Author: Irwin Collier

Harvard. Enrollment, course description, semester exams in sociology. Carver and Bristol, 1910-1911

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-02-04

Carver lists sixteen items in his chapter on sociology in A guide to reading in social ethics and allied subjects (1910), by Francis G. Peabody et al.

An obituary for Carver’s assistant for the course, Lucius Moody Bristol (Harvard PhD in Social Ethics, 1913), was published in Social Forces Vol. 32, Issue 1 (October 1953), p. 90.

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Sociology exams from earlier years.

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Course Announcement and Description
1910-11

Principles of Sociology. — Theories of Social Progress. Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 1.30. Professor Carver, and an assistant.

An analytical study of social life and of the factors and forces which hold society together and give it an orderly development. The leading social institutions will also be studied with a view to finding out their true relation to social well-being and progress.

Spencer’s Principles of Sociology [Vol. 1; Vol. II; Vol. III] and Carver’s Sociology and Social Progress will be read in full. Students are expected to take part in the discussion of the books read and of the lectures delivered.

Course 3 is open to students who have passed satisfactorily in Course 1.

Source: History and Political Science, Comprising the Departments of History and Government, and Economics, 1910-11. Published in the Official Register of Harvard University. Vol. VI,I No. 23 (June 21, 1910), p. 63

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Course Enrollment
1910-11

Economics 3. Professor Carver, assisted by Mr.[Lucius Moody] Bristol [Ph.D. 1913] — Principles of Sociology. Theories of Social Progress.

Total 61: 8 Graduates, 9 Seniors, 27 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, 2 Freshmen, 12Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1910-1911 p. 50.

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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 3
Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

What is the bearing of Weisman’s theory of heredity upon the problem of the transmissibility of acquired characters?
What is Spencer’s opinion as to the methods of administering charity?
How does the transition from the militant to the industrial type of society affect the liberty of the individual?
What is the relation of our economic concept of wealth to the general problem of adaptation?
How does Spencer explain the origin of the belief in ghosts?
What is meant by the power of idealization, and how does it affect the process of adaptation?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University. Mid-year Examinations, 1852-1943. Box 8, Bound Volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years 1910-11.

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ECONOMICS 3
Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Comment upon the following: —
“Already increased facilities for divorce point to the probability that whereas, while permanent monogamy was being evolved, the union by law (originally the act of purchase) was regarded as the essential part of marriage and the union by affection as non essential; and whereas at present the union by law is thought the more important and the union by affection the less important, there will come a time when the union by affection will be held of primary moment and the union by law as of secondary moment: whence reprobation of marital relations in which the union by affection has dissolved.”
Trace the origin, separation, and specialization of the leading professions.
What is the leading idea of the selection entitled “War and Economics”? What do you think of it?
What is the leading idea of the selection entitled “The Prolongation of Infancy”? What do you think of it?
What, according to Nordau, are the symptoms and the causes of increasing degeneration in recent times?
What is the relation of morality to the problem of adaptation?
What are the leading phases of the struggle among the individuals of the social group called the state?
What is meant by the storing of social energy, and by what means is it accomplished?
Discuss the question: Is monarchy or democracy the more highly evolved form of government?
What do you regard as the most important thing you have learned in this course?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 9, Bound vol. Examination Papers 1910-11 (HUC 7000.25) Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics,…,Music in Harvard College (June, 1911), pp. 41-42.

Image Source: Thomas Nixon Carver from Harvard Class Album 1913 (colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror).

Tags Bristol, Carver

Exam Questions Harvard Principles

Harvard. Enrollment and semester examinations for principles of economics. Taussig, 1910-1911

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-02-01

After a pause dedicated to revising a paper, I return to the task of transcribing the economics mid-year and year-end examinations from Harvard University. The first table below provides links to four decades worth of introductory exams, ending in January and June 1910. Material for the other economics courses taught at Harvard in 1910-11 will be posted over the next couple of months.

In 1910-11 Frank Taussig was back in the saddle after a leave of absence taken during the previous year. He completed the first edition of his Principles of Economics [Volume I; Volume II] in March 1911 [Preface]. Links to the references from that first edition have been posted.

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Exams for principles (a.k.a. outlines)
of economics at Harvard
1870/71-1909/10

1871-75	1880-81	1890-91	1900-01
	1881-82	1891-92	1901-02
	1882-83	1892-93	1902-03
	1883-84	1893-94	1903-04
	1884-85	1894-95	1904-05
	1885-86	1895-96	1905-06
1876-77	1886-87	1896-97	1906-07
1877-78	1887-88	1897-98	1907-08
1878-79	1888-89	1898-99	1908-09
1879-80	1889-90	1899-00	1909-10

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Course Announcement
1910-11

Principles of Economies. Tu., Th., Sat., at 11. Professor Taussig, assisted by Drs. Huse, Day, and Foerster, and Messrs. Sharfman, and Balcom.

Course 1 is introductory to the other courses. It is intended to give a general survey of the subject for those who take but one course in Economics, and also to prepare for the further study of the subject in advanced courses. It is usually taken with most profit by undergraduates in the second year of their college career. Students who plan to take it in their first year are strongly advised to consult the instructor in advance. History 1 or Government 1, or both of these courses, will usually be taken to advantage before Economics 1.

[…]

Course 1 gives a general introduction to economic study, and a general view of Economics for those who have not further time to give to the subject. It undertakes a consideration of the principles of production, distribution, exchange, money, banking, international trade, and taxation. The relations of labor and capital, the present organization of industry, and the recent currency legislation of the United States will be treated in outline.

The course will be conducted partly by lectures, partly by oral discussion in sections. A course of reading will be laid down, and weekly written exercises will test the work of students in following systematically and continuously the lectures and the prescribed reading.

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Course Enrollment
1910-11

Economics 1. Professor Taussig, assisted by Drs. [Charles Phillips] Huse [Ph.D., 1907] , [Edmund Ezra] Day, [Ph.D. 1909] and [Robert Franz] Foerster [Ph.D. 1909], and Mr. [Alfred Burpee] Balcom [A.M. 1909] — Principles of Economics.

Total 531: 5 Graduates, 14 Seniors, 96 Juniors, 272 Sophomores, 99 Freshmen, 45 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1910-1911, p. 48.

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ECONOMICS 1
Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers
strictly in the order of the questions.
Give your reasons in all cases.

“Economic productivity is not a matter of piety or merit or deserving, but only of commanding a price. Actors, teachers, preachers, lawyers, [sic, “prostitutes,” was the last item on H. J. Davenport’s list on p. 112, see link.] all do things that men are content to pay for. So wages may be earned by writing libels against a rival candidate, or by setting fire to a competitor’s refinery. The test of economic productivity in a competitive society is the fact of private gain, irrespective of any ethical criteria.” [H.J. Davenport. Social productivity versus private acquisition. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 25, No. 1 (Nov. 1910), pp. 96-118.]
Would you agree? In which of the cases above-mentioned, if any, do you find economic productivity?
Draw a diagram illustrating how the price of a commodity is related to its cost of production under conditions of diminishing return (i.e. increasing cost). Explain the diagram, and indicate rent on it.
What is the influence of cost of production on value in the case of a copyrighted book? cotton seed? a bushel of wheat?
Suppose prices to have been as follows: —

	1909	1910
Wheat (bushel)	$1.00	$1.20
Cotton (pound)	0.10	0.12
Iron (ton)	10.00	13.00
Copper (pound)	0.10	0.06
Quicksilver (pound)	1.00	0.50

(a) Construct an index number, using the simple arithmetic mean, to show how general prices in 1910 were related to prices in 1909.

(b) Next, weight the commodities,—

…giving to wheat	a weight of 5
…giving to cotton	a weight of 4
…giving to iron	a weight of 4
…giving to copper	a weight of 1
…giving to quicksilver	a weight of 1

Construct a second index number, using the weighted arithmetical mean.

Which index number would you consider the more trustworthy!

In spite of recent great increases in the world’s gold production, the price of an ounce of gold in the United States has remained steadily at $20.67; in England, at £3 17s. 10½d. How do you explain this steadiness? Has there been the same steadiness in the value of gold?
Explain briefly: —

Free coinage.
Mint ratio.
Bimetallism.
Limping standard.
Subsidiary coin.

In 1850 the United States coined silver and gold at the ratio of 16 to 1. The market ratio then was 15.7 to 1. Which metal would you expect to be brought to the mint for coinage, and why?
Wherein is the regulation of note-issue for the Reichsbank of Germany similar to its regulation for the Bank of England? Wherein different? Which of the two plans of regulation has proved the more successful?
Explain briefly: —

Legal reserves.
“The essential similarity of notes and deposits.”
“Deposits as currency.”

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University. Mid-year Examinations, 1852-1943. Box 8, Bound Volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years 1910-11.

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ECONOMICS 1
Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers
strictly in the order of the questions.
Answer all the questions.

Suppose a great issue of inconvertible paper money (fiat money) in the United States: what would be the effects, temporary or permanent, on the rate of interest; the value of money; the rate of foreign exchange; imports and exports?
Is it true that “rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricultural produce”?
A shop-keeper, on a side street off Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, advertised: “We can sell at low prices because we pay low rent.” Do you think it probable that he could?
A corporation is formed, with a capital (paid in) of $1,500,000. It buys a city site for $1,000,000, and erects on it an office building which costs $1,000,000; the sum of $500,000 toward the cost of the building being borrowed at 5%. By good management it succeeds in paying to its stockholders from the rentals of the offices (after meeting all expenses and interest on the money borrowed) dividends of 8%.
What determined the price at which the site was purchased? Is the return received by the stockholders interest, rent, business profits, wages?
A business firm is made up of three partners, A and B, active partners, and C, an inactive (or silent) partner. The firm has $150,000 capital, contributed in equal shares by the three partners. Its articles of agreement provide that the net earnings shall be divided as follows: first, a dividend of 6% on the capital; second, if net earnings permit, a salary of $4,000 to each of the active partners; lastly, any remainder to be distributed as further dividend on the capital. The firm’s net earnings in 1908 were $23,000.
What were the “business profits” of the firm? What were its “profits” in the sense in which Mill used that term?
Explain: —

non-competing groups;
“real” differences of wages;
“the forces of environment”;
social stratification.

Would you regard a great extension of public ownership (to such industries as railways, street railways, gas works, coal mines) as “socialistic”? If so, in what sense? If not, why not?
Would you regard a tax on the future increase of economic rent as “socialistic”? If so, in what sense? If not, why not?
From a speech made in 1909 by a member of Congress: —
“During the past few years the United States have imported from $1,000,000 to $2,000,000 worth of antimony… largely from Japan, Mexico, China, and Labrador. Practically every ton of it is imported, notwithstanding the fact that in ten or twelve of the western states it is found in abundance…. I have no doubt that (with a proposed duty on antimony) within twelve months, instead of importing all our antimony, we shall produce every pound of it in the United States. We shall have the money and our antimony too.”
What would you say of this reasoning?
Can a country advantageously import a commodity in producing which its labor is more effective than labor is in producing that commodity in the country whence it is imported?
Can a country (A) send exports to a country (B) if the current rate of wages is $2.00 a day in country A and $1.00 a day in country B?

