Author: Irwin Collier

Categories
Amherst Columbia Economists Germany Johns Hopkins Smith

Columbia. John Bates Clark, Faculty Memorial Minute, 1938

 

Memorial minutes give us a snapshot appreciation of a deceased economist by colleagues. One really doesn’t read these to get any new significant items for the biography, one hopes instead to cull some insight into the minds and hearts of those who knew both the person and the work. “Innate modesty and a genuine kindliness” are a pair of expressed recessive traits that perhaps help to distinguish John Bates Clark from brilliant economic theorists of more recent vintage.

This biographical note for Clark from 1894 provides an earlier testimony.

____________________

Memorial minute for Professor J. B. Clark
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
April 22, 1938

 

JOHN BATES CLARK
1847-1938

In recording the death of Professor Emeritus John Bates Clark on March 21, 1938, at the age of ninety-one, the Faculty of Political Science is moved not only by a feeling of loss but also by a feeling of gratitude for great services rendered to mankind.

Born in Providence in 1847 and graduated from Amherst in 1872, Professor Clark set an example followed in the next three decades by scores of young American economists in going to Germany for graduate work. The interests in historical and anthropological studies that he cultivated in Heidelberg and Zürich were lasting characteristics of his mind—a fact often overlooked by commentators upon his later work.

On returning to this country, he began the searching analysis of economic relations that developed gradually into his peculiar contribution to social sciences. A little later than W. Stanley Jevons in England, Karl Menger in Austria, and Leon Walras in France, but quite independently of them and with an emphasis all his own, Professor Clark discovered how the utility of goods influences their values and prices. A collection of his early papers, The Philosophy of Wealth, published in 1885, revealed him as the keenest economic theorist of his time and country.

After teaching at Carleton, Smith, Amherst, and Johns Hopkins, Professor Clark joined this Faculty in 1895. It was while teaching at Columbia that he developed the full implications of his insights. His way of seeking to understand the complicated processes of economic life was to seize upon a set of fundamental factors, and to examine what results they would produce in the absence of disturbing circumstances. Work of this character obviously required logical powers of a high order and constructive imagination. What is less commonly appreciated, to make the results significant the work must be guided by sound intuitive judgments regarding the factors to be admitted to the problems treated and the factors to be excluded. How admirably Professor Clark’s judgment served him and how cogently he reasoned upon the basis of his assumptions were demonstrated by The Distribution of Wealth, published in 1899. That book still stands as the most important contribution of our country to pure economic theory.

Professor Clark’s later books, The Control of the Trusts, 1901, The Problem of Monopoly, 1904, and The Essentials of Economic Theory, 1907, show how effectively he could use his abstract constructions in dealing with practical problems, and how he could bridge the gulf that seemed to yawn between the timeless statis state of his Distribution of Wealth and the ever shifting condition of the work in which real men make their livings.

Of the service that Professor Clark rendered as the first Director of the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, his co-workers in that field can speak with fuller knowledge than we possess. But we may note that no one deficient in a sense of reality, and no one without fervent interest in the welfare of his kind could have planned and carried through as he did the detailed record of the horrible sufferings that the War of 1914-1918 brought upon the world.

With intellectual distinction and integrity there was joined in Professor Clark and innate modesty and a genuine kindliness that won the affection of all who came into personal contact with him. Of what we deem finest in human achievement and character he was an example to be cherished and emulated.

 

Source: Columbia University Archives. Minutes of the Faculty of Political Science, 1920-1939. pp. 825-6.

Image Source: Amherst Yearbook Olio ’96 (New York, 1894), pp. 7-9. Picture above from frontispiece. Another link.

Categories
Economists Harvard

Harvard. Ph.D. alumnus, Abram Bergson. SSRC, 1946-47

 

Abram Bergson was the venerable dean of Soviet economic studies in the United States. During my undergraduate and graduate days, I was assigned in four different courses one chapter from his magnum opus, The real national income of Soviet Russia since 1928 (Cambridge, Harvard, University Press, 1961). In that chapter Bergson provided an exposition of Richard Moorsteen’s economic theory of quantity indexes. In comparison John Rawls’ Theory of Justice was only assigned in three of my undergraduate and graduate courses! I cross-registered from MIT for Bergson’s seminar in socialist economics at Harvard during the Spring semester of 1975 with the ulterior motive of obtaining a Harvard library card.

In point of fact, I had first encountered the work of Abram Bergson several years earlier. During my freshman year at Yale (1969-70), I was assigned Francis Bator’s article on the simple analytics of welfare maximization in which Bergson’s concept of the Social Welfare Function was discussed [A. Burk (Bergson) “A Reformulation of Certain Aspects of Welfare Economics,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Feb. 1938, LII, 310-14].

Paul Samuelson, who was a graduate student of economics at Harvard with Bergson, was a tireless champion of his friend’s contribution to welfare economics. See, Paul A. Samuelson, “Abram Bergson, 1914-2003: A Biographical Memoir”, in National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, Volume 84 (Washington, D.C.: 2004).

For Bergson’s work in Soviet Economic Studies see John Hardt, “Abram Bergson’s Legacy: 1914-2003”.

Today’s artifact is a Social Science Research Council biographical note for Abram Bergson, 1946-47 fellow.

_________________________

Bergson, Abram
Demobilization Award 1946-47

b. Baltimore, Md. April 21, 1914. m. Rita S. Macht 1939. c. Judith 1940, Emily 1946, Lucy 1948. B.A. 1933, Johns Hopkins; Ph.D. 1940, Harvard, economics. Instructor 1937-38, 1939-40, Harvard; assistant professor 1940- 42, University of Texas; economist 1942-46, chief 1944-46, Economics Subdivision, USSR Division, Office of Strategic Services; visiting associate professor 1946-47, associate professor 1947-50, professor of economics 1950—, Columbia University, New York 27. Home: 35 Claremont Ave. New York 27.

Sheldon Travelling Fellow summer 1937, 1938-39, Harvard. Consultant: Department of State 1944-46, 1948—; Rand Corporation 1948—; Operations Research Office, Johns Hopkins University, 1949. Member of American Delegation to Reparations Conference 1945, Moscow. Publications: “Incidence of an Income Tax on Savings,” Quar. J. Econ. 1942; “Distribution of the Earnings Bill among Industrial Workers in the Soviet Union,” J. Polit. Econ. 1942; “Prices, Wages and Income Theory,” Econometrica 1942; “Price Flexibility and the Level of Income,” Rev. Statis. 1943; The Structure of Soviet Wages: A Study in Socialist Economics 1944; “The Fourth Five Year Plan: Heavy versus Consumers’ Goods Industries,” Polit. Sci. Quar. 1947; “A Problem in Soviet Statistics,” Rev. Econ. Statis. 1947; “Soviet Defense Expenditures,” For. Affairs 1948; “Socialist Economics” in A Survey of Contemporary Economics (ed. H. Ellis) 1948; (with J. Blackman and A. Erlich) “Russian Postwar Reconstruction and Development,” The Annals 1949. Fellowship program: research in Washington on Soviet economy.

 

Source: Fellows of the Social Science Research Council, 1925-1951. New York: 1951, p. 30.

 

 

 

 

 

Categories
Chicago Funny Business

Chicago. First Epistle Unto the Entering Students. Ca. 1950

 

 

These scriptural apocrypha were found in a folder archived in Milton Friedman’s papers at the Hoover Institution labelled “University of Chicago, Miscellaneous” in which texts from Chicago (economics) performance art had been filed. The First Epistle Unto the Entering Students and First Epistle Unto New Students are clearly of divine inspiration though we are left without any explicit indication of authorship or date. The version designated V2.0 is presumed to be of later origin: the correction of “thou” for “thee” as well as the multiplication of false gods, from “Probability” to “Macro-economics and Probability” seem to fit the proposed sequence.

Confidence intervals for the date of the first appearance of the Epistle should probably include 1950. The Cowles Commission “The American Patrol” song follows immediately in Friedman’s folder and it has been dated to be around 1949 by Carl Christ (JEL, March 1994, p. 34). For this reason I have included course descriptions for the economics courses in 1950-51 specifically mentioned (301 and 302 being standard Frank Knight courses). From the text it would appear that a dissertation writing graduate student at that time could have been the author “for these many months have I spent in the land of Marshall and Pigou, and have felt the weight of prelims on my balding head.” Perhaps a visitor to this page knows the identity of a witty balding graduate student in economics at mid-century Chicago?

The image for this posting is taken from the bottom of the page of the alternate version of the First Epistle. Is there another riddle of the Sphinx?

__________________________

First Epistle Unto the Entering Students:
[V1.0]

Lo ye who enter through the gates of admissions, unto the sanctity of the Department, behold its Grace and witness the Truth it gives unto you.

Heed ye well the words of one who is older and wiser than thee, for these many months have I spent in the land of Marshall and Pigou, and have felt the weight of prelims on my balding head.

Beware the course called 302, for therein shalt thou know the deer from the beaver.

Beware also the courses 300 A & B, for they shall try thee sorely. There is a time to speak and there is a time to be silent: be thou silent. Present thyself upon the appointed hour, lest the social cost exceed the private gain and the wrath of the master descend upon thee.

