would be justified in speaking of a Nicholls’ school, which has attracted numerous doctoral students to our Economics Department, and has enhanced the prestige of the University. His works in the area of agricultural economics have no equal. They reflect a unique combination of theoretical power with a keen insight of the relevant aspects of actuality. The best example is supplied by his (now a classic) volume Imperfect Competition Within Agricultural Industries, in which Bill has created some new and efficient tools for the analysis of monopolistic structure.

“His scholarly interest in agricultural economics and its relation to economic development brought him in contact with the problems of Latin America, with Brazil in particular. Here, again, Bill showed his imaginative approach and his scholarly grip of difficult problems. The excellent name our own department (and implicitly the University) has in Latin America and among the specialists on Latin American Economics, is due in the greatest part to Bill’s contributions”.

Source: Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, full biography link from the In Memorium webpage.

Image Source: Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, in Memorium webpage.