Image Source: From the cover of the Harvard Class Album 1946.

Tags Balcom, Day, Foerster, Huse, Taussig

Columbia Economics Programs Faculty Regulations

Columbia. Graduate Degree Requirements in Economics for Faculty of Political Science, 1904-05

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-01-29

By the beginning of the 20th century the general structure of Ph.D. programs across the United States had gelled into a common form due to the demand for certification of college teachers and a desire to create the graduate research seminars of German universities. The relevant portions of the 1904-05 Ph.D. regulations for the Columbia Faculty of Political Science, within which the department of economics was housed, have been transcribed for this post.

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More Columbia Information from that time

Columbia University, Economics Courses with Descriptions, 1905-07

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Regulations for other economics programs

Chicago, 1904-05
Harvard, 1904-05
Wisconsin, 1904-05

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REGULATIONS
FOR THE UNIVERSITY DEGREES
1904-05

Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy

Candidates for the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy must hold a baccalaureate degree in arts, letters, philosophy, or science, or an engineering degree, or an equivalent of one of these from a foreign institution of learning.
Every candidate for a higher degree must present to the Dean of each school in which he intends to study satisfactory evidence that he is qualified for the studies he desires to undertake.
Candidates for the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy must pursue their studies in residence for a minimum period of one and two years, respectively.* The year spent in study for the degree of Master of Arts is credited on account of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Residence at other universities may be credited to a candidate. In certain cases and by special arrangement, time exclusively devoted to investigation in the field will be credited in partial fulfilment of the time required. No degree will be conferred upon any student who has not been in residence at Columbia University for at least one year. The satisfactory completion, at not less than four Summer Sessions, of courses of instruction having in all a value of eight hours’ work a week for one academic year will be accepted as fulfilling the minimum requirement of one year’s University residence.

*In practice three years of University residence subsequent to the attainment of the Bachelor’s degree, or its equivalent, are usually necessary to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Each student who declares himself a candidate for the degrees of Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, or either of them, shall, immediately after registration, designate one principal or major subject and two subordinate or minor subjects.
Candidates are expected to devote at least one half of their time throughout their course of study to the major subject. In the case of laboratory courses this implies two days a week, or its equivalent, as determined by each department. Each minor subject is intended to occupy approximately one fourth of the time during one year for the degree of Master of Arts, and during two years for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Minor subjects may not be changed except by permission of the Dean, to be given only on the written recommendation of the heads of the departments from which and to which the change is desired; major subjects may not be changed except by a special vote of the Faculty in each case.
Candidates for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy may, with the consent of the Dean of the Faculty concerned and of the professor in charge of his major subject, select both minor subjects within the same department, and may divide a minor subject, taking parts of two subjects germane to his major subject.
The subjects from which the candidate’s selection must be made are:

[…]

UNDER THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Group I.—History and political philosophy: 1. European history; 2. American history; 3. ancient history; 4. political philosophy.

Group II.—Public law and comparative jurisprudence: 1. Constitutional law; 2. international law; 3. administrative law; 4. comparative jurisprudence.

Group III.—Economics and social science: 1. Political economy and finance; 2. sociology and statistics.

In his choice of subjects under this Faculty, the candidate whose major subject lies within its jurisdiction is limited by the following rules:

A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject within the group which includes his major subject.

A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy must select one minor subject outside of the group which includes his major subject.

The choice of subjects must in every case be approved by the Dean.

To be recognized as a major subject for the degree of Master of Arts, the courses selected must aggregate at least two hours per week throughout the year, and must also include attendance at a seminar; for a minor subject for the degree of Master of Arts the attendance at a seminar is not required.

To be recognized as a minor subject for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, courses must be taken, in addition to the requirements for a minor subject for the degree of Master of Arts, aggregating two hours weekly. All the courses and seminars offered in the major subject must be taken by candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

[…]

Each student is given a registration book, to be obtained at the office of the Registrar, which should be signed by the professor or instructor in charge of each course of instruction or investigation at the beginning and end of the course. This registration book is to be preserved by the student as evidence of courses attended, and should be submitted to the Deans of the several Faculties at the end of each year that the proper credit may be given, after which the registration book becomes the permanent property of the student.
—
1. Students desiring to be examined for the degree of Master of Arts, Master of Laws, or Doctor of Philosophy shall make application to the Registrar of the University, on or before April 1 of the academic year in which the examination is desired, on blanks provided by the University.
2. Immediately after April 1, the Registrar shall notify the Deans of the Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science, of the names of students applying for examination for higher degrees in each of these three Faculties, together with the subjects in which the candidate offers himself for examination and the degree for which he is a candidate.
3. The examination shall be held under the authority and direction of the several Deans.
4. The results of such examinations shall be reported as soon as possible to the Registrar, who shall transmit to the Secretary of the University Council the record of each successful candidate for a degree, as soon as such record is complete.
Each candidate for the degree of Master of Arts shall present an essay on some topic previously approved by the professor in charge of his major subject. This essay must be presented not later than May 1 of the academic year in which the examination is to take place. The Faculty of Political Science requires the essay to be a paper read during the year before the seminar of which the candidate is a member.
When the essay has been approved, the candidate shall file with the Registrar of the University a legibly written or typewritten copy of it. This copy is to be written on firm, strong paper, eleven by eight and a half inches, and a space of one and a half inches on the inner margin must be left free from writing.
Each candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy shall present a dissertation embodying the result of original investigation and research on some topic previously approved by the professor in charge of the major subject. After the dissertation has been approved by the said professor, it shall be printed by the candidate, under the direction of the Dean of the Faculty, and one hundred and fifty copies shall be delivered to the Registrar of the University, unless, for reasons of weight, a smaller number be accepted by special action of the University Council. On the title-page of every such dissertation shall be printed the words: “Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of—, Columbia University.”
Each dissertation shall contain upon its title-page the full name of the author; the full title of the dissertation; the year of imprint, and, if a reprint, the title, volume, and pagination of the publication from which it was reprinted; and there shall be printed and appended to each dissertation a statement of the educational institutions that the author has attended, and a list of the degrees and honors conferred upon him, as well as the titles of his previous publications.
All dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must be submitted for approval not later than April 1 of the academic year in which examination is desired.
In case of excessive cost and delay in publishing a dissertation which has been approved by a department, and accepted for publication by a reputable journal or scientific or literary association, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy may be conferred before the publication is completed. The facts in every such case concerning the publication are to be certified to the Council by the Faculty concerned.
In cases where advanced degrees are conferred before the copies of the dissertation are deposited with the Registrar, the diploma shall be withheld until such copies shall be received.
In the Faculty of Political Science, the examination on the major and minor subjects and on languages, but not on the dissertation itself, may be held before the printed dissertation is submitted.

[…]

Every candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy must pass, besides such other examinations as the Faculty may require, an oral examination on all three subjects, and must defend his dissertation in the presence of the entire Faculty, or of so many of its members as may desire or as may be designated by the Faculty to attend. The ability to read at sight French and German, to be certified in each case by the Dean of the Faculty concerned, is required by all the Faculties. The Faculty of Political Science also requires the ability to read Latin at sight; and candidates are examined on Latin, French, and German as upon other subjects, in the presence of the Faculty.

[…]

No student shall continue to be a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy for a longer period than three years from the time he ceases to be in residence.

[…]

1904-05
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

In its course of instruction the Faculty of Political Science undertakes to give a complete general view of all the subjects of public polity, both internal and external, from the threefold point of view of history, law, and philosophy. The prime aim is therefore the development of all the branches of the political and social sciences. The secondary and practical objects are:

(a) To fit young men for the public service.

Young men who wish to obtain positions in the United States civil service—especially in those positions in the executive departments at Washington for which special examinations are held — will find it advantageous to follow many of the courses under the Faculty of Political Science — especially the courses on political history, diplomatic history and international law, government (including the governmental organization of the territories and dependencies of the United States), statistics, finance, and administration. Candidates for appointment in the administrative service of our dependencies may obtain adequate preparation by adding to the general courses on public law and on political economy and finance the special courses now offered in the School of Political Science on colonial history and administration, colonial economics, modern civil law (German, French, Italian, and Spanish), and the courses on the Spanish language and literature offered in the College and the School of Philosophy.

(b) To give an adequate economic and legal training to those who intend to make journalism their profession.

(c) To supplement, by courses in public law and comparative jurisprudence, the instruction in private municipal law offered by the Faculty of Law.

(d) To educate teachers of history, economics, sociology, public law, and jurisprudence.

To these ends courses of study are offered of sufficient duration to enable the student not only to attend the lectures and recitations with the professors, but also to consult the most approved treatises upon the political sciences and to study the sources of the same.

The courses under this Faculty are divided as follows:

GROUP I — HISTORY AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Subjects

1. European History
2. American History
3. Ancient History
4. Political Philosophy

GROUP II — PUBLIC LAW AND COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE

Subjects

1. Constitutional Law
2. International Law
3. Administrative Law
4. Roman Law and Comparative Jurisprudence

GROUP III — ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

Subjects

1. Political Economy and Finance
2. Sociology and Statistics

A complete statement of the courses will be found in the bulletin of the Division of History, Economics, and Public Law the Announcement of the Faculty of Political Science) for 1903-05, which will be forwarded without charge upon application to the Secretary of the University.

Source: Columbia University, Bulletin of Information. Fourth Series, No. 11 (April 2, 1904). Faculties of Political Science, Philosophy and Pure Science, Announcement 1904-1905, pp. 7-12, 30-31.

Image Source: Roberto Ferrari, Unveiling Alma Mater [Sept 23, 1903]. Columbia University Libraries. July 15, 2104.

Economics Programs M.I.T.

MIT. Minutes of Visiting Committee. Freeman and Brown, 1947

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-01-28

Topic 2 in the following minutes of the March 3, 1947 meeting with the visiting committee for Economics and Social Science at MIT is a foreshadowing of the coming attack on Paul Samuelson’s textbook in September 1947. See: M.I.T. Wingnut inspiration for Du Pont’s crusade against Paul Samuelson’s textbook, 1947

_______________________

By 1958, the “Minutes”
seem like “Hours”

Cf. Minutes of the Vising Committee 1958.

_______________________

Economics and Social Science
Visiting Committee
(March 1947)

Present

Walter Jay Beadle (b. 1896). S.B. MIT (1917). Treasurer, Vice-President and Director at E. I. duPont deNemours & Co.

Beardsley Ruml (b. 1894). Ph.D. (Chicago, 1917). Chairman of the Board of R. H. Macy & Company, Inc. (formerly Chairman of the Federal Reserve of N.Y. City, a Director of NBER.