Shun thou the geometer, for he loveth his curves too dearly and seeks to seduce thee therewith. Throw thou his siren song from thy soul, for it lacketh rigor and appeals but to the senses.

Shun thou also the temple of the false god Probability, for therein dwell the Philistines who worship not Marshall. For there shall they descend upon thee with all manner of strange things, and thy head shall whirl in n-dimensions.

Attend carefully upon the course 301, for there if thou learnest nothing else, shalt thou learn at least this—and it shall be a contribution to thy general education.

Avoid thou the seven sins of the classicists and remember as thine own name the five rates of substitution. Confuseth not stocks with flows lest thou spend thy days in the industrial relations center.

Shun thou the welfare economist, for he duly loveth to stick out his neck, and he will teach thee his evil ways.

Disturb not the agricultural economist when he is at his data for he loveth them mightily and will defend them as a lioness her cubs—he heeds not the statistician or the wiseman.

Yea, verily, stray not unto the land of the Hansenites. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, but when I became a man, I put away childish things.

Scourge from thy heart the heretics of Keynes. The devil dost appear in the name of the Lord.

Await the coming of the Messiah, for then shall the Pigou effect bring full employment upon the land.

 

FIRST EPISTLE UNTO NEW STUDENTS
[V2.0]

 

  1. To all who enter through the Gate of Admissions unto the sanctity of the Department, heed ye well the words of one who is wiser and older than thou. For verily I have dwelt in the land of Marshall for many months, and have felt the curse of Prelims on my head.
  2. Beware the courses called 300A and 300B, for they will tax thee sorely. They have been devised that the deer may be known from the beaver.
  3. Present thyself upon the appointed hour, lest the social cost exceed the private gain and the wrath of the Master fall upon thee mightily.
  4. Shun thou the geometer, for he seeks to seduce thee with curves. His siren song is pleasant but he lacketh rigor.
  5. Shun thou also the temple of the twin gods, Macro-economics and Probability, for therein dwell the Philistines who worship not Marshall. There wilt thou be set upon with all manner of strange things and thou shalt feel the lash of the mixed strategy upon thee, and thy head shall whirl in n-dimensions.
  6. Treasure thy Marshall, for verily all manner of mysteries are set down therein. Read it well and carefully, but say not that thou hast understood.
  7. Take to thine own bosom the demand curve lest it desert thee in thine hour of need.
  8. Attend well upon the lectures called 301, for there if thou learnest nothing else, shalt thou learn at least one thing and it shall be a contribution to thy general education.
  9. Shun thou the agricultural economist when he is at his data, for he loveth them dearly and will defend them as a lioness her cubs.
  10. Beware also the statistician who will leave thee witless with a pair of dice.
  11. Shun the welfare economist, for he loveth mightily to stick out his neck and will teach thee his evil ways.
  12. Shun thou the Social Science Tea, but study diligently in Harper lest thou and thy end thy days in the Business School.
  13. There is a time to speak and a time to be silent. Be thou silent in the presence of the Master, for he shall reveal to thee the secrets of Marshall and there shalt thou solve the riddle of the Sphinx.

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Milton Friedman Papers. Box 79, Folder 6, “University of Chicago, Miscellaneous”.

_______________________________

ADVANCED COURSES

300A, B. Price Theory. A systematic study of the pricing of final products and factors of production under essentially stationary conditions. Covers both perfect competition and such imperfectly competitive conditions as monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. 300A deals primarily with the pricing of final products; 300B, with the pricing of factors of production. Prereq: for 300A, Econ 209 or equiv and Math 112 or equiv, or consent of instructor. For 300B, Econ 300A. Aut (300A) ThTh 1:30-3:30; Wallis; Win (300A): MWF 1:30; Metzler; Win (300B): TuTh 1:30-3:30; Friedman; Spr (300B): MWF 2:30; Metzler.

301. Price and Distribution Theory. Study of the general body of economic thought which centers about the theory of value and distribution and is regarded as “orthodox theory.” Critical examination of some modern systems of this character. Prereq: Econ 209, Math 112 or equiv, and two years’ work in the Division of Social Sciences, or equiv. Sum: MTuWF 11; Knight.

302. History of Economic Thought. Brief survey of the whole field of economic thought and a more intensive study of the “classical school” of British economists, whose doctrines are studied in relation to the problems and discussions of today. Prereq: Econ 301 or equiv. Spr: TuTh 3:30-5:30; Knight.

 

Source:   The University of Chicago. Announcements, Vol. L, No. 9 (July 20, 1950): The Division of the Social Sciences, Sessions of 1950-1951, pp. 28-29.

Categories
Curriculum Harvard Uncategorized Undergraduate

Harvard. Undergrad economics program described in The Harvard Crimson, 1953

 

 

The Harvard Crimson has a really useful search function that can get you a student’s perspective on undergraduate economics education in Harvard’s ivy-covered (well, sometimes) lecture halls. I added links to courses and professors for a bit of value-added. Otherwise the article speaks for itself.

_______________________

The Harvard Crimson
April 22, 1953

Economics
Number of Concentrators: 331.
1952 Commencement Honors: cum, 17; magna, 20; summa, 1; 2 cums in General Studies.

The fact that Economics can boast one of the top faculties in the country, and probably has more nationally known professors than any other department in the College, is one of the main drawbacks to the concentrator. For few undergraduates are able to claim having really studied under any of them.

Most of the courses are conducted under the lecture system which does allows the undergraduate little contact with the men who divide their time between Washington and Cambridge.

The mistake should not be made that a concentrator in Economics will be trained in how to make his first million, no illusions should be developed that Economics is just another term for business administration. What the Department of Economics attempts to do is quite simple: the development of the economic background to present day social and political issues.

Tutorial

Economics I, required of every concentrator, is designed to introduce the student to the field. Its main criticism is that it is too general. But in the past it has been quite efficient in preparing students for the more advanced courses.

In an attempt to introduce some personal contact, the Department has now extended tutorial to all sophomores and juniors. According to Departmental chairman Arthur Smithies, its purpose is threefold: 1) to make specific things brought up in classes more concrete, 2) to tie the various fields of economics together, 3) to bring out the close relationship between economics and the other social sciences.

Tutorial in the junior year, usually limited to honors candidates, is now open to non-honors candidates also. Called “presumptive honors tutorial,” it meets in sessions conducted along honors tutorial lines. The program was opened last year with the hope of inducing more concentrators to apply for honors in their senior year. According to Ayers Brinser ’31, Head tutor of Economics, a great majority of the juniors who enter the junior tutorial with no intention of being an honors-candidates, change their minds during the junior year. By offering the presumptive tutorial, the department enables students who did not sign for honors to change in their senior year.

Basic Courses

Requirements for concentration do not impose too great a restriction on the concentrator’s program. Four Economic courses including Economics I are a must for non-honors men, while honors candidates are held for five. Three of the courses must be chosen from the basic courses: Economics 101, Economic Theory and Policy; Economics 141, Money, Banking and Economics Fluctuations; Economics 151. Public Finance; Economics 161, Business Organization and Public Regulation; Economics 171, Economics of Agriculture; and Economics 181a and b, Trade Unionism and Collective Bargaining, Public Policy and Labor.

Honors candidates may elect to take tutorial for credit for one semester of their senior year, while they work on their 40,000 word theses. Currently, more than a third of the concentrators are honors candidates.

The department also requires all concentrators to take full courses in Government, History, Social Relations or the second group Social Science courses.

Most popular of the advanced courses last year was Economics 161. Professors Kaysen and Galbraith divided last year’s schedule. The course deals with the structure and character of business and their markets; the attitude of the public toward combination and regulation, including the transportation industry and the public utilities; and the problems of resource conservation and industrial mobilization.

Labelled by most concentrators as the most difficult of the basic courses, Economics 141 crams a great deal into its program. Most concentrators prefer to get this one out of the way in their sophomore or junior year, since it is a good foundation for other courses in the field.

Labor Economics

One of the most popular professors teaching an undergraduate courses, John Dunlop will be back to give the two semesters of Labor Economics. Different from the other basic courses in that it emphasizes more human aspects, Economics 181 combines human and legal aspects of the labor movement as well of the economic foundation.

Economics 101, the basic theory course for undergraduates, is restricted to honors candidates in their last year of study.

Source: The Harvard Crimson, April 22, 1953.

 

 

Categories
Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Undergraduate Honors Economic Theory Readings. Duesenberry and Kaysen, 1951-52

 

 

For some reason the annual Report of the President of Harvard College for 1951-52 does not include the staffing and enrollment figures for courses offered during the academic year. I have been using these annual reports to verify the actual staffing for courses because the course announcements are sometimes inaccurate, being by their nature listings published before the academic year gets going, but at least certainly before the second semester begins. Many times, though not always, there is an instructor’s name at the head of the course reading assignments that have been filed with the library for placing items on reading reserve. Thus for the undergraduate honors course “Economic Theory and Policy” (Economics 101), I am only certain that James Duesenberry taught the first semester (he is named in the Crimson article excerpt below, also in the course announcement, and finally on the first semester reading list itself). Carl Kaysen is mentioned in the course announcement for the second semester of the course, but there is no name on the second semester reading list nor can I verify without an ex post staffing report for the course. Let’s just say there is a strong presumption that Carl Kaysen indeed taught the second semester of Economics 101.