Charles Eldridge Spencer, Jr. (b. 1882). Chairman of the Board of the First National Bank of Boston. Life member of the Corporation of MIT. Began as clerk in a bank in his hometown New Brunswick, NJ at age 17.

Hugh G. Pastoriza, Sr. (b. 1886) . MIT Class of 1907, course VI. Was a representative of Coffin & Burr, investment bonds of New York City. Lived in Bronxville, NY, Board of Education

Samuel Sommerville Stratton (b. 1898). Ph.D. (Harvard 1930). Former member of Harvard School of Business. President of Middlebury College. [or his son as a recent alumnus, Hugh G. Pastoriza, Jr., B.S. MIT in Electrical Engineering, 1943]

Absent

Oscar Sydney Cox (b. 1905). Attended MIT 1924. PhB (Yale, 1927), LL.B. (Yale, 1929) Had been author of the Lend-Lease Act Member of the Law firm Cox, Langford, Stoddard & Cutler in Washington, DC.
Fun Fact: according to his obituary (Washington Daily News, 6 October 1966, p. 56) he was a friend of composer Paul Hindemith who put two of Cox’s poems to music.

Ellis Wethrell Brewster (b. 1892). B.S. (MIT, 1913). President and treasurer of Plymouth Cordage Co.

_______________________

M.I.T. Staff

Dean Robert G. Caldwell. (b. 1882). PhD (Princeton 1918).

Douglass Vincent Brown (b. 1904). PhD (Harvard, 1932). Alfred P. Sloan professor of industrial management, MIT.

Ralph Evans Freeman. (b. 1894). B.Litt. (University of Oxford). Head of Department of Economics and Social Sciences, MIT.

Douglas Murray McGregor. (b. 1906). PhD (Harvard, 1935). Associate Professor of psychology, MIT.

_______________________

Minutes of
the Visiting Committee Meeting
March 3, 1947

Department of Economics and Social Science

The Committee met at about 10:00 A.M. on Monday, March 3, in the Fabian Room of the Graduate House. The following members were present: Walter J. Beadle (Chairman), Beardsley Ruml, Charles E. Spencer, Jr., Hugh G. Pastoriza and Samuel S. Stratton. Absent were Oscar S. Cox and Ellis W. Brewster. In addition the following members of the Institute staff were present: Dean Robert G. Caldwell, and Professors Douglass V. Brown, Ralph E. Freeman, and Douglas M. McGregor.

The first topic taken up by the Committee was a survey of the courses currently being offered by members of the Department and the number of students enrolled in each. Statistics were submitted to show that 1780 students were attending 27 classes. A number of publications by the Department staff were presented to indicate the type of research upon which they have been engaged.
The next topic was the new undergraduate program (Course XIV). The content and objectives of this program were outlined. The point was made that the staff does not attempt to indoctrinate the students with the theories of any particular school of economists. They try to give a fairly general understanding of the major points of view In Economics so that students can adopt that philosophy and theory which they believe to be best.
Dean Caldwell outlined the Institute’s humanities program and explained the part played by the Department in this program. Professor McGregor, referring specifically to the Psychology option of the third year, explained the somewhat novel teaching techniques which he and his associates have developed.
The Chairman expressed a particular interest in the course in economic principles (Ec11) which is required of all students at the Institute. Professor Freeman explained that this subject is oriented around the general problem of full employment. This is a departure from the usual method. The analysis of demand and supply and other theories are introduced for their bearing on the central theme of maintaining a full employment national income. Such an approach seems to be more meaningful and interesting than the traditional one which had formerly been employed.
Mr. Ruml raised two questions – one as to the content of the program, the other as to the size of classes. He suggested the inclusion of an examination to test the students’ general knowledge of human physiology and of the functioning of the body. He raised the question as to whether it is economically desirable to try to teach in small sections rather than in large groups. He made the point that under proper conditions, and with a really competent lecturer, the large class may be superior to the small discussion section.
The Committee discussed the Research Institute for Group Dynamics and its program. The problems created by the sudden death of Kurt Lewin were discussed briefly. Mr. Ruml felt that it would be a mistake to close up the Research Center without very careful examination of possibilities for its continuance. The point was made that the activities of the Industrial Relations Section need to be supplemented by the kind of basic research on problems of group living which is being undertaken by the Research Center.
The Chairman expressed the sense of the Committee that it would be unwise to drop the Group Dynamics Center entirely, and suggested that the Committee might undertake to consider the problem in greater detail.

The activities of the Industrial Relations Section were briefly outlined to the Committee along with the current problems of its financial status. The Administration’s policy of maintaining the Industrial Relations Fund at approximately its present level, or at least of reducing it only very gradually, received general approval from the Committee. The long-range problem of financing the activity of the Section was briefly discussed but no conclusions were reached.
The members of the Committee raised various other questions as to the content of courses, methods of instruction, textbooks, employment opportunities for graduates and so forth. In fact, so much time was taken up by the process of getting acquainted with the various activities of the Department, that the Chairman felt the Committee should meet again. It was, however, decided to postpone the question of a fall meeting and it was agreed that the Chairman, through correspondence with members, would submit an interim report.

The Committee adjourned at 12:30 to attend the Corporation luncheon.

Source: M.I.T., Institute Archives and Special Collections. MIT Department of Economics Records (AC 394), Box 4, Folder “V.C. 47-64”.

Image: From the cover of the MIT yearbook The 1949 Technique.

Tags BrownDV, FreemanRE, McGregorDM

Chicago Economics Programs Faculty Regulations

Chicago. Requirements for M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees in Economics, 1934-35

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-01-07

The requirements for a graduate degree in economics at the University of Chicago in 1934-35 are transcribed below. First we have general Division requirements. These are followed by the specific requirements determined by the economics department.

Earlier, Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has transcribed the analogous requirements at Harvard University in 1934-35 and those for Columbia University in 1934-35.

Chicago, 1892.
Chicago, 1903.
Chicago, 1904-05 (with thick course descriptions)

_______________________

[DIVISION] REQUIREMENTS
FOR HIGHER DEGREES
UNDER THE OLD PLAN
[pp. 7-9]

In order to avoid misunderstandings, candidates for higher degrees should consult their Deans concerning all technical requirements for such degrees, including foreign language examinations, and requirements for the final oral examinations, before application is made for admission to candidacy. In all cases candidates should consult early with the chairman of the department of specialization.

Degrees will not be conferred under this plan after the Summer Quarter, 1935.

THE MASTER’S DEGREE

Two degrees are conferred, viz., Master of Arts and Master of Science.

Candidacy. —Any student who has been in attendance one quarter or more, whose undergraduate course is equivalent to that required for a corresponding Bachelor’s degree in the University of Chicago,* and whose dissertation subject has been approved by the department of specialization, may, on recommendation by the department and approval of the divisional faculty, be admitted to candidacy for a Master’s degree. The student should consult his dean with reference to the requirements for admission to candidacy. The application must be on file in that office at least two months before the degree is conferred.
Requirements.—-Students thus accepted as candidates will be given a Master’s degree on fulfilment of the following requirements:
1. At least 8 courses of satisfactory advanced work taken in residence at the University of Chicago, of which not more than the equivalent of three courses may be taken as half-courses. These 8 courses need not be all in one department, but are selected from courses taken in residence at the University of Chicago according to some rational plan approved by the chairman of the department and by the Dean at least six months before the degree is conferred.
  At the discretion of the department concerned, and corresponding registration in advance with the Deans, wide reading or other special work carried out by the student under the supervision of the department and subject to such tests as the department may prescribe, may be accepted as one or more courses of the required work.
2. A satisfactory dissertation on a subject approved by the head (or chairman) of the department at least three months (earlier at the option of the department) before graduation.
3. The delivery of three printed or typewritten copies of the dissertation together with a certificate signed by the chairman of the department, that the work, as submitted, is accepted as the candidate’s dissertation for the Master’s degree to Cobb Lecture Hall, Room 203, at least two weeks before the Convocation at which the degree is to be conferred.
4. Subsequent to admission to candidacy, a satisfactory final examination on the work taken for the degree. When the examination is oral, the candidate must file six copies of a summary of his dissertation and six copies of the list of courses submitted for the examination in the office of the Dean ten days before the date of examination.
5. Additional qualitative and specific requirements for the degree may be prescribed by any department or faculty.

[Note]

*Attention is particularly called to the fact the term “equivalent” in this connection refers to quantity only. It does not affect the question of the specific Master’s degree (Arts or Science) to which a given student’s work would lead. In case the candidate did not obtain his Bachelor’s degree at the University of Chicago, he will present to the Director of Admissions on blanks furnished for the purpose a detailed statement of his undergraduate work. The Director of Admissions cannot always report upon these statements during the opening week of the quarter.

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is given in recognition of high attainments and ability in the candidate’s chosen field, shown, first, by a dissertation evincing power of independent investigation and forming an actual contribution to existing knowledge; and, secondly, by passing an examination covering the general field of the candidate’s subject. It is to be understood explicitly that this degree is not conferred on the completion of a specified number of courses, or after a given period of residence.

Candidacy.—Any student of graduate status in the University, who has been in attendance one quarter or more (one month, in the case of a student entering with two years of residence graduate credit from another institution), whose thesis subject has been accepted by the head (or chairman) of the department, and who has a reading knowledge of French and German, may, on recommendation of the department and approval of the divisional faculty, be enrolled as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. On recommendation of a department, approved by the Dean, any other Germanic language may be substituted for German and any other Romance language for French. A reading knowledge of the foreign languages must be certified by the appropriate departments and the application for admission to candidacy must be filed by the applicant at the Dean’s office on the blank provided for that purpose not fewer than eight calendar months before the final examination for the degree. Responsibility for admission at the proper time rests with the student.
Requirements.—Students accepted as candidates will be given the Doctor of Philosophy degree upon the fulfilment of the following requirements:
1. Normally three years of residence work in pursuance of an accepted course of study, at least three full quarters of which shall be in residence at the University of Chicago.
2. The work offered in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in any department is outlined by that department and approved by the Dean, for each candidate, not later than the first quarter of his last year of residence work. The work required includes such courses in allied departments as may be deemed necessary by the department of specialization. The work is selected with regard to the needs of the individual student, with the double purpose (1) of giving him a knowledge of the relations of his subject to cognate branches of learning, and (2) of preparing him for productive scholarship.
3. The presentation of a satisfactory dissertation upon a subject which has been approved by the chairman of the department.
4. A satisfactory final oral examination on the subject presented for the degree.
Dissertation.—
1. Each candidate prepares a dissertation upon some topic connected with the subject of his specialization. This production constitutes an actual contribution to knowledge. Its subject is submitted for approval to the head (or chairman) of the department concerned at least twelve months before the date of the final examination.
2. The dissertation is submitted to the Department in typewritten form at least one month before the date of the final examination, unless otherwise recommended by the Department.
3. Three weeks before the Convocation at which the degree is to be conferred, unless the candidate is prepared to deposit 100 bound copies of the complete dissertation, he must deliver at the Dissertation Desk, Cobb Lecture Hall, Room 203, three printed or typewritten copies of the dissertation, together with a certificate signed by the chairman of the department that the work, as submitted, is accepted as the candidate’s dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and approved for publication without alteration.
4. For details concerning the publication and distribution of dissertations, the candidate is referred to the Handbook of the Divisions and the Professional Schools, obtainable at the office of the Dean.
Final examination. —After admission to candidacy the student may present himself for the final oral examination as soon as he has fulfilled the other general and departmental requirements. The candidate prepares a typewritten or printed brief of his work, including an analysis of the dissertation, and files six copies of the same with his Dean ten days before the time set for the examination.
The examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy shall be taken at least ten days before the Convocation at which the degree is to be conferred
Non-resident work.—After being admitted to graduate status, the student, in some cases, may be allowed to substitute non-resident work for resident work to a limited extent, under conditions to be arranged in consultation with the Dean and the heads of the departments concerned.
Work done in other universities.—Graduate work done in another university will be accepted as equivalent to resident work in the University of Chicago, provided the institution in which the work was done is of high standing, and adequate evidence is furnished that the work done there was satisfactorily performed. Graduate work done in other institutions, and credit allowed for non-resident work, cannot reduce the residence requirement at the University of Chicago to a period of less than one year (three full quarters), during which the major part of the student’s time will be spent in the department in which he expects to take his degree.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ECONOMICS, HIGHER DEGREES
[ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS]
[pp. 282-284]

The Department expects that students who are candidates for the Master’s or the Doctor’s degree in Economics will observe the special departmental requirements set forth below, in addition to the general regulations of the Division, stated on pages 274-75 of the Announcements.