Note the second semester reading list ends with “to be continued” but, alas,  there is no further list to be found in the file.

___________________

Harvard Crimson Report

Three Steps to Economics

The Department’s courses have been organized on three levels, although Economics 1 is the only prerequisite for any course. Economics 1 is the first level course, a dull but thorough introduction to the field. A department committee is now at work considering revising the curriculum, and it is hoped that this basic course will be brighter next year.

There are four courses on the second level, each covering a division of the department. Theory and Policy (101) discusses current theories of production, exchange, and distribution. Professor Duesenberry will take over complete charge of this course next year. It is generally considered dull but important. Almost all of the students are honors candidates, and the course is graded accordingly….

Source: The Harvard Crimson, April 28, 1950.

___________________

Course Announcement

For Undergraduates and Graduates

The courses for Undergraduates and Graduates, unless otherwise stated, are open only to students who have passed in Economics 1.

Economics 101. Economic Theory and Policy

Full course. Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 12.
Fall term: Assistant Professor Duesenberry; Spring term: Assistant Professor Kaysen.

Current theories of production, exchange, and the distribution of the national income, with some indications as to their relevance to contemporary economic problems. The course will be carried on mainly by discussion. It is intended primarily for candidates for the degree with honors and may be taken only with the consent of the instructor.

 

Source. Final Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences During 1951-52. Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. XLVIII (September 10, 1951) No. 21, p. 76.

___________________

James S. Duesenberry

Economics 101a—Economic Theory
Fall term, 1951-52

I. The Problems of Economics

Samuelson: Economics. Chapter 1
Phelps-Brown: Framework of the Pricing System. Chapter 1
Council of Economic Advisers: Mid-year Report. July 1951

 

II. The Classical System

Ricardo: Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 21
Mill: Principles of Political Economy. Book I, Chapters 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13
Book II, Chapters 11, 12, 13, 15, 16
Baumol: Economic Dynamics. Chapter 2

 

III. General Equilibrium Theory

Phelps-Brown: Framework of the Pricing System. Chapters 2-5
Marshall: Principles of Economics 8th edition. Books V and VI
Stigler: Theories of Production and Distribution. Chapters 4, 9

___________________

Economics 101, Spring Term 1951-52
Reading List

I. The Keynesian System

  1. Keynes, General Theory, Chs. 1-3, 8-11, 13, 15, 18
  2. J. R. Hicks, “Mr. Keynes and the Classics”, No. 24 in Blakiston, Readings in Business Cycle Theory.
  3. L. R. Klein, The Keynesian Revolution, Ch. 1-3.

 

II. Dynamics

  1. Keynesian Dynamics
    1. Keynes, General Theory, Ch. 22
    2. E. D. Domar, “Expansion and Employment,” American Economic Review, March 1947
    3. W. J. Fellner, Monetary Policy and Full Employment, Ch. 1, 2, 3
  2. Schumpeterian Dynamics
    1. Schumpeter, Business Cycles, Volume I, Ch. 3, 4, 6
  3. Marxian Dynamics
    1. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Ch. 1-4
    2. J. Robinson, Essay on Marxian Economics
  4. General Review
    1. W. J. Baumol, Economic Dynamics, Chs. 3, 4

[to be continued]

Source:   Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Fox 5, Folder “Economics, 1951-1952 (1 of 2)”.

Image Source: Duesenberry in Harvard Class Album 1951; Kaysen as 1955 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow

Categories
Chicago Columbia Economists

Chicago Ph.D. alumnus and Columbia Professor of Banking, Henry Parker Willis

 

Columbia University’s professor of banking (1917-37), Henry Parker Willis was an early economics Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, a student of J. Laurence Laughlin. He played an important role in the founding and early years of the Federal Reserve System and later as a expert consultant on banking affairs for the U.S. Congress. Besides all this he served over a dozen years editing the N. Y. Journal of Commerce.
This posting begins with a biographical note I found at FRASER, goes on with the Journal of Commerce’s account of his work there, and concludes with the Columbia School of Political Science Memorial minute entered into its recorded minutes in 1938.

_____________________________

Henry Parker Willis
Biographical Note

1874, Aug. 14 Born, Weymouth, Massachusetts
1894
1897		 A.B., University of Chicago
Ph.D., University of Chicago
1897-98 Assistant, Monetary Commission
1898-1905 Washington and Lee University, successively adjunct professor, full professor, Wilson professor of economics and political science
1903, Dec. 24 Married Rosa Johnston Brooke (4 children—1 with FRB of Boston, 1 with FRB of New York)
1901-12 Leader writer, New York Evening Post
1902-03 Washington correspondent, N. Y. Journal of Commerce
1905-13 Washington correspondent, Engineering and Mining Journal
1905-06
1907-12		 Professor of finance, George Washington Univ.; and
Dean, College of Political Sciences, 1910-12
1909-10 Editor, U. S. Immigration Commission
1911-13 Expert, Ways and Means Committee, House of Representatives
1912-13 Expert, Banking and Currency Committee, House of Representatives (drafting Federal Reserve Act)
1912-14
1919-31		 Associate editor, N. Y. Journal of Commerce
Editor in chief, N. Y. Journal of Commerce
1913-14
1917-		 Lecturer, Columbia University
Professor of banking, Columbia University
1914-18
1918-221922		 Secretary, Federal Reserve Board, Washington
Director of Research, Federal Reserve Board (moved office to New York for this period)
Consulting economist, Federal Reserve Board
1916-17 President, Philippine National Bank
1919 Special commissioner in Australasia for Chase National Bank and Central Union Trust Company
1926-27 Chairman, Banking Commission of Irish Free State
1930-32 Technical adviser to U. S. Senate Banking and Currency Committee (drafting Banking Act of 1933)
1932-35 American representative to Le Temps, Paris
1937, July 18 Died

 

Author of:

Report of the Monetary Commission. 1898. (Joint author)
History of the Latin Monetary Union. 1901.
Reciprocity (with Prof. J. L. Laughlin). 1903.
Our Philippine Problem. 1905.
Principles and Problems of Modern Banking. 1910.
Principles of Accounting. 1910.
Life of Stephen A. Douglas. 1911.
The Federal Reserve. 1915.
American Banking. 1916.
The Modern Trust Company (with Kirkbride and Sterrett). 1919.
Banking and Business (with Geo. W. Edwards). 1922.
[Supplementary chapter “Federal Reserve Banks” in the fourth edition of Charles F. Dunbar and Oliver M. W. Sprague The Theory and History of Banking. 1922.]
The Federal Reserve System. 1923.
Federal Reserve Banking Practice (with W. H. Steiner). 1925.
Foreign Banking Systems (with B. H. Beckhart). 1929.
Investment Banking (with J. I. Bogen). 1929.
Contemporary Banking (with J. M. Chapman and R. W. Robey). 1933.
The Banking Situation (with J. M. Chapman). 1933.
Economics of Inflation (with J. M. Chapman). 1934.

Contributor to:

Economic and other journals.

See: Who Was Who in America, 1897-1942, vol. I, Marguis

Source: FRASER. Committee on the History of the Federal Reserve System. Register of Papers: Willis, Henry Parker. Entry 176a, Box 1, Folder 2, Item 50.

_____________________________

The double life of H. Parker Willis

H. Parker Willis stayed busy. During his 29 years at The Journal of Commerce [JOC], there was rarely a moment when he was not also involved in shaping U.S. economic and banking institutions. The results of his efforts are still seen today.

Willis’ extracurricular work while a JoC employee would lead to the creation of the Philippine Central Bank and later the Philippine American Chamber of Commerce. Most important, his research and his brilliant insights led to the creation of the U.S. Federal Reserve System.

When he joined the JoC in 1902 at the age of 28, he had already been a star professor of economics and political science at Washington and Lee University. He took an academic leave to travel to the Far East in 1903-05 as a correspondent for the JoC and the Engineering and Mining Journal.

In between his dispatches, Willis began a study that led to the creation of the Philippine National Bank. Willis would become the first head of the bank, which served as the nation’s central bank, while still on the staff of the JoC.

But he was just warming up. Returning to the U.S. in the fall of 1906, he became the first head of Washington and Lee’s School of Commerce, while still writing for the JoC. He also became the economic adviser to Rep. Carter Glass, D-Va. His work for the JoC and Glass took him to the nation’s capital so frequently that the university’s president complained, resulting in Willis’ resignation. The school’s student body sent the university’s board a vigorous declaration of support for the popular professor.

Willis continued to write for the JoC, and in 1912 he became executive director of the National Monetary Commission. The commission had been created at the behest of Glass, who had been elected to the Senate. Under Willis’ direction, the commission issued a study recommending creation of a U.S. central bank. After Woodrow Wilson was elected president, he asked Glass to begin working on legislation.

Together with Glass, Willis drafted the enabling legislation. The measure was opposed by big banks, which wanted no central authority over them. Willis came up with a solution – a Federal Reserve System consisting of regional Federal Reserve banks owned by member banks but run as “corporations operated for public service.”

The regional Fed directors would come from banking and industry, along with citizens appointed by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington. The president would appoint the Fed’s seven-member board of governors, with the Treasury secretary and comptroller of the currency as ex-officio members.

“Willis took the best of the existing proposals, together with a brilliant balance of public-private ownership and leadership, to fashion a unique central banking institution,” said Robert Bremner, who is writing a biography of William McChesney Martin Jr., the Fed’s chairman from 1951 to 1970.

Another of Willis’ innovations was to have the 12 regional banks serve as clearinghouses for checks written by the depositors of member banks. Willis reasoned that this would give the Fed a practical purpose, in addition to replacing the patchwork of inefficient regional systems with a unified national framework for check collection.

Without check-clearing duties, he later said, the Fed banks would have become “merely the holders of dead balances carried for the member banks without any service for them; and since the business public abhors any idle or unnecessary institution…it would not submit long to the needless burden created by such emergency institutions designed to put out financial fire.”

After the Federal Reserve Act was passed in 1913, Willis became the Federal Reserve Board’s first secretary from 1914-18. He became its director of research from 1918-22, which meant he was chief economist, although the position was not called that yet. “These two staff positions first held by Dr. Willis remain the most influential at the Fed today,” Bremner said.

All through this time, Willis was writing for the JoC as its Washington economic correspondent. As if that wasn’t enough, he also became a professor of economics at George Washington University and later dean of its college of political science. He also lectured at Columbia University and became a full professor of economics there in 1919.

Willis also became editor- in-chief of the JoC in 1919. He steered the paper’s coverage in a new direction. With his profound grounding in economics and political science, he believed the paper should place the coverage of business and commerce within the context of economics and government.

As he stated in the paper’s centennial issue in 1927: “Business (and) economic life as a whole is a unit essentially and hence demands a unified treatment, which is impossible where attention is solely concentrated on finance or upon some specialized branch of industry.”

It was this vision of business and economic coverage that would differentiate the JoC from other business papers with its broad coverage of the nation’s business activities within the context of what was going on in the economy.

Willis resigned as editor of the JoC in 1931, but he continued to teach at Columbia. He wrote a series of five books on his passion – banking and monetary policy. They were The Federal Reserve System (1923), Federal Reserve Banking Practice (1926), The Theory and Practice of Central Banking (1936), The Banking Situation, Post-War Problems and Developments (1934), and The Federal Funds Market (republished in 1970).

Willis’ contributions to economic and monetary theory and policy, the establishment of the Fed and the growth of the JoC are still remembered. In a speech at Washington and Lee last March, Roger W. Ferguson Jr., the Fed’s current vice chairman, paid tribute to Willis as “a leader in teaching economics and political science and a major contributor to the establishment of the Federal Reserve.”

Source: Journal of Commerce website, A Proud History since 1827: The Journal of Commerce, page 11.

_____________________________

FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Memorial minute for Prof. H. Parker Willis
April 22, 1938

H. Parker Willis

Professor H. Parker Willis died on July 18th, 1937, in the 63rd year of his life.

Willis first became associated with us in the years immediately preceding the war when the first tentative steps were being taken in the formulation of a group of courses which was to become the offering of the School of Business. Although in only his 39th year, he brought to Columbia an equipment of training and experience that contributed richly to the success of that school and to the development of the field of money and banking. His foundations in the economic discipline had been firmly laid in his years of graduate work at Chicago, during the regime of Laughlin, and in his studies at Leipzig and Vienna. His remarkable skill as a teacher and administrator had been matured during fourteen years in professorial positions at other institutions, culminating in the deanship of the College of Political Sciences of George Washington University. His fluent pen had already produced a half-dozen scholarly volumes as well as an impressive output of more ephemeral writing which had established him as a brilliant economic journalist and editor. Finally, his capacity to analyze technical problems of public policy had been demonstrated in his service with the Monetary Commission and with the Congressional committee that drafted the Federal Reserve Act.

At Columbia Willis found an environment well suited to his particular talents and an opportunity commensurate with his capacity. Here there existed a firmly established tradition that the University should enlighten public opinion and apply its special skills to the solution of problems of public policy. Possessed of a fund of energy that was constantly a source of envious amazement to all who knew him, he came to us at the height of his powers and devoted twenty-four years of his life to investigation, instruction, and public service. His activities as an editor and a correspondent for financial journals, as director of research and consultant of the Federal Reserve Board, and as adviser to governments at home and abroad served not only to advance the public good but also to enrich and vivify his teaching and research.

By his contributions to science and polity Willis built for himself an imposing monument, the specifications of which we need not here detail. It stands for the world to see and admire. At the same time, he constructed, without conscious plan, an even more impressive and inspiring memorial in the hearts of his friends. We who knew him through long association will best remember him for the quality of his personal character.

There are those who take pride in the possession of a conscience which forbids them to shirk a duty. For Willis there seemed to be no duties, to be performed or shirked, but only opportunities, to be embraced with enthusiasm. In the academic round there was no one more faithful and dependable, no one more generous and unselfish. He stimulated each student to achieve the best of which he was capable and his interest and patience in guiding and molding even the least promising of them was the occasion for frequent remark. His attitude toward all his academic associates was one of kindliness and tolerance and the standards he used in judging himself were always more strict than those he applied to others.

One of his most appealing personal characteristics was his capacity for righteous indignation. He coupled an intense loyalty to those persons and principles in whose trustworthiness he had faith with an old-fashioned sense of individual obligation to defend the true and the good without counting costs or consequences. Incompetence, especially when linked with pretentiousness, and ignorance, especially when displayed by those who exercised arbitrary authority, were to Willis moral crimes which it was his personal duty to expose. His reaction in such cases was exactly that which he exhibited when, one evening, a misguided goot-pad [“good-bad” in a German-Jewish accent?] stopped him at the point of a pistol as he was hurrying toward the Staten Island Ferry. To comply with the demand that he surrender his valuables did not enter his mind as a possibility. Here was an enemy of society whose career should be expeditiously and firmly discouraged; and Willis proceeded to accomplish this end, instinctively and without hesitation, with the aid of a briefcase heavily loaded with financial documents. Truly he was a battler for the Lord, skillful but fair in the use of his weapons, and entirely without fear. Of him one could say, as Lord Bryce said of Dean Stanley, “You might think him right or wrong but you never doubted that he was striving after the truth.” And his joy in the strife was an inspiration to all who knew him.

Source:   Columbia University Archives. Minutes of the Faculty of Political Science, 1920-1939. Bound, typed manuscript. Pages 827-8.

Image Source: Passport application of August 4, 1916 of Henry Parker Willis

Categories
Bibliography Columbia Courses Economists Suggested Reading

Columbia. Friedman’s lecture notes to first Hotelling lecture in Mathematical Economics, 1933

 

 

On October 3, 2017, Antoine Missemer tweeted an image of an undated examination question by Harold Hotelling “Describe two mathematical contributions to economics published before 1910”. One should note that asking students to talk about work published at least a quarter century before the current academic year is not necessarily a deep dive into the history of economics, though of course Cournot, Bertrand and Edgeworth had achieved “historical” fame by 1933.

From Harold Hotelling’s course in Mathematical Economics taught in the first semester of 1933/34 at Columbia, Milton Friedman kept about forty-five 3 by 5 inch index cards worth of notes (both sides). From his first lecture, we can put together a convenient “short list” of Hotelling’s chosen greatest hits in mathematical economics. I have taken the liberty of expanding Friedman’s abbreviations, figuring the main purpose of transcribing archival material is to ease digital search down the road.

Earlier postings include a list of Hotelling’s courses and his class rolls at Columbia as well as an outline and exam for his course in mathematical economics offered at North Carolina (1946, 1950).

___________________________

Milton Friedman’s student notes to Harold Hotelling’s first lecture in Mathematical Economics (1933)

9/2/33 (1)

Hotelling, Harold on Mathematical Economics

Has been stated that methodological difference between economics + natural sciences is that in former cannot + in latter do experiments

Not entirely true: in econonomics may experiment, + in some physical sciences (e.g. astronomy, meteorology etc.) do not experiment.

Better dividing line to be found in number of relevant factors

 

Use of Mathematics in Economics:

A. Cournot 1838

J. Bertrand 1883 Journal des Savants (reviewed Cournot)

F. Y. Edgeworth 1881 Math. Psychics. Papers relating to Pol. Economy.

Pareto

Alfred Marshall Principles of Economics

(Edgeworth laid foundation of many theories more modern than Marshall

Using higher Mathematics in Economics

G. C. Evans

C. F. Roos

Zeuthen

Pareto in Encyclopedie des Science Math, Vol I, Tome IV part 4 (Tome I, Vol. IV)

[Yes, that is all that Friedman wrote down for that lecture]

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Milton Friedman Papers, Box 120, Class note cards.

___________________________

Links to Works Referred to by Hotelling

Cournot, Augustin. Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses. Paris: Hachett, 1838.

Nathaniel T. Bacon translation: Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth with a bibliography of Mathematical economics by Irving Fisher. New York: Macmillan, 1897.

Bertrand, J. (Review of) Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale par Léon Walras: Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses par Augustin Cournot. Journal des Savants 67 (1883), 499-508.

Edgeworth, F. Y. Mathematical Psychics. An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences. C. Kegan Paul & Co., 1881.

Edgeworth, F. Y. Papers Relating to Political Economy.  Volume I;  Volume II; Volume III. London: Macmillan, 1925.