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

Candidates for the Master’s degree should file with the Departmental Examiner, on or before the opening of their second quarter of residence, a complete statement of the work they intend to offer. The Examiner will submit this schedule to the Department for approval.

The specific requirements for the Master’s degree are:

A minimum of 8 courses, or their equivalent (of which at least 6 must be in Grades II and III above). At some previous time the candidate should have covered the substantial equivalent of the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Economics. This equivalence may be shown by courses taken or by examination. The candidate must also have the preparation in the other social sciences required for the Bachelor’s degree at the University.
A thesis involving research of at least semi-independent character. The thesis should be completed and three copies delivered to the office of the Department for examination at least six weeks before the Convocation at which the degree is to be conferred.
A final examination. This may be either oral or written as decided by the Depart-ment. The examination will be on the thesis and its field; and one other field proposed by the candidate and approved by the Department.
All candidates for the Master’s degree, whether or not courses in general economic theory are included among the courses specifically offered for the degree, are expected to show, in examination and throughout their work, ability to think clearly and effectively on abstract economic questions, and familiarity with the terms and common concepts of economic science.

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

A candidate for the Doctor’s degree in Economics is expected to have a reading knowledge of French and German, or one of these languages and a second modern language approved by the Department, the preparation in the other social sciences required for the Bachelor’s degree at the University, and such grounding in other technical, scientific, or philosophical subjects as may be necessary for an intelligent pursuit of the studies in which he proposes to specialize. He should have covered the substantial equivalent of the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Economics at the University, and must be able to deal on a graduate level with the range of material covered in the sequence for that degree. The following courses or their equivalents should be included as part of his preparation: 209, “Intermediate Economic Theory”; 210, “Introduction to Accounting”; 211, “Introduction to Statistics”; 220, “Economic History of the United States”; 221, “Economic History of Classical and Western European Civilization”; and 230, “Introduction to Money and Banking.”

The candidate is expected to have general training in the important fields listed below and to specialize in three fields, one of which must be Economic Theory, including Monetary and Cycle Theory, and another must be the field of his thesis. The fields to be chosen (in addition to Economic Theory) may be taken from (1) Statistics; (2) Accounting; (3) Economic History; (4) Finance and Financial Administration; (5) Government Finance; (6) Labor and Personnel Administration; (7) Trusts and Public Utilities; (8) International Economic Relations; (9) some other field proposed by the candidate. A field proposed by the candidate may be in Economics or in another social science, the arrangement in either case being made with the Department of Economics. It is desired to develop that program of work which best meets the needs of the individual student. This usually involves the election of some courses in other departments and possibly the development of a field in another social science as a substitute for one of the fields in economics.

The candidate’s grasp of his three fields of specialization is tested by preliminary written examinations which must be passed to the satisfaction of the Department before admission to candidacy. The final oral examination is on the field of concentration and on the thesis. The written examinations can be taken in one quarter or they can be divided between two quarters, not necessarily consecutive quarters, at the option of the candidate. The written examinations are given in the sixth, seventh, and eighth weeks of the Autumn, Spring, and Summer quarters. The written examination in general economic theory, including monetary and cycle theory, is in two parts and will require five hours in all. The written examination in each of the other fields requires from three to four hours. Notice of intention to take any written examination must be filed with the Department at least three weeks before the examinations begin. In written examinations for the doctorate the questions cover both the theoretical and administrative aspects of the field.

The thesis must indicate power of independent investigation and form a significant contribution to existing knowledge.

The final examination for the Doctor’s degree is an oral examination in the field of the student’s special work and on the thesis. The purpose of this examination is to test the quality of the candidate’s scholarship as evidenced by his mastery of his special field and by his ability to deal originally, critically, and authoritatively with problems in that field. He is expected to show a discriminating acquaintance with the literature and with both the historical and theoretical aspects of his subject, and to have intelligent opinions on current events within the range of his special knowledge. He will not be expected at the final examination to answer detailed questions on subjects not immediately related to his specialty.

It is the desire and policy of the Department that advanced students, in planning their studies, should not confine their attention to courses of formal instruction. Students of proved ability are so far as is practicable relieved from the routine requirements of ordinary courses of instruction and given large opportunities for individual reading and inquiry in connection with special courses of research.

Source: The College and the Divisions for the Sessions of 1934-35 in Announcements [of] the University of Chicago, Vol. 34.

Image Source: Coat of arms of the University of Chicago.

The University Coat of Arms, a shield displaying the phoenix below and the book and motto above, was adopted by the Board of Trustees on August 16, 1910. The University motto Crescat scientia; vita excolatur was adopted by the Board on January 17, 1911 and added to the Coat of Arms on the pages of the open book.
The Coat of Arms was designed by Pierre de Chaignon la Rose, a heraldic specialist in Boston working under contract to the Board of Trustees. No surviving documents make clear precisely why the phoenix was adopted as the central element on the Coat of Arms, but the most probable assumption is that the phoenix can be seen as a symbol of the city of Chicago, which was seriously damaged by the great Chicago Fire of 1871 and then was successfully rebuilt, or reborn, within just a few years.

Columbia Economics Programs Faculty Regulations

Columbia. Requirements for M.A. and Ph.D. Degrees in Economics, 1934-35

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2026-01-05

The requirements for a graduate degree in economics at Columbia University in 1934-35 are transcribed below. First we have the common requirements of the Faculty of Political Science (of which Economics constituted one of four departments). Next we have the specific requirements set by the economics department.

Earlier, Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has transcribed the analogous requirements at Harvard in 1934-35.

Columbia. Organization of Graduate Education, 1908-10
Columbia Requirements for Ph.D., 1916
Columbia Requirements for Ph.D., 1920
Columbia Requirements for Graduate Degrees, 1946-47
Columbia Requirements for Ph.D., 1954-55

_______________________

FACULTY REQUIREMENTS
[pp. 11-13]

MASTER OF ARTS

Residence. Every candidate for the degree must register for and attend courses aggregating not less than thirty tuition points distributed over a period of not less than one academic year or its equivalent.
Courses. The candidate must satisfactorily complete, from the courses for which he has registered to satisfy the residence requirements, courses aggregating not less than twenty-one tuition points, of which at least fifteen must be selected from the general courses listed in this Announcement.
Essay. The candidate must present a satisfactory essay prepared under the direction of some member of this faculty.
Departmental Requirements. For special departmental requirements see Appendix, pages 46–52, of this Announcement. Departmental requirements are in addition to, not a substitute for, the faculty requirements.

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

General. The degree will be conferred upon students who satisfy the requirements as to preliminary training, residence, languages, subjects, and dissertation.
Preliminary Training. The candidate must have received a Bachelor’s degree from Columbia University or from some other approved university or college, or have had an education equivalent to that represented by such a degree, and must have been regularly accepted as a graduate student by the University Committee on Admissions.
Residence. The candidate must have pursued graduate studies for at least two academic years, one of which must have been spent at this University, and the other of which, if not spent here, at an institution accepted as offering courses of similar standard. A year’s residence at this University is defined as registration for and attendance upon courses aggregating not less than thirty tuition points distributed over a period of not less than one academic year or its equivalent. Those desiring credit for graduate work completed elsewhere should send to the Director of University Admissions as soon as possible a request for the evaluation of such graduate work.
Languages. The candidate must have demonstrated his ability to express himself in correct English and to read at least one European language other than English and such additional languages as may, within the discretion of the Executive Officer of the appropriate department, be deemed essential for the prosecution of his studies. Normally, the language requirements for each subject are as indicated in the following paragraph.
Subjects. The candidate must have familiarized himself with one subject of primary interest and at least one subject of secondary interest, chosen from the following list of subjects:

• Ancient history (French, German, Latin, and Greek)
• Medieval history (French, German, and Latin)
• Modern European history (French and German)
• American history (two modern foreign languages — normally French and German, but substitutions may be made with the approval of the Graduate Chairman)
• History of European thought (Latin, French, and German)
• Jewish history, literature, and institutions (Hebrew and two from the following: Greek, Latin, Arabic, French, German)
• Political and social philosophy (French, German, and Latin)
• European governments (French and German)
• American government and constitutional law (French and German).
• International law and relations (French and either German or Latin)
• Roman law (Latin and either French or German)
• Comparative jurisprudence (French and German)
• Economic theory, history, and statistics (French and German)
• Public and private finance (French and German)
• Social economic problems, including labor, industrial organization, trade, transportation, etc. (French and German)
• Sociology
• Social legislation (French and German)

With the approval of the Committee on Instruction of the Faculty, the candidate may offer as a subject of secondary interest a subject not contained in the foregoing list, such as statistics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, etc.

Dissertation. The main test of the candidate’s qualifications is the production of a dissertation which shall demonstrate his capacity to contribute to the advancement of learning within the field of his selection. Such dissertation must give evidence of the candidate’s capacity to present in good literary form the results of original researches upon some approved topic. The dissertation must be printed in a form acceptable to the Faculty before the degree will be awarded.
Departmental Requirements. For special departmental requirements see the Appendix, pages 46-52, of this Announcement. Departmental requirements are in addition to, not a substitute for, the faculty requirements.