Pareto, Vilfredo. Économie mathématique, —in Encyclopédie des sciences mathématique, Tome I, vol. 4 (Fascicule 4, pp. 590-640), 1906 [?].

Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics (8th edition). London: Macmillan, 1920.

Griffith C. Evans. Mathematical Introduction to Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1930.

Reviewed by Hotelling in Journal of Political Economy, 39, no. 1 (Feb 1931) pp. 107-09.

F. Zeuthen Problems of Monopoly and Economic Warfare. London: Routledge, 1930.

Reviewed by Corwin D. Edwards (New York University) in AER, 21, no. 4 (December, 1931), pp. 701-704.

Charles Frederick Roos. Dynamic Economics—Theoretical and Statistical Studies of Demand, Production and Prices. Monographs of the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics, No. 1. Bloomington, Indiana: Principia Press, 1934.

 

Image source: From a photo of the Institute of Statistics leadership around 1946: Gertrude Cox, Director, William Cochran, Associate Director-Raleigh and Harold Hotelling, Associate Director-Chapel Hill. North Carolina State University.

Categories
Berkeley Suggested Reading Syllabus

Berkeley. Graduate Macroeconomics. Syllabus, 1959

 

The following reading list from the University of California (Berkeley), Spring 1959, was found in the papers of Martin Bronfenbrenner who as far as I can determine was at Michigan State at the time. Perhaps someone who looks at the reading list (formatted more-or-less to look like the original mimeo) could identify which of the instructors listed for the course (Papandreou, Scitovsky, Caves, Minsky) might have assembled the reading list. The capitalization of book titles is not common. It is also interesting to note that income distribution, typically part of the second term of price theory elsewhere, is covered before turning to more familiar (today) macroeconomics territory.  Something else worth noting is the use of “macro-statics” and “macro-dynamics”. Comments welcome!

_________________________

Course Announcement

Graduate Courses

Admission to graduate courses requires, in all cases, the consent of the instructor. Undergraduate courses are not prerequisite to graduate courses, except where indicated.

 

200A-200B. Fundamentals of Economic Theory. (3-3) Yr.

            [Harvey Leibenstein, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, in residence, fall semester only, 1958-59; Tibor Scitovsky, M.Sc., J.D., Professor of Economics; Philip W. Bell, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Economics, in residence, fall semester only, 1958-59; Richard E. Caves, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Economics; Hyman P. Minsky, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Economics.]

200A. Micro-economics: the behavior of firms and households, and the determination of prices and resource allocation patterns in a decentralized economy. Mr. Bell, Mr. Leibenstein, Mr. Scitovsky.

200B. Macro-economics: general interdependence and the behavior of aggregates in a decentralized economy. National income and employment determination. The impact of fiscal and monetary policies on employment, national income and its distribution. [Andreas G. Papandreou, Ph.D., Professor of Economics (Chairman of the Department)], Mr. Scitovsky, Mr. Caves, Mr. Minsky.

Source:   Bulletin of the University of California 1958-59. General Catalogue. Announcement of Courses, Departments at Berkeley. Fall and Spring Semesters, 1958-59. (July 10, 1958), pp. 109, 114.

_________________________

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Department of Economics
Spring, 1959

Reading List
Economics 200B

 

It is suggested that students purchase the following works:

J. M. Keynes, THE GENERAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT, INTEREST, AND MONEY
U. S. Department of Commerce, 1954 NATIONAL INCOME SUPPLEMENT to the survey of CURRENT BUSINESS.

I. The Pricing of Productive Services and the Distribution of Income

G. J. Stigler, THE THEORY OF PRICE, chaps. 10, 15
J. R. Hicks, THE THEORY OF WAGES, chaps. 1-4
E. Rolph, “The Discounted Marginal Productivity Doctrine,” in American Economic Association, READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp. 278-293
F. A. v. Hayek, “The Mythology of Capital,” READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp. 355-383
D. H. Buchanan, “The Historical Approach to Rent and Price Theory,” READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp. 599-637
F. H. Knight, “Profit,” READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp., pp. 533-546
B. F. Haley, “Value and Distribution,” SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY ECONOMICS, Vol. I (ed. H. S. Ellis), pp. 26-48
N. Kaldor, “Alternative Theories of Distribution,” REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES, XXIII (1955-56), pp. 83-100
M. Kalecki, “The Distribution of the National Income,” READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp. 197-217

II. Macro-statics: National Income and Aggregate Demand

U. S. Department of Commerce, 1954 NATIONAL INCOME SUPPLEMENT
O. Lange, “Say’s Law: A Restatement and Criticism,” STUDIES IN MATHEMATICAL ECONOMICS AND ECONOMETRICS (ed. O. Lange, F. McIntyre, and T. O. Yntema), pp. 49-68

III. Consumer Behavior, the Consumption Function and Income Levels

J. S. Duesenberry, “Income-Consumption Relations and Their Implications,” in INCOME, EMPLOYMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY, ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALVIN H. HANSEN, pp. 54-81.
J. Tobin, “Relative Income, Absolute Income, and Saving,” MONEY, TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, ESSAYS IN HONOR OF J. H. WILLIAMS, pp. 135-156
M. Friedman, A THEORY OF THE CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, chaps. 2, 3
P. A. Samuelson, “The Simple Mathematics of Income Determination,” INCOME, EMPLOYMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY, pp. 133-155

IV. Business Behavior, the Level of Investment and the Rate of Interest

T. Scitovsky, WELFARE AND COMPETITION, pp. 216-226
J. Meyer and E. Kuh, “Acceleration and Related Theories of Investment,” REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, XXXVII, (August, 1955), pp. 217-230
A. P. Lerner, “On the Marginal Product of Capital and the Marginal Efficiency of Investment,” JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, LXI (February, 1953), pp. 1-15
J. R. Hicks, VALUE AND CAPITAL, chaps. 11-13
N. Kaldor, “Speculation and Economic Stability,” REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES, VII (October, 1939), pp. 1-27
J. Tobin, “Liquidity Preference and Monetary Theory,” REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS, XXIX (May, 1947), pp. 124-130

V. Macro-static Models

P. Lerner, THE ECONOMICS OF CONTROL, chaps. 21-25
L. R. Klein, “Theories of Effective Demand and Employment,” JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, LV (April, 1957), pp. 108-131
J. R. Hicks, “Mr. Keynes and the ‘Classics’; A Suggested Interpretation,” READINGS IN THE THEORY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION, pp. 461-476
F. Modigliani, “Liquidity Preference and the Theory of Interest and Money,” READINGS IN MONETARY THEORY, pp. 186-240
D. Patinkin, “Price Flexibility and Full Employment,” READINGS IN MONETARY THEORY, pp. 252-283

VI. Macro-dynamics and Economic Growth

E. D. Domar, “Expansion and Employment,” AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, XXXVII (March, 1947), pp. 34-55
R. Solow, “A Contribution to the Theory of Growth,” QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, LXX (February, 1956), pp. 65-93

VII. Inflation

A. C. L. Day, AN OUTLINE OF MONETARY ECONOMICS, CHAPS. 19-31

Source: Duke University, Rubenstein Library. Economists’ Papers Archive. Martin Bronfenbrenner Papers, 1939-1995. Box 26, Folder “Micro-econ + Distribution, 2 of 2, 1958-67, n.d.”.

Categories
Economists Fields Harvard

Harvard. Economics Ph.D. candidates, fields, examiners, thesis committees, 1917-18

 

 

For eleven Harvard economics Ph.D. candidates this posting provides information about their respective academic backgrounds, the six subjects of their general examinations along with the names of the examiners, the subject of their special subject, thesis subject and advisor(s) (where available).

Note: 1916-17 list was not found in the collection.

________________________________________

 

DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMICS
EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF PH.D.
1917-18

Notice of hour and place will be sent out three days in advance of each examination.
The hour will ordinarily be 4 p.m.

Henry Bass Hall.

Special Examination in Economics, Thursday, January 10, 1918.
General Examination passed May 4, 1916.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1904-05; Amherst College, 1906-07; Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1911-12; Harvard Graduate School, 1913-17. S.B., Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1912; A.M., Harvard, 1916. Assistant in Economics, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Money and Banking. 3. International Trade. 4. Economic History since 1750. 5. Agricultural Economics. 6. American History since 1789.
Special Subject: Agricultural Economics.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Turner, Bullock, and Ford.
Thesis Subject: “A Description of Rural Life and Labor in Massachusetts at Four Periods.” (With Professors Carver and Gay).
Committee on Thesis: Professors Carver, Day, and Dr. Morison.

 

Hermann Franklin Arens.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, April 29, 1918.
General Examination passed May 15, 1914.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1903-06; Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, 1906-08; General Theological Seminary, New York, 1908-09; Harvard Graduate School, 1912-16. A.B., Harvard, 1907; A.M., ibid., 1913. Assistant in Economics, 1912-13; Assistant in Social Ethics, 1913-14; Assistant in Economics, 1914-15.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Sociology. 3. Socialism and Labor Problems. 4. Philosophy. 5. Agricultural Economics. 6. Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises.
Special Subject: Sociology.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Day, Anderson, and Foerster.
Thesis Subject: “The Relation of the Group to the Individual in Political Theory.” (With Professor Anderson.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Anderson, Carver, and Yeomans.