[FACULTY] PROCEDURE
FOR FULFILLING PH.D. REQUIREMENTS

Notice of Prospective Candidacy. As soon as possible after the beginning of his graduate residence the student shall give notice of prospective candidacy to the Executive Officer of the department in which the subject of his primary interest lies, and in consultation with him make a choice of subjects.
Languages and Written Work. As soon as possible after giving notice of prospective candidacy, the student shall submit to the Executive Officer of the department concerned an essay or other paper giving satisfactory evidence of his ability to make researches and to express himself in correct English. At the same time the student shall be tested, by some officer of instruction designated by the Executive Officer of the department, as to his ability to read the required languages.
Examination on Subjects. Having pursued graduate studies in this University, or in some other institution approved by it, for the equivalent of at least six months after the satisfactory completion of the tests on languages and written work, the student, upon the advice of the professor in charge of the subject of his primary interest or of his researches, shall make application, through the Executive Officer of the department concerned, to the Dean for examination in subjects. Such application may be made at any time, but to secure the examination in any given academic year the application must be made before April 1. The applicant will be notified by the Dean of the date of his examination. This examination is an oral examination, which may be supplemented by a written examination when required by the department concerned, and is conducted by a committee of the Faculty appointed by the Dean. By it the applicant will be expected to demonstrate an adequate knowledge of the subjects of his primary and secondary interest and of the literature pertaining thereto.
Matriculation. Upon the successful passing of the required examination in his subjects, the applicant will be recommended by the Executive Officer of the appropriate department to the Dean for matriculation, which is admission to candidacy for the degree.
Dissertation. Investigations and researches for the dissertation may be pursued either in connection with the work of some research course or under the direction and supervision of some member of the Faculty independently of any course. In either case a very considerable part of the time of the candidate or prospective candidate for the degree should be devoted to work upon his dissertation. The dissertation may be completed either during the period of residence, or in absentia. In advance of its being printed for presentation to the Faculty it must be approved by the professor in charge and accepted by the Executive Officer of the department concerned. Such acceptance, however, is not to be construed as acceptance by the Faculty.
Final Examination: Defense of the Dissertation. At least one month in advance of the time at which he wishes to present himself for the defense of his dissertation, but not later than April 1 in any academic year, the candidate must make application therefor to the Dean, who will thereafter notify him of the date of the final examination. This examination is an oral examination conducted by a Committee of the Faculty appointed by the Dean. By it the candidate will be held to a defense of his dissertation in respect of its content, the sources upon which it is based, the interpretations that are made, the conclusions that are drawn, as well as in respect of the candidate’s acquaintance with the literature and available sources of information upon subjects that are cognate to the subject of his dissertation.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

ECONOMICS
[ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS]
[pp. 49-50]

As soon as possible after deciding upon economics as the subject of primary interest for the Master of Arts or Doctor of Philosophy degrees, the prospective candidate should report through the secretary of the Department of Economics, 508 Fayerweather Hall, to a designated member of the Committee directing the work of graduate students in economics to receive fuller instructions. Before being permitted to matriculate for a graduate degree in economics, the prospective candidate must satisfy the committee that his prior preparation in economics has been adequate.

MASTER OF ARTS

General Requirements. Students whose subject of primary interest is in the field of economics must include graduate courses in economics aggregating not less than fifteen points among the courses aggregating not less than twenty-one points, which they are required to complete before being recommended for the degree. Of these twenty-one, not less than eighteen points must be chosen from the general courses listed in this Announcement. It is also desirable, when the candidates’ own qualifications permit, that they should attend research courses aggregating six points.
Essay. The candidate must select his essay subject and submit it to the appropriate professor within two months after registration as a candidate for the degree. The selection of a subject of importance within the field of his interests must be made by the student himself, and the ability to make a proper choice will normally be regarded as an essential qualification for the degree. The completed essay must be submitted for approval not later than four weeks before the date on which copies of the approved essay are to be filed with the Registrar. Under no circumstances should the candidate proceed beyond the preparation of his detailed program of investigation and the completion of a preliminary chapter or section without submitting his work to his adviser. In the approval of an essay attention will be paid to excellence of presentation and to expression in correct English as well as to specific content and to ability to use original material.

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Every candidate must satisfy the Department of his grasp of seven of the subjects listed below. The candidate will be expected to show a thorough knowledge of the facts, principles, and literature of the subjects. Three of these subjects must be economic theory, economic or industrial history, and statistics. The procedure for meeting this requirement is as follows :

The candidate must offer himself for oral examination in four of the subjects listed below. Of these four, one must be economic theory. The examination will be on subjects, not on courses;
Before making formal application for this oral examination on subjects, the candidate must satisfy the appropriate professors that he has done work which is adequate both in scope and in quality in three other subjects, also chosen from those listed below, and different from the four subjects which the candidate proposes to offer in his oral examination. This requirement may be met in any manner satisfactory to the professors concerned — by taking courses, by formal or informal examination, or in other ways ; but when the requirement has been met, the candidate must secure corresponding written certification from the professors concerned. It will be noted that if the candidate does not propose to offer economic or industrial history on his oral examination, he must satisfy the requirement for that subject in the manner specified in this paragraph; and that the same requirement also applies to statistics

The subjects are as follows :

1. Accounting
2. Agriculture
3. Corporation and trust problems
4. Economic or industrial history
5. Economic theory
6. Insurance
7. International trade
8. Labor problems and industrial relations
9. Marketing
10. Mathematical economics
11. Money and banking
12. Public finance
13. Socialism
14. Statistics
15. Transportation
16. Any other approved topic within the field of economics. Optional subject may be outside of the Department. In such case this subject must be one of the four presented for the oral examination.

The candidate will be expected to show acquaintance with the main trends in economic thought, as well as intimate acquaintance with the writings of one prominent economist, the candidate’s selection to be approved by the Committee directing graduate work in economics. Before applying for the oral examination on subjects, the candidate must again consult the Committee.

Except when special permission has been granted by the Department, the candidate must satisfy these requirements on subjects before proceeding with the preparation of a dissertation.

Source: History, Economics, Public Law, and Social Science: Courses Offered by the Faculty of Political Science for Winter and Spring Sessions, 1934-1935. Published as Columbia University, Bulletin of Information (34th series, No. 33) May 19, 1934.

Exam Questions Harvard Labor Policy Social Insurance Social Work

Harvard. Topics in Social Ethics. Outline, enrollment and final exam. Peabody et al, 1909-1910

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2025-12-31

Picket "Girls" on Duty: Ladies' Tailors Strike, New York City [1910 Feb]

The faculty teaching this course on selected topics in social ethics that was taught at Harvard in 1909-10 was based in the philosophy section of the School of Divinity. Social Ethics at that time was closely related to the economics department and its survey course Social Ethics 1 was a relatively popular outside field for economics graduate students. Social Ethics 4 appears to have been a course that went into greater depth on four topics: poor relief, government intervention/regulation, cooperation and immigration with emphasis on the normative issues involved.

________________________

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Course Announcement
1909-10

Selected Topics in Social Ethics (Social Ethics *4²hf.).

— Subjects for 1909-10:
— The Ethical Approach to the Social Question. Professor [Francis Greenwood] Peabody.
— Sources of Relief in Cases of Need. Dr. [Jeffry Richardson] Brackett.
— The Ethical Relations of the State to Industrial Affairs. Dr. [Ray Madding] McConnell.
— The Ethical Aspects of Industrial Coöperation. Mr. [James] Ford.
— The Ethics of Immigration. Mr. [Robert Franz] Foerster.

Lectures and prescribed reading. Half-course (second half-year). Tu., Th, Sat., at 12.

Source: Announcement of the Divinity School of Harvard University, 1909-10, p. 24.

________________________

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Course Enrollment
1909-10

Social Ethics 4^1[sic]hf. Professor [Francis Greenwood] Peabody, Dr. [Jeffry Richardson] Brackett, Dr. [Ray Madding] McConnell, Dr. [James] Ford, and Dr. [Robert Franz] Foerster. — Selected Topics in Social Ethics.

Total 19: 8 Graduates, 8 Seniors, 1 Sophomore, 2 Divinity.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1909-1910, p. 45.

________________________

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Final Examination
1909-10

Discuss and illustrate by historical instances the ethical principles involved in the State’s interference with the individual’s freedom of contract.
(a) Discuss Compensation for Accidents — Employer’s Liability; (b) Discuss Injunctions in Labor Disputes.
Describe the constitution and business methods of the Civil Service co-operative stores in London. State all points of divergence from Rochdale principles. What are the relative advantages or disadvantages of Civil Service co-operative methods?
Do you believe that any form of co-operation could be instituted in New England villages with reasonable expectation of success? State reasons explicitly.
“The girls have become convinced… that the only effective remedy for their unsatisfactory condition is a union, in full control of every shop on the side of the employees, and authorized to bargain with the employers on their behalf. They are willing that every one shall belong to the union.” How far do you consider that the remedy proposed by the striking shirt waist makers of New York may be effective? Explain the influence of immigration on wages in the United States.
Discuss the connection of Immigration with: (a) poverty in the United States; (b) cycles of prosperity and depression; (c) municipal government in the United States.
What are the effects of Emigration upon the countries from which it proceeds?
In what degree are the ethical principles indicated in the Introduction of this Course, verified or illustrated in the case of: State activity; or of Co-operation; or of Immigration?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 9, Bound vol. Examination Papers 1910-11; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics,…,Music in Harvard College (June, 1910).

Image Source: Picket girls on duty: Ladies’ Tailors Strike, New York City (Feb 1910). Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.

Tags Brackett, Foerster, Ford, McConnellRM, Peabody

Exam Questions Harvard Social Work Socialism

Harvard. Description, enrollment and exam for Social Ethics. Peabody, 1909-1910

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2025-12-29

Themes of social policy were covered in the intersection of philosophy (ethics) and economics by Francis Greenwood Peabody and his staff at Harvard around the turn of the 20th century.

A brief biography of Francis Greenwood Peabody

________________________

Social Ethics à la Peabody

Francis Greenwood Peabody. The Approach to the Social Question. New York: Macmillan, 1912. “The substance of this volume was given as the Earle Lectures at the Pacific Theological Seminary in 1907.”

Peabody’s own short bibliography on the Ethics of Social Questions was published in 1910.

Another post provides the history of Harvard’s Department of Social Ethics up through 1920.

________________________

Material from earlier years

Exam questions for late 19^th century versions of this course have been transcribed and posted:

1888-1889; 1889-1890; 1890-1891; 1892-1893; 1893-1894; 1894-1895; 1895-1896.

1902-03. Listed as Philosophy 5. Taught by Peabody and Ireland.

1904-05. Listed as Philosophy 5 and Ethics 1. Taught by Peabody and Rogers.

1906-07. Taught by Peabody and Rogers.

1907-08. Taught by Peabody and Rogers

1908-09. Taught by Peabody, assisted by Dr. McConnell and Messrs. Ford and Foerster.

________________________

Course Enrollment
1909-10

Social Ethics 1. Professor Peabody, assisted by Dr. McConnell, Dr. Ford, and Dr. Foerster. —The Problems of Poor-Relief, the Family, Temperance, and various phases of the Labor Question, in the light of ethical theory.