 

John Emmett Kirshman.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 3, 1918.
General Examination passed May 12, 1916.
Academic History: Central Wesleyan College, 1901-04; Syracuse University, 1907-08; University of Wisconsin, 1908-09; University of Illinois, 1914-15; Harvard Graduate School, 1915—. Ph.B., Central Wesleyan, 1904; Ph.M., Syracuse, 1908. Assistant Professor of History, North Dakota Agricultural College, 1909-14; Teaching Fellow in Economics, University of Illinois, 1914-15; Instructor in Economics, Simmons College, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Public Finance. 3. Economic History since 1750. 4. Comparative Modern Government. 5. Economics of Corporations. 6. Socialism and Social Reform.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Day, Anderson, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “The Taxation of Banks and Trust Companies in New England.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Sprague, and Day.

 

James Washington Bell.

Special Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 15, 1918.
General Examination passed May 3, 1916.
Academic History: University of Colorado, 1908-14; Harvard Graduate School, 1914—. A.B., Colorado, 1912; A.M., ibid., 1913. Assistant in Economics, University of Colorado, 1912-14; Assistant in Government, Harvard, 1916-17; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1916—; Austin Teaching Fellow in Government, 1917.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Labor Problems. 5. Sociology. 6. Municipal Government.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Ripley, Day, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “Taxation of Railroads in New England.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Ripley, and Cunningham.

 

Marion O’Kellie McKay.

Special Examination in Economics, Friday, May 17, 1918.
General Examination passed May 13, 1915.
Academic History: Ohio Northern University, 1904-07; Ohio State University, 1908-10; Harvard Graduate School, 1911-12, 1913-16. S.B., Ohio Northern, 1907; A.B., Ohio State, 1910; A.M., Harvard, 1912. Assistant Professor of Economics, New Hampshire College, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Sociology. 2. Money, Banking, and Crises. 3. Economic Theory. 4. Public Finance. 5. Economic History since 1750. 6. Municipal Government.
Special Subject: Public Finance.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, Day, and Dr. Burbank.
Thesis Subject: “The History of the Poll Tax in the New England and the Middle and South Atlantic States.”
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Turner, and Day.

 

Arthur Eli Monroe.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 20, 1918.
General Examination passed October 13, 1915.
Academic History: Harvard College, 1904-08; Harvard Graduate School, 1913—.A.B., Harvard, 1908; A.M., ibid., 1914. Teacher of Latin and German, Kent School, Connecticut, 1909-13; Assistant in Economics, Harvard, 1914-Feb., 1916; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1915—; Instructor in Economics, Williams College, Feb.-June, 1916; Instructor in Economics, Harvard, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Statistical Method and its Application. 5. History of Political Theory. 6. History of Economic Thought (1500-1776).
Special Subject: History of Economic Thought (1500-1776).
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, McIlwain, and Day.
Thesis Subject: “The Theory of Money Before 1776.” (With Professor Bullock.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Bullock, Carver and Anderson.

 

Robert Herbert Loomis.

General Examination in Economics, Wednesday, May 22, 1918.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Ripley, Carver, Day, and Foerster.
Academic History: Clark College, 1908-11; Harvard Graduate School, 1914—. A.B., Clark, 1911. Teacher, Fay School, Southboro, 1912-14; Assistant in Social Ethics, 1915-16; Tutor in the Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1916-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Statistical Method and its Application. 3. Labor Problems. 4. Socialism and Social Reform. 5. Anthropology. 6. Economic History since 1750.
Special Subject: Economic History since 1750.
Thesis Subject: “Development of the Boot and Shoe industry in Massachusetts since 1875.” (With Professor Gay.)

 

Albert John Hettinger, Jr.

General Examination in Economics, Thursday, May 23, 1918.
Committee: Professors Ripley (chairman), Turner, Cole, Day, and Gras.
Academic History: Leland Stanford Jr. University, 1912-17; Harvard Graduate School, 1917—. A.B., Stanford, 1916; A.M., ibid., 1917. Assistant in Economics, Stanford University, 1915-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. American History since 1789. 3. Accounting. 4. Statistical Method and its Application. 5. Economic History since 1750. 6. Transportation.
Special Subject: Transportation.
Thesis Subject: “A Study of the Rock Island Railroad.” (With Professor Cunningham.)

 

Thomas Henry Sanders.

General Examination in Business Economics, Friday, May 24, 1918.
Committee: Professors Sprague (chairman), Bullock, Cole, Carver, and Mr. McCarty.
Academic History: University of Birmingham, England, 1902-05; Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1917—. B.Com., Birmingham, 1905; M.Com., ibid., 1914. Instructor in Commercial Practices, Higher Commercial School, Yamaguchi, Japan, 1911-17.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory. 2. Economics of Agriculture. 3. Accounting. 4. Marketing. 5. Foreign Trade. 6. Money and Banking.
Special Subject: Money and Banking.
Thesis Subject: “Banking in Japan.” (With Professor Sprague.)

 

Hebert Knight Dennis.

Special Examination in Economics, Monday, May 27, 1918.
General Examination passed February 29, 1916.
Academic History: Allegheny College, 1907-08; Brown University, 1910-12; Princeton University, 1912-14; Harvard Graduate School, 1914-16.Ph.B., Brown, 1912; A.M., Princeton, 1914; A.M., Harvard, 1915. Assistant in Sociology, University of Illinois, 1916—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Ethical Theory and its History. 3. Poor Relief. 4. Social Reforms. 5. Sociology. 6. Anthropology.
Special Subject: Social Psychology.
Committee: Professors Carver (chairman), Dearborn, Anderson, and Foerster.
Thesis Subject: “The French Canadians: A Study in Group-Traits, with Special Reference to the French Canadians of New England.” (With Professor Foerster.)
Committee on Thesis: Professors Foerster, Turner, and Ripley.

 

Frank Dunstone Graham.

General Examination in Economics, Monday, June 3, 1918.
Committee: Professors Bullock (chairman), Carver, Yeomans, Day, and Gras.
Academic History: Dalhousie University, 1906-07, 1910-13; Law School of Dalhousie University, 1913-15; Harvard Graduate School, 1915-17. A.B., Dalhousie, 1913; LL.B., ibid., 1915; A.M., Harvard, 1917. Tutor in the Classics, Dalhousie University, 1913-14; Assistant in Political Science, Rutgers College, 1917—.
General Subjects: 1. Economic Theory and its History. 2. Economic History since 1750. 3. Public Finance. 4. Sociology. 5. History of Political Theory. 6. International Trade and Tariff Policy.
Special Subject: International Trade and Tariff Policy.
Thesis Subject: Undetermined.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examinations for the Ph.D. (HUC 7000.70), Folder “Examinations for the Ph.D., 1917-18”.

Image Source: Sever Hall, Harvard University (ca 1904). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

 

Categories
Chicago Regulations

Chicago. Graduate Schools and Regulations. April, 1892

 

The new University of Chicago began its “work of instruction” in October, 1892. In a series of Official Bulletins an outline of the organization of its constituent divisions and departments  along with sundry regulations was published. The fourth Bulletin in the series was dedicated to the Graduate Schools of the University and it is transcribed below. Literally we have here a founding document, an institutional initial condition from which to trace the development of graduate education at Chicago. These organizational blueprints included the Department of Political Economy that James Laurence Laughlin signed up to build as its first head. 

__________________________

THE
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

OFFICIAL BULLETIN, NO. 4.
APRIL, 1892.

THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS OF THE UNIVERSITY.

CONTENTS.

  1. The Schools and Their Organization.

1) The various Schools.
2) The Relation of the Schools to the Colleges.
3) The Courses offered in each School.
4) The Administration of the Schools.

  1. Admission to the Graduate Schools.

1) The Terms of Admission.
2) Method of Admission.

  1. Candidates for a Degree.

1) For A.M., S.M., Ph. M.
2) For Ph. D.
3) For LL. D.

  1. Regulations for the Selection of Courses.
  2. Non-resident Graduate Work.
  3. University Fellows.

1) Perquisites.
2) Basis of Appointment.
3) Service.
4) First Assignment.
5) Method of Application.

  1. Docents.

1) Basis of Appointment.
2) Amount and Character of Teaching.
3) Compensation.
4) Method of Application.

  1. Theses and Examinations.
  2. Departmental Journals.
  3. Special Regulations for the Graduate Schools.

__________________________

I. THE SCHOOLS AND THEIR ORGANIZATION.

  1. The Various Schools:

(1)* The School of Philosophy.
(2)* The School of Political Economy.
(3) The School of Political Science.
(4)* The School of History.
(5)* The School of Social Science.
(6)* The School of the Semitic Languages and Literatures.
(7)* The School of Sanskrit, Zend and Indo-Germanic Comparative Philology.
(8)* The School of the Greek Language and Literature.
(9)* The School of the Latin Language and Literature.
(10)* The School of the Romance Languages and Literatures.
(11)* The School of the Germanic Languages and Literatures.
(12)* The School of English.
(13)* The School of Mathematics and Astronomy.
(14) The School of Physics.
(15)* The School of Chemistry.
(16)* The School of Biology.
(17) The School of Geology and Mineralogy.
(18) The School of Civil Engineering.
(19) The School of Mechanical Engineering.
(20) The School of Electrical Engineering.
(21) The School of Mining Engineering.