Total 80: 7 Graduates, 16 Seniors, 29 Juniors, 12 Sophomores, 3 Freshman, 13 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1909-1910, p. 45.

________________________

Course Description
1909-10

Social Ethics. — The problems of Poor-Relief, the Family, Temperance, and various phases of the Labor Question, in the light of ethical theory. Lectures, special researches, and prescribed reading. Tu., Th., Sat., at 10. Professor Peabody Dr. McConnell, Mr. Ford, and Mr. Foerster.

This course is an application of ethical theory to the social problems of the present day. It is to be distinguished from economic courses dealing with similar subjects by the emphasis laid on the moral aspects of the Social Question and on the philosophy of society involved. Its introduction discusses various theories of Ethics and the nature and relations of the Moral Ideal [required reading from Dewey and Tufts’ Ethics]. The course then considers the ethics of the family [required reading from Bosanquet’s The Family]; the ethics of poor-relief [required reading from Warner’s American Charities]; the ethics of the labor question [required reading from Adams and Sumner’s, Labor Problems]; and the ethics of the drink question [required reading from The Liquor Problem; a Summary of Investigations]. In addition to lectures and required reading two special and detailed reports are made by each student, based as far as possible on personal research and observation of scientific methods in poor-relief and industrial reform. These researches are arranged in consultation with the instructor or his assistant; and an important feature of the course is the suggestion and direction of such personal investigation, and the provision to each student of special literature or opportunities for observation.

Rooms are expressly assigned for the convenience of students of Social Ethics, on the second floor of Emerson Hall, including a large lecture room, a seminary-room, a conference-room, a library, and two rooms occupied by the Social Museum. The Library of 1800 volumes is a special collection for the use of students of Social Ethics, with conveniences for study and research. The Social Museum is a collection of graphical material, illustrating by photographs, models, diagrams, and charts, many movements of social welfare and industrial progress.

Source: Announcement of the Divinity School of Harvard University, 1909-10, pp. 24-25.

________________________

SOCIAL ETHICS 1
Year-end Examination 1909-10

This paper should be considered as a whole. The time should not be exhausted in answering a few questions, but such limits should be given to each answer as will permit the answering of all the questions in the time assigned.

Consider briefly : —

(a) The social conditions necessary to produce a class-conscious conflict.

(b) Economic determinism as a working faith.

The development of the English and American law on labor combinations, from 1824. (Adams & Sumner, Labor Problems, pp. 464 ff.）
The history and lessons of Employer’s Liability Acts in the United States. (Adams & Sumner, pp. 478 ff.)
How do the principles of compensation for accidents in England under the Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1906 differ from those of the period before 1880? (Dr. Foerster’s lectures.)
The likenesses and differences between the organizations of workmen and those of the employers. (Dr. Brooks’s lectures.)
How might the assignment of laborers to tasks be accomplished in the Socialist State? Discuss three possibilities. (Dr. McConnell’s lectures.)
The French system of arbitration, as applied, first, to local disputes and, secondly, to collective bargains.
“Eventually it will be seen that industrial divisions should be perpendicular and not horizontal.” Explain and illustrate this citation.
Contrast the methods of the British (Rochdale) and Belgian (Socialist) coöperators as to distribution of the profits of coöperative business. (Dr. Ford’s lectures.)
Industrial peace, as promoted by :—

(a) The Maison Leclaire;

(b) The Pennsylvania R.R.;

Economic forces working for and against the consumption of liquor. (The Liquor Problem, a Summary of Investigations, pp. 127 ff.）

Image Sources: Radcliffe Yearbook 1914 (for Peabody), Radcliffe Yearbook 1915 for Ford and Foerster.

Tags Ford, Peabody

Budgets Chicago Economist Market Economists

Chicago. Economics Department Budget Proposal for 1944-45 by Simeon Leland, Feb 1944

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2025-12-28

The 1944-45 budget file for the department of economics consists of a three page spreadsheet, is followed by fifteen pages of line item justifications for changes signed by the chairman of the department Simeon E. Leland and a one page budget memorandum by the assistant comptroller (Lincicome) to the Vice President (Filbey). This is an informationally rich document.

For this posting I have converted the item rows of the budget spreadsheet into individual columns for the items. The separate items have then been paired with the line item justifications.

An excerpt from a 1945 development plan by Chairman Leland for the department has been transcribed and posted.

___________________________________

Named in the Instructional Budget, 1944-45

Harbison, Frederick H.

McGuire, Christine H. (Mrs. Jules Masserman)

___________________________________

The University of Chicago
Budget and Appointment Recommendations
1944-45

Division of the Social Sciences
Department of Economics

February 21, 1944

Departmental Recommendations

In presenting the Budget for 1944-45, I am transmitting the recommendations of the Professors in the Department of Economics as decided upon at their meeting February 15, 1944. The specific recommendations, save as to dissents where their own welfare was involved, were unanimous. For convenience, the recommendations are presented in two divisions: (I) The college; (II) The Department. An attempt is also made to consider problems of the future development of the Department.

The College

Recommendations concerning those members of the College staff who have status in the Department will be appended hereto when they are received from Dean Faust. As in the past, the Department has no responsibility in connection with the College and hence does not assume responsibility for recommendations in the College. The Department is glad to incorporate in its budget or transmit through customary channels any recommendations Dean Faust desires to make.

The Department

The recommendations of the Professors in the Department can be classified under four convenient headings: (A) Advancements in Rank and Increases in Salaries Related Thereto; (B) Recommendations as to Changes in Salaries; (C) Appointments ;(D) Future Development of the Department; (E) Recommendations as to Service and Equipment.

Instructional Budget Account

Item No.			1-20
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$54,600)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$65,550)
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[….]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Items requiring no change
in rank or salary

Professor Jacob Viner

Item No.			1
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Viner, Jacob, Prof.
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept….
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$10,000
	Proposed
		Chairman	$10,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor T. W. Schultz

Item No.			4
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Schultz, T.W., Prof.
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept….
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$9,000
	Proposed
		Chairman	$9,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor Jacob Marschak

Item No.			6
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Marschak, Jacob, Prof. ([Paid by] Commission
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Dec….
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3 [in Economics] 4 [in Cowles]
	If part-time, approx. %		50% [Economics] 50% [Cowles]
Salary Level
	1943-44		$7,500 Total From Economics $3,750 From Cowles $3,750
	Proposed
		Chairman	$7,500 Total From Economics $3,750 From Cowles, $3,750
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor Paul H. Douglas

Item No.			7
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Douglas, P.H., Prof. (On leave, 10/1/42—enlisted)
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept….
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		($7,000)
	Proposed
		Chairman	($7,000)
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Assistant Professor Frederick H. Harbison

Item No.			13
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Harbison, F. H., Asst. Prof. (On leave [to 9/30/44] Government Service)
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept. 45
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		($4,000)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$4,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[4,000]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Advancements in Rank and Increases in Salaries Related Thereto

[Note: All departmental recommendations for an advancement in rank were rejected by the President’s Office.]

___________________________________

Associate Professor Lloyd W. Mints

[11] The Department recommends that the rank of Lloyd W. Mints be changed from Associate Professor to Professor of Economics. Mr. Mints has been a member of the staff since 1920, rising successively from Instructor to Assistant Professor to Associate Professor. He has earned the respect of students and colleagues for the thoroughness of his teaching and for his insight into economic and monetary theory. He has been a willing worker and has carried a heavy load of administrative routine for many years in connection with the advising of students. The Department has considered this recommendation on several occasions within the last few years and expected to make the recommendation at a time when Mints’ book on A History of Banking Theory would appear. Through no fault of his own the publication of this work — the fruition of several years’ research — has been delayed due to the war and the shortage of paper. Harper and Brothers have the manuscript in their possession and have agreed to publish it, but because of market difficulties plus rationing of paper stocks actual publication will probably be postponed for some time. It does not seem fair to delay this promotion in hope of finding a strategic occasion for its presentation. If one looks ahead to retirement and the possibility of accumulating a satisfactory annuity, the earlier this promotion is given the greater will be its worth to Mr. Mints. On the other hand, delay may tend to impair morale and produce discouragement, especially when the length of Mints’s service to the University is considered. It is recommended that Mr. Mints’s salary be increased $1,000.

Item No.			11
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Mints, L. W., Prof. (Assoc. Prof.)
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept. 45
	New appointment
		From	10/1/44
		Yrs.	[Ind]
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$4,000
	Proposed
		Chairman	$5,000
		Dean	Ac. Prof.
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$4,500]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Associate Professor Henry C. Simons

[10] The Department recommends the promotion of Henry C. Simons from Associate Professor to Professor of Economics. Simons has earned the reputation here and among his peers at other institutions of being a brilliant economist. His powers of theoretical analysis are equaled by few men: his scintillating suggestions as to public policy in the fields in which he has written have been widely recognized and favorably quoted; his writings have an originality and style which matches the subjective contributions of his works. Simons’ opinions on many economic subjects are eagerly sought. The Department recommends that his salary be increased $1,500. The recommendations as to advancement in rank and increase in salary will also be supported by the Law School, to which Simons devotes ono-third of his time.

See the Law School recommendations, Item 12. Since the present contract for the Civil Affairs Training Program does not extend throughout the year 1944-45, provision must be made in the regular budget for the salary if a new appointment is to be made from the budget.

Item No.			10
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Simons, H.C., Prof. (Assoc. Prof)
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept….
	New appointment
		From	10/1/44
		Yrs.	[Ind]
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %		67 (Econ.) 33 (Law School)
Salary Level
	1943-44		$4,500 (Total) $3,000 (Econ.) $1,500 (Law School)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$6,000 $4,000 (Econ.) $2,000 (Law School)
		Dean	[Ac. Prof]
President’s Recommendation
	Rank		[Ac. Prof]
	Salary Level		[$5,000 (Total)] [$3,333 (Econ.)] [$1,667 (Law School])
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Instructor H. Gregg Lewis

[14] The Department proposes that H. Gregg Lewis be promoted from Instructor to Assistant Professor and that his salary be increased $500, effective upon his return to the University at the close of the war. His work merits this recognition. By the time he returns, it is believed that Lewis will have received his Ph.D. His dissertation is in final stages of preparation.

The leave must be extended if the salary is not to be included in the budget totals.

Item No.			14
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Lewis, H. G. Asst. Prof. (Instructor) (On leave, Govt. Serv. To 9-30-44 to be extended to 9/30/45)
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept. 44
	New appointment
		From	10/1/44
		Yrs.	3
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		($3,500)
	Proposed
		Chairman	($4,000)
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank		[Instructor]
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45		[$4,000]

___________________________________

Lecturer Robert K. Burns

[15] The Department desires to recommend the appointment of Robert K. Burns as Assistant Professor, to serve the University on a half-time basis at a stipend of $2,000 per annum. Burns, who holds the title of Lecturer, has carried the bulk of the work of the Department in the field of labor during the past two years. Not only has he carried a heavy instructional load but he has supervised class research, and dissertations as well. Burns has been Regional Director of the War Labor Board in Chicago and has recently been transferred to the Washington office to direct certain new activities of the Board. This promotion came as a recognition of outstanding work. How soon Burns could assume increased responsibilities in the University is not known, but any time his services can be made available the Department is in a position to utilize them effectively. With Harbison and Douglas also in the field of labor, it is believed that a half-time appointment for Burns is all that is now required.

Item No.			15
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Burns, R. E., Asst Prof. (Lecturer, part time).
Tenure
	Present Expira.		June, 44
	New appointment
		From	7/1/44
		Yrs.	3
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %		50
Salary Level
	1943-44		$1,400
	Proposed
		Chairman	$2,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank		[Lect]
	Salary Level		[$2000]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Changes in Salaries

Professor Frank H. Knight

[2] The Department, over the protest of Frank H. Knight, recommends to the Division that Knight’s salary be increased $1,500 so as to place his compensation on the $10,000 level. If a Distinguished Professorship is available, Knight should receive it; if such a Professorship is unavailable, Knight should receive a stipend as though he were so honored. He is known throughout the world as one of its outstanding economists. His reputation and scholarship extend to the fields of philosophy, ethics, religion, and history, to name but a few. His fellow economists have honored him on many occasions; he has represented them for many years on learned societies. He has been tempted with offers from other institutions. He has been made a Professor of the Social Sciences in recognition of the breadth of his competence. Honor is bestowed on him everywhere; only the University can give him the freedom from financial ills he sorely needs and deserves. His present salary is an embarrassment to the Department, even though it is all charged against the Division.

Item No.			2
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Knight, F. H., Prof. (also Soc.Sci.Div.Instr.
Tenure
	Present Expira.		June….
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$8,500 From Econ. …. From Soc.Sci.Div. $8,500
	Proposed
		Chairman	$10,000 From Econ. …. From Soc.Sci.Div. $10,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		From Soc.Sci.Div. [$9,000) 4]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor John U. Nef

[5] The Department would like to recommend an increase in salary of $1,000 for John U. Nef, but Nef says that he will not hear of it nor accept an increase in compensation. The Department believes that such an increase is well deserved and wants its recommendation to be recorded even if Mr. Nef declines to receive what is manifestly his due.

Item No.			5
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Nef, J.H., Prof. (also History
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept….
	New appointment
		From	[10/1/44]
		Yrs.	[Ind]
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3 [in Economics and History]
	If part-time, approx. %		50% [Economics] 50% [History]
Salary Level
	1943-44		$7,500 Total From Econ. $3,750 From Hist. $3,750
	Proposed
		Chairman	$8,500 Total From Econ. $4,750 From Hist., $3,750
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$8,000 Total] [From Econ. $4,250] [From Hist. $3,750 (4]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor Oscar Lange

[9] The Department recommends an increase in salary of $500 for Oscar Lange. When Lange returned to the University of Chicago after a year’s leave at Columbia, he did so at a distinct financial sacrifice. Any continuation of that disadvantage should be removed. It is the opinion of the Department, too, that Simons and Lange should be treated equally with respect to salary and rank. In view of the salary proposed for Mr. Simons, this increase is doubly appropriate.

Item No.			9
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Lange, Oscar, Prof.
Tenure
	Present Expira.		June….
	New appointment
		From	[7/1/44]
		Yrs.	[Ind]
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$5,500
	Proposed
		Chairman	$6,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$6000]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Appointments

Professor Simeon E. Leland

The new appointment information should be inserted for the position of Chairman.

Item No.			3
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Leland, S.E., Prof. and Chairman (also Political Sci.
Tenure
	Present Expira.		June…. [As Chairman Jun 44]
	New appointment
		From	[7-1-44] [As chairman 7-1-44]
		Yrs.	Ind [as Prof] 3 yrs [as chairman]
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3 [in Economics and Pol. Sci.]
	If part-time, approx. %		50% [Economics] 50% [Political Sci.]
Salary Level
	1943-44		$8,000 Total From Econ. $4,000 From Pol.Sci. $4,000
	Proposed
		Chairman	$8,000 Total From Econ. $4,000 From Pol.Sci. $4,000
		Dean	$9,000 Total From Econ. $4,500 From Pol.Sci. $4,500
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$9,000 Total] [From Econ. $4,500] [From Pol.Sci. $4,500 (4]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Professor Chester W. Wright

[8] At the end of the present year Chester W. Wright becomes Professor Emeritus. Up to the present time the Department has been unable to fill Professor Wright’s post. Outstanding scholars of American Economic History are few; promising young men are scarce. Professor Wright’s health and energy are unimpaired. He is at the peak of his career. His recently completed Economic History of the United States is an outstanding achievement. The Department believes that Professor Wright should be invited to remain at the University during the coming year on a half-time basis. The continuance of his work and his presence here will make easier the finding as well as the appointment of a successor. As long aa Professor Wright is in the city the University will be the beneficiary of his work on Library acquisitions. His painstaking labors in the Library over a period of years is reflected in the excellence of the collections of books in Economics and Social Sciences — collections which include rare books, historic volumes and current issues, making our Library one of the best of university libraries.

The desirability of the renewal of Professor Wright’s appointment is strengthened by the fact that Mr. Harold Innis of the University of Toronto, to whom a Professorship in the Department has been offered, has declined our offer for the duration due to his feeling of responsibility toward his own institution in the present emergency. Innis has indicated that when the war is over he will be glad to reconsider our offer. Due also to his great regard for Professor Wright, the renewal of Wright’s appointment for the duration (on a year-to-year basis, as may be required) will be an important factor in inducing Innis to come to the University of Chicago. Probably more than any one person, Wright may be able eventually to induce Innis to join the staff.

If Innis does come to the University of Chicago, he will doubtless wish to devote his attention to Canadian economic history and only gradually devote his energies to continental developments. It will be necessary, therefore, to bring in a young man to teach United States economic history. As has been indicated, promising candidates are hard to find and the Department is unable to recommend a person for appointment at this time. Both Professors Wright and Nef emphasize the difficulties of this task. And, if a recommendation is to be made, the candidate must enjoy the support of senior professors in this field. All of which strengthens the recommendation of the Department for the continuance of Professor Wright’s teaching.

Is the proposed salary to be in addition to the retiring allowance at $3,000 per year?

Item No.			8
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Wright, C. W., Prof. Emer. (Prof.) [(also Retiring Allowance (Total Salary]
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Sept. 44
	New appointment
		From	[10/1/44]
		Yrs.	1
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		3
	If part-time, approx. %		50
Salary Level
	1943-44		$6,500
	Proposed
		Chairman	$3,250
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank		[Retire 10/1/44]
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45		[$1625]

___________________________________

Instructor Henry S. Bloch

[16] It is recommended that the appointment of Henry S. Bloch as instructor be renewed. Bloch at present is devoting his time exclusively to the CATS program, where his salary is charged. Should that training program be liquidated, Bloch’s services can be transferred immediately to Departmental teaching, research, and assistance in advising students. During the past year such needs have arisen, but because of the demands of the military program Bloch has not been able to assist the Department in its civilian program. Attention is called to the fact that Bloch’s salary is on a four-quarter basis.

Our payroll department states that the present appointment for Mr. Bloch at $2,200 per year is charged to the Economics budget and expires June 30, 1944. There is no record of the appointment chargeable to the Civil Affairs Specialists Training Program. Will you please check your records. Also, since the Training Program contract does not cover 1944-45, it is assumed that any salary for next year must be included in the department totals.

Item No.			16
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Bloch, H. S., Inst. (also CATS).
Tenure
	Present Expira.		9/30/44
	New appointment
		From	10/1/44
		Yrs.	1
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		4
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$3,600 (CATS)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$3,600 (CATS)
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$3,600 (CATS)]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Visiting Professor D. H. Buchanan

[12] D. H. Buchanan of the University of North Carolina is a Visiting Professor assisting in the military training program of the University. It is our understanding that his appointment is for the duration or during the continuance of the military training program. Mr. Buchanan’s salary has been charged against the CATS budget and I presume his appointment will continue at the same rate and so long as this program continues. Buchanan is included in this budget only for the sake of completeness.

Item No.			12
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Buchanan, D. H., Vis. Prof. (also CATS
Tenure
	Present Expira.		Aug. 44
	New appointment		9/1/44 (CATS)
		From	10/1/44
		Yrs.	1
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		4
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$8,000 (CATS)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$8,000 (CATS)
		Dean	[Do not appoint] [illegible word]
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Research Associate Gale Johnson

[18] The appointment of Gale Johnson as a Research Associate in Agricultural Economics at a four-quarter stipend of $3,700 was recommended during the current year to provide research assistance for Professor T. W. Schultz. Johnson’s appointment will commence as of April 1, 1944.

Item No.			18
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Johnson, Gale, Res.Assoc. in Agri. Economics
Tenure
	Present Expira.		6/30/44
	New appointment
		From	7/1/44
		Yrs.	1
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		4
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$3,700
	Proposed
		Chairman	$3,700
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Lecturer John K. Langum

[17] The Department recommends the appointment of John K. Langum, Vice President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago in charge of the Bank’s economic research and statistics, as Lecturer in Banking and Banking Policy. The Department would like to appoint Langum as a Lecturer, with the expectation that the arrangement would continue for many years to the mutual advantage of both institutions. A stipend of $500 is proposed, in return for which Langum would be invited during two Quarters of the academic year to give a seminar or series of evening lectures on current topics in banking and banking policy. These lectures should greatly strengthen the work of the University in the field of banking, a defect in our training and research of which we have long been cognizant. We are anxious to make the appointment at an early date, but will make the expenditure of funds contingent upon adequacy of registrations.

The Langum appointment should bring credit to the University. He is well and favorably known in economic and banking circles. He holds his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota. He is the author of numerous articles in his field. Recently he has prepared a monograph which the Committee on Economic Development is to publish.

Item No.			17
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Langum, J.K., Lecturer
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From	1/1/45 (Winter and Spring Quarters)
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		2
	If part-time, approx. %		Pt.
Salary Level
	1943-44
	Proposed
		Chairman	$500
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$500]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Items 12a, 13a, 15, 1, and 16a are inserted since the individuals have appointments extending beyond June 30, 1944.

Professor Maynard C. Krueger

Item No.			[12a]
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			[Krueger, M. C. As Prof. (also College]
Tenure
	Present Expira.		[Sept. 44]
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		[$4,000]
	Proposed
		Chairman	[$4,000) 4]
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$4,000]
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

Assistant Prof. Gerhard E.O. Meyer

Item No.			[13a]
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			[Meyer, G.E.O. As. Prof. (also College]
Tenure
	Present Expira.		[Sept. 44]
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		[$2,700]
	Proposed
		Chairman	[$3,500) 4]
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$4,000]
	Amount 1944-45

From the spreadsheet it is not clear about the breakdown of source of funding between the Department of Economics and the College.

___________________________________

Instructor/Dean of Students Christine McGuire Masserman

Note: items 15a and 16a refer to the same person. Christine H. McGuire (who married the psychiatrist Jules H. Masserman). Christine H. McGuire is listed in the U.S. National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel, 1921-1970 as having received a master’s degree in 1938. She later moved from teaching economics to

Item No.			[15a]
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			[McGuire, Christine (Mrs. Jules H. Masserman), Inst. (also College and Dean of Students]
Tenure
	Present Expira.		[Sept 44]
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.	1
Service Basis
	Number of quarters		4
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		[$2,000
	Proposed
		Chairman
		Dean	[$2,000 Total College (?) $1,500 )4 Economics (?) $500)4]
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$2,000 Total College (?) $1,500 )4 Economics (?) $500)4]
	Amount 1944-45

Instructor C. H. Masserman

Item No.			16a
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			[Masserman, H. H., Inst.]
Tenure
	Present Expira.		[Sept 44]
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		[$2,000]
	Proposed
		Chairman
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

___________________________________

The Future Development of the Department

From time to time the Department has called attention to its future needs. It has appraised its deficiencies and has projected problems certain to arise with the retirement of its staff. Some of the problems are still unsolved; one has been solved with brilliance and good fortune.

1. Agriculture

During the past year one of the long standing weaknesses of the Department was cured with the appointment of T. W. Schultz as Professor of Agricultural Economics. With his coming, two important developments can be undertaken. First, a plan for joint degrees in Agricultural Economics cooperatively undertaken by a few selected land grant colleges can be developed. Already we are negotiating with Purdue University to see if we can agree on the details and administration of such a plan. Second, we hope to introduce Agricultural Economics as a field to be studied by undergraduates in the typical four-year college program. At the present time economics departments throughout the country do not call the attention of students to the problems of agriculture either in the so-called “applied economics” courses or in their general survey courses. This is partly due to the fact of specialization, in which work in agriculture and in agricultural economics has been developed almost exclusively in the land grant colleges. It is also due to the fact that few students as part of their graduate education have been exposed to courses In Agricultural Economics. The Department is offering courses in Agricultural Economics to students as part of a general educational program and as part of their training for advanced degrees. Eventually this should bring to the student in urban colleges of liberal arts, where our students are employed, a better understanding of the problems of agriculture. Sooner or later the general courses in economics should deal with agricultural questions just as they now give attention, for example, to the problems of labor, capital, transportation, taxation, or business organization. It is believed that our Department is pioneering in this field, thanks to the active support and encouragement of the University.

2. Transportation

In times past the Department has called attention to the need for strengthening the work offered in Railroads and Transportation. Chicago is the strategic place for the development of advanced training and research in these related fields. It is the railroad center of the United States; it is its central airport; it is a dominant market for railroad equipment and supplies, and during the war has become an important airplane parts manufacturing center. Motor bus and truck-line activities teem in and around Chicago. To meet this opportunity, the University boasts of but one professor whose interests are largely centered in railroad freight rates and who in recent years has typically been on leave. More emphasis in the future should be given to transportation by motor vehicles and airplanes. A major professorial appointment should be contemplated in the field of transportation.

3. Trusts and Monopolies

The retirement of Professor Wright raises the question as to what should be done with respect to teaching and research in the field of Trusts, Monopolies and Business Combinations. Once each year Professor Wright has given a course in Trusts which from the point of view of training of graduate students has been adequate. The decrease in student enrollment during the war has not made the problem critical. The renewal of Professor Wright’s appointment will solve the question for another year.

The field of Trusts alone is not one of sufficient importance, It is believed, to justify a full-time staff appointment. It could easily be combined with Public Utilities or the Control of Business, depending upon the interests of possible candidates for appointment, but some provision should be made to cover this field in the near future.

4. Public Utilities and Control of Business

The offerings of the Department in the field of Public Utilities has been scant, if courses and research over the years are listed. This is true even if the offerings of other Departments and Schools are taken into account. Prior to the depression, efforts were made to make a professorial appointment in this field. Unfortunately, the nominees of the Department could not be induced to join the faculty. Visiting professors were employed on several occasions but with the advent of the depression this practice had to be discontinued. It may be doubted whether Public Utilities is as important a field as it was over a decade ago. Emphasis now has shifted to the Control of Business, with the regulation of public utilities, the dissolution of trusts and the reduction of competition as phases of larger general problems. The control of business by government (and perhaps by other institutions) has long been of interest to economists and political scientists, as well as business men. It has likewise been the concern of lawyers.

The field is of increasing importance in the future. An outstanding professorial appointment would greatly strengthen the University as a whole.

5. Advanced Statistical Theory

In proposing a joint professorship with the Mathematics Department for Professor Abraham Wald, the Department gave expression to a long-felt desire to expand the work of the University in the field of advanced mathematical theory as applied to statistics. Such an appointment with mathematical advice and consultation available to the faculty on their own research and teaching problems would be invaluable. On the whole, the training of students is secondary to this need and service. By such an appointment our research could be strengthened greatly. It offers the opportunity, too, to develop graduate work in the field of statistics far beyond present limits. It is believed that this view and this conception is shared by the Mathematics Department.

As a matter of University policy a closer integration of courses, training and research in the field of statistics would seem to be desirable. The Institute of Statistics has made progress in this direction. More and more the foundations and advanced training in the field should center in the Mathematics Department, with applications being taught in other Departments and Schools. A major appointment such as the one proposed for Wald would strengthen and facilitate these developments.

Although Wald declined our offer, the Department hopes to join Mr. Bartky, Professor of Applied Mathematics, Associate Dean and Dean of Students in the Division of the Physical Sciences and Chairman of the Institute of Statistics, and Mr. Lane, Chairman of the Department of Mathematics, in presenting another recommendation for an outstanding appointment in this field. Such an appointment is a University need which the Department of Economics shares. The Department will help in any way it can to bring about a noteworthy appointment.

6. Joint Appointments with Other Departments

In suggesting appointments in the fields of Trusts and Monopolies, Railroads and Transportation, Public Utilities and the Control of Business, Advanced Mathematical and Statistical Theory, the Department is cognizant of the fact that University resources are limited and that at any time only the most urgent or most important things can be done. Other Departments and Schools, as well as our own, have problems and claims for financial support. Without attempting to weigh the importance of alternative claims or uses for funds, the recommendations of the Department have been made because we think they are important. They represent a portion of a program oriented toward the future.

In making the suggestions enumerated, appointments to the Department of Economics are not being urged per se. Most of the problems also concern other Departments and Schools. In these fields joint appointments are in order. Thereby other parts of the University as well as our own Department would be strengthened. An appointment in Trusts and Monopolies concerns both the Law School and the Department of Political Science, as well as Economics; Railroads and Transportation also concerns the School of Business; Public Utilities and Control of Business should involve Law, Political Science, Business, and Economics; Urban Planning involves the Departments of Geography, Political Science, Economics and the Schools of Law and Business; Social Legislation affects Social Service Administration, Law and Economics. If the University is interested in furthering this suggested development, the Department is ready to take the initiative. Joint appointments will help us improve our Department, its research and teaching.

7. Visiting Professors

Whenever a need arises or a deficiency becomes evident, the easy solution is to suggest “an outstanding appointment.” This may also be the most costly solution even though it may temporarily increase the size, the number of course offerings or the ego of particular departments. It tends to increase the emphasis on less important aspects of particular branches of knowledge. It expends the applications, or the applied courses, rather than the basic elements of theory or science. The growth and strength of certain departments may be increased by concentrating on the development of the fundamental aspects of their subject matter by the regular full-time members of their faculty and by funds spent on increasing the eminence of this central group, the requisite diversification of teaching or research being secured by means of visiting professorships, continuously utilized to cover first one peripheral subject and then another. By bringing to the Department various men for one or two quarters a year, the best they have to offer both in instruction of students and stimulation of faculty colleagues can be secured at relatively low cost. As different men are brought to the Department the gains from this policy can be extended first to one field and then to another. If it is pursued regularly, it will soon become a tradition that new people with unique contributions to supplement those of the regular staff are always in residence in the Department of Economies at the University of Chicago. The Visiting Professorships should be chosen quite as much for their ability to stimulate and educate their faculty colleagues as to enrich the graduate program, though it is hard to see how one could take place without the other.

Next year may not be the time to inaugurate this policy due to difficulties connected with the war and the possible decrease in exceptional graduate students who would profit most from it, but it is urged that the plan be given a careful trial over a period of several years, within which the Department be allowed to experiment freely to see what could be accomplished. It is suggested that $5,000 per annum be placed at the disposal of the Department for 3 to 5 years to see what it can do for itself and the University in the execution of this policy. If it can not demonstrate the gains from this policy, it should be held to account for its failure.

8. Departmental Lectures

A similar line of thought prompts the Department to ask in addition for the sum of $600 per annum for expenditure on occasional lectures to be given by individuals doing new and unique things about which staff members and their best students would otherwise remain ignorant. Such lectures would have little popular appeal and would attract few outside of the Department, but they would give the faculty the benefit of discoveries, hypotheses an ideas before they become current in the profession. Such Iectures could find their way into print via the Journal of Political Economy, Econometrica, or otherwise, as might be determined. The $600 requested would probably provide only two or three such lectures a year due to the payment of expenses and honoraria.

9. A Special Fund for Student Assistance

The suggestion has been made that there be included among the worthy projects to be submitted to prospective donors proposals for the creation of Departmental Funds for the Assistance of Brilliant Students, such as the Littauer Fund now available at Harvard. This would not be a loan fund but a source of grants-in-aid to supplement fellowships, scholarships, loans and other assistance and would be administered by the respective departments which are close to students, and are, therefore, familiar with their needs. A study of the results attained by the Littauer Center might well justify the search for a similar fund.

Recommendations as to Service and Equipment

The Department is unanimous in recommending an increase in salary of at least $35.00 per month for Mrs. Margaret Finnamore who by vote of the faculty has been acting as Secretary of the Department. If it is possible to have this title confirmed and a new salary classification adopted so as to give effect to the work now being performed by Mrs. Finnamore, the wishes of the Department will be carried out. [“]In running the Department, Mrs. Finnamore is the most essential person.”

The Department feels that it is appropriate to increase the salary of Mrs. Marian Woodyard from $145 to $150 per month.

With the continued increase in members of the Department and the increase in their scholarly output, present clerical and stenographic facilities are inadequate. The situation was eased somewhat last year by the addition of $500 to our Equipment and Expense Account. This sum has been utilized to provide additional typing service for staff members but the need can only be met by the addition of one full-time clerk-stenographer. To provide this assistance and to take care of the salary changes recommended above an increase of $2,040 is needed in our Service Account. (I have reduced our Equipment and Expense Account by $500.)

Item No.			21
Account No.			2624 Service
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$3,960)
	Proposed