The particular courses to be offered in each school will be announced in the University Calendar, to be issued in May. The remaining Schools will be organized as early as circumstances will permit.

Note.—The Schools designated with an * will be open for graduate work October 1892.

  1. The Relation of the Schools to the Colleges: For the sake of unity and of convenience, the work of the University Colleges is in each case organized in connection with that of the Graduate Schools, the same relation existing between the University Colleges and the Graduate Schools which exists between the Academy and the Academic Colleges.

 

  1. The Courses offered in each School:

(1) Courses intended exclusively for Graduate students.
(2) Courses intended primarily for Graduate students, to which, however, University College students may be admitted.
(3) Courses intended primarily for University College students, to which, however, Graduate students will be admitted.

  1. The Administration of the Schools: The administration of the schools will be conducted by

1) The President of the University.
2) The Dean of the Graduate Department, who shall be appointed by the Trustees, and who shall (1) take charge of the special correspondence of the department; (2) arrange in consultation with the heads of schools the courses of study to be offered from quarter to quarter; (3) present business for the action of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences; (4) preside at the meetings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and at the meetings of the University Council and of the University Senate, in the absence of the President; (5) co-operate with the University Examiner in arranging for graduate examinations; (6) personally meet and consult with all students entering the Graduate Schools, and give them a card of entrance; (7) assume general responsibility for the students in the graduate schools; (8) and serve in the University Council.*

*The University Council shall include (1) the President; (2) the University officers, viz., Examiner, Recorder, Registrar; (3) the Deans of all Schools, Colleges and Academies; (4) the Presidents of affiliated Colleges: (5) the Director of the University Extension Division; (6) the Director of the University Press. The Council shall hold stated meetings monthly, to discuss and decide matters relating to the general administration of the University.

3) Heads of Schools, who shall in each case (1) supervise in general the entire work of the school; (2) approve examination papers set in the school; (3) arrange, in consultation with the Dean, and with other instructors in the school, the particular courses to be offered from quarter to quarter; (4) examine all theses offered in the school; (5) edit such papers or journals as may be published by the University, on subjects relating to the work of the school; (6) conduct the Club and the principal Seminar of the department; (7) consult with the Librarian as to books and periodicals relating to the work of the school needed in the University or Departmental Libraries; (8) consult with the President and the Dean as to the appointment of instructors in the School; (9) countersign the course certificates of the School; (10) and serve in the University Senate.‡

‡The University Senate shall include (1) the President; (2) the University Recorder; (3) the Heads of Departments in all schools (professional and non-professional) in the University; (4) the University Librarian. The Senate shall hold stated meetings monthly to discuss and decide matters relating to the educational work of the University.

Remark.—In the absence of the head of a School, the instructor next in rank, will assume his duties.

 

II. ADMISSION TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS.

  1. Terms of Admission: Admission to the Graduate Schools of the University will be granted

1) To those who have been graduated from the University of Chicago with the degree of A.B., S.B., Ph B.
2) To those who are graduates of other institutions of learning of high standing, with degrees equivalent to those mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
3) To special students, of at least 21 years of age, not candidates for a degree, provided that (1) they can show good reason for not entering upon the regular course; (2) they can give evidence to the Dean and the particular instructor under whom they desire to study, that they are prepared to undertake the proposed subject or subjects; (3) they agree to adjust themselves to all the regulations of the University; (4) having been admitted, they maintain a standing which will warrant their continuance.
4) To honorary students, to attend the lectures offered, without undertaking the ordinary work of the class room. This privilege will be granted only in exceptional cases, upon application to the President of the University, or to the Dean of the Graduate Schools.

Applications for admission, in the case of students not graduates of this University, should be accompanied by testimonials as to character and scholarship; and, wherever possible, such testimonials should take the form of Diplomas, written or printed theses, or satisfactory evidence in some other form of the student’s fitness for admission.

  1. Method of Admission: Applications should be addressed to the University Examiner. In entering for the first time the Graduate Department of the University, the student is expected

(1) To obtain by correspondence, or in person, from the University Examiner, a certificate that he is entitled to preliminary admission.
(2) To obtain from the Dean a card certifying that he is entitled to entrance into the Graduate Department, if found to be prepared and competent in the special schools in which he desires to work.
(3) To consult with the heads of these schools, to arrange the courses of work with them, and obtain their signatures upon his card.
(4) To deposit with the University Registrar a guaranty for the payment of all fees and charges, and to obtain from him, upon payment of a matriculation fee of $5.oo, the stamp of his office upon this card.*

*The Registrar will furnish to the Dean of the Graduate Department a list of all students whose cards have been thus endorsed with the stamp of his office.

In entering upon any course of study, the student must present this card to the instructor.

 

III. CANDIDATES FOR A DEGREE.

  1. For the degree of Master of Arts, Master of Science or Master of Philosophy, the candidate will be required

(1) To have completed the corresponding Bachelor’s course.
(2) To have spent at least one year of resident study at the University in pursuance of an accepted course of study.
(3) To present a satisfactory thesis upon a subject which has been approved by the head of the school in which the principal part of the candidate’s work has been done.
(4) To pass a special final examination upon the work of the year.

  1. For the degree of Ph. D., candidates will be required.

(1) To have completed a Bachelor’s course, including an amount of Latin equivalent to that required for the Bachelor’s degree in the University of Chicago.
(2) To spend three years of resident study at the University in pursuance of an accepted course of study.
(3) To present a satisfactory printed thesis (see below) upon a subject which has been approved by the head of the school in which the principal part of the candidate’s work has been done.
(4) To pass a satisfactory final examination upon the work of the three years.

  1. For the degree of LL.D., candidates will be required.

(1) To have received the degree of Ph.D.
(2) To spend three years of resident study at the University, -in pursuance of an accepted course of study.
(3) To present a printed thesis (see below) upon a subject which has been approved by the head of the school in which the principal part of the candidate’s work has been done.
(4) To pass a satisfactory final examination upon the work of the three years.

  1. Work done in other Universities. Graduate work done in another University will be accepted as resident work in the University of Chicago, provided that

(1) The institution in which the work has been done is one of high standing; and
(2) Sufficient evidence is furnished that the particular work has been satisfactorily performed.

In no case will work in another University count for more than one year and a half of resident work in this University.

 

IV. REGULATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF COURSES.

  1. The University Calendar will publish announcements of the particular courses offered during a given term or quarter. The Calendar will be published quarterly on the first day of June, September, December and March. Each number will contain (1) the preliminary announcements for the quarter beginning four months from the date of issue, and (2) the revised announcements for the quarter beginning four weeks from the date of issue.
  2. Students in continuous residence will select at one time two Majors and two Minors, the work of a quarter. The selection shall be handed to the Dean within six weeks of the date of the preliminary announcement. Permission to substitute other courses will be granted only when, for any reason, a course offered in a preliminary announcement is withdrawn in the revised announcement.
  3. Students who expect to resume work after an absence of a quarter or a term, and students entering the University only for a quarter or a term, must indicate their selection of, courses within one week from the date of the revised announcement. In case no selection has been indicated, a student may be admitted to a course only (1) by special permission granted by the Dean, and (2) after the payment of a special fee of $5.
  4. Advanced courses in a department may not be selected before the preliminary work in the department has been completed. An instructor, with the approval of the President, may make the completion of the studies in tributary departments a condition in the selection of courses.
  5. A candidate for a degree may not select more than two-thirds of his Majors or Minors during the three years of University work from one school.
  6. The student may not, without special permission, select his Majors and Minors during the three years of University work from more than three different schools.

 

V. NON-RESIDENT WORK.

In the Graduate Department of the University, non-resident work may be substituted for resident work, under the following conditions:

(1) The non-resident student shall be expected to matriculate at the University, and to spend the first year of the time required for the degree in residence, unless he is able to satisfy the head of the school in which his principal work is to be done, that he can do the introductory work in a satisfactory manner, when not in attendance.
(2) The non-resident work shall be performed under the general direction of the head professor.
(3) The final examination shall be passed at the University.
(4) Non-resident work will be accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree.
(5) In reckoning the comparative time-value of resident and non-resident work, two years of non-resident work, if satisfactorily performed, will be regarded as equivalent to one year of resident work.

VI. UNIVERSITY FELLOWS.

University Fellowships will be assigned in accordance with the following terms and conditions:

  1. Twenty Fellowships will be assigned, each yielding the sum of $500 annually.
  2. Twenty Fellowships will be assigned, each yielding the sum of $300 annually.
  3. Honorary Fellowships, yielding no income and requiring no service, will be assigned as a mark of distinction in special cases.
  4. The appointment to a Fellowship will be based upon proficiency already attained in a given department. It is very desirable that the student should have already spent one year in resident study after receiving his bachelor’s degree. In making the appointment, special weight will be given to theses, indicating the candidate’s ability to do original investigation.
  5. Service. In order to cultivate independence on the part of the student, and to obtain for him the advantage which proceeds from practical work, each student on a fellowship will be expected to render assistance of some kind in connection with the work of the University. This assistance will consist, for the most part in service (1) as an instructor, either in colleges of the University, or in affiliated colleges; but in no case will a student be expected, or allowed, to devote more than one-sixth of his time to such service (while holding a fellowship, a student will not be permitted to do private tutorial work of any kind); (2) as assistant in the reading of examination papers; or (3) as an assistant on a University Journal.
  6. The first assignment of fellowships will take place June 15th, and applications must be made on or before May 15th.
  7. Method of application. Applications for a fellowship should be addressed to the President of the University. Such application should be accompanied by:

(1) A brief sketch of the life and work of the applicant.
(2) A catalogue of the institution from which he has received his bachelor’s degree, with the courses in which he has studied marked.
(3) Any theses or papers of a scientific character which have been prepared by the applicant, whether printed or otherwise.
(4) Letters or testimonials from former instructors in regard to the applicant’s ability in the particular line in which he applies for a fellowship. ,

 

VII. UNIVERSITY DOCENTS.

University docentships will be assigned in accordance with the following terms and conditions:

  1. The appointment to a docentship will be restricted to those who have received from an approved institution the degree of Ph. D.
  2. The Docent will be permitted to offer courses of instruction under the direction of the head professor in his department, in the Colleges of the University, and in the Graduate Department, but in no case shall he be allowed to do more than one-half of the work of the full instructor, it being expected that the remainder of his time shall be devoted exclusively to original investigation.
  3. The Docent shall receive in compensation for his work a proportionate amount of the tuition fees of those who attend his courses, which shall be reckoned as follows: $8 from each student attending a Major course, and $4 from each student attending a Minor course.
  4. Method of application. Applications for a docentship should be addressed to the President of the University. Such application should be accompanied by:

(1) A brief sketch of the life and work of the applicant.
(2) A catalogue of the institution from which he has received his bachelor’s degree.
(3) A detailed statement of the work for which the degree of Ph. D. was granted.
(4) Any theses or papers of a scientific character, which have been prepared by the applicant, whether printed or otherwise.
(5) Letters or testimonials from former instructors in regard to the applicant’s ability in the particular line in which he applies for a docentship.

 

VIII. THESES AND EXAMINATIONS.

The following are the requirements of candidates for the degree of Ph. D., with reference to theses and examinations:

  1. Each student is required to prepare a thesis upon some question connected with a major subject. This production must be scholarly in character, exhaustive in its subject matter, and must constitute an actual contribution to knowledge.
  2. The subject must be submitted for approval to the head professor at least 12 months before the date of the final examinations; the thesis itself must be submitted in written form to the head professor 3 months before the date of the final examinations, and, after acceptance, 25 printed copies of the same must be deposited in the Library within 30 days of the date of the final examinations. Accepted theses will become the property of the University.
  3. In addition to the regular term examinations, during the period of residence, the candidate for the degree of Ph. D. will be required to pass a final written and oral examination, the latter to be conducted by the professors of the school in which the candidate has done his principal work, in the presence of professors representing at least three different schools of the University. In no case will the candidate be admitted to the final examination until his thesis has been accepted.
  4. Candidates for the degree of A.M. will not be required to print their theses. The subject must be submitted for approval to the head professor at least six months before graduation, and the thesis, at least two months before graduation.
  5. Candidates for the degree of LL. D. will not be received until further notice.

 

IX. DEPARTMENTAL JOURNALS AND PUBLICATIONS.

  1. Each school of the Graduate Department will issue, through the University Press, either a journal or a series of papers relating to subjects connected with the schools. Such publications will include only papers of a scientific character.
  2. The editorial work will be performed in each case by the head professor of the school, assisted by the other professors and instructors connected with the school. In the case of regularly-published journals, the names of all permanent instructors connected with the school shall be placed upon the title page as associate or assistant editors.
  3. The financial responsibility for publication will be assumed by the University. Members of the University contributing to the Journals will receive no honorarium.
  4. While one purpose of such publications is to furnish a medium for the publication of material prepared by those who are connected with the University, contributions from others will also be received, at the discretion of the editor.
  5. Each article, editorial, book review or statement of any kind, appearing in a University publication, shall be signed by the writer. For such matter, the writer, not the University, will be responsible, but the editor shall assume responsibility for the admission of the article or statement.
  6. Publications received in exchange, and books received for notice, shall be the property of the University Library.

 

X. SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR THE GRADUATE SCHOOLS.

  1. Quarters and Terms. The year shall be divided into four quarters, beginning respectively on the first day of October, January, April and July, and continuing twelve weeks each, thus leaving a week between the close of one quarter and the beginning of the next. Each quarter shall be divided into two equal terms of six weeks each.
  2. Classification of Courses. All courses of instruction given in the University shall be classified as Majors and Minors. The Major will call for 10 hours of class-room work, or its equivalent, each week, the Minor for 5 hours of class-room work, or its equivalent, each week. All courses shall continue six weeks, but the same subject may be continued through two or more successive terms, either as a Major or a Minor.
  3. The Work of Professors and Teachers. Each resident professor or teacher shall give instruction 36 weeks of the year, 10 hours a week, or its equivalent; no instructor shall be required to give instruction more than this amount.
  4. The Vacations of Professors and Teachers. A professor or teacher may take as vacation any one of the four quarters, according as it may be arranged; or, he may take two vacations of six weeks each at different periods of the year.
  5. Substitution and Extra Work. A professor or teacher, if he desire, may teach two quarters 5 hours a week, instead of one quarter 10 hours a week. For every quarter or term in the year he may teach beyond the three quarters required, and for every extra Minor in the quarter or term he may teach in addition to the 10 hours a week required, he shall receive either an extra two-thirds pro rata salary or an extra full pro rata vacation. A teacher who has taught three years of 48 weeks each, or six years of 42 weeks each, will thus be entitled to a year’s vacation on full salary.
  6. Adjustment of Vacations. No work will be credited for extra vacation or extra salary except that which may have been accepted by the President, the Dean of the Graduate Schools and the Heads of the Schools concerned. All vacations, whether extra or regular, shall be adjusted to the demands of the situation, in order that there may always be on hand a working force.
  7. Tuition-Fee. The fee for instruction shall be $35.00 a quarter. Besides the tuition fee there shall also be an incidental fee of $2.50 a quarter, and a library fee of $2.50 a quarter. To students entering the University for the first time there will be a charge of $5.00 as a matriculation fee. The fee for graduation is $10.00.
  8. Full and Partial Work of a Student. Each student doing full work shall be required to take one Major and one Minor during each term of a quarter, but a student by special request may, for good and sufficient reasons, be permitted to take one Major or two Minors, in which case he must furnish satisfactory evidence that he is making a proper use of all his time.
  9. Vacations of Students. A student may take as his vacation any one of the four quarters; or, if he desire, two terms of six weeks in different parts of the year.
  10. Rooms in Dormitories. (1) As soon as a sufficient number of dormitories is erected, students will be advised to make their residence in these rather than in rooms rented in private houses. Special dormitories will be provided for women. University officers will be given rooms in the dormitories, and in this way a closer intimacy encouraged, not only between students themselves, but also between instructors and students. (2) The cost of rooms in the dormitories will be from 50 cents to $3.00 a week. The occupant of a room must notify the Registrar six weeks beforehand of his intention to give up a room. (3) The occupation of a room thirty-six consecutive weeks will entitle the occupant to a reduction of 20 per cent., to be refunded at the end of the term. (4) Rooms may not be sub-rented. (5) Application for rooms should be sent to the University Registrar.
  11. Payment of University Bills. Quarter-bills including the tuition-fee, the incidental-fee and the library-fee will be delivered at the beginning of the quarter; if not paid within two weeks of the time they are issued, the student will be liable to be prohibited from reciting. Term-bills (for six weeks) instead of quarter bills (for twelve weeks) will be issued only when the student has notified the Registrar beforehand that he will be absent after the following term. A student who, for any reason, leaves the University in the middle of a term (six weeks) shall pay the full bill for that term. A student who enters the University, intending to remain only six weeks, must indicate this purpose at the time of entrance.
  12. General Expenses of a Student. The following table will furnish an estimate of the annual expenses for 36 weeks of a student in the University.
LOWEST. AVERAGE. LIBERAL.
University bill: tuition $105.00 $105.00 $105.00
University bill: incidentals 7.50 7.50 7.50
University bill: library 7.50 7.50 7.50
Rent and care of room 18.00 72.00 100.00
Board 125.00 175.00 225.00
Fuel and light 15.00 20.00 25.00
Washing 15.00 25.00 35.00
Text-books and stationary 10.00 20.00 50.00
Sundries 10.00 40.00 60.00
$313.00 $472.00 $615.00

 

  1. Opportunities for Self-Help. The University Steward, under the direction of the University Council, will conduct an employment bureau for the aid of students desiring to earn money to assist them in defraying their expenses while attending the University. Through this agency it is hoped that opportunity will be afforded to secure, for one hundred students, work which will yield to each the sum of at least one hundred dollars. Application may be made after May 1, 1892, to the University Steward.

 

Source: University of Chicago. Official Bulletin, No. 4 (April 1892), 11 pages.

Image Source:  View of the University of Chicago campus from the Ferris Wheel of the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893.   University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf2-02561 , Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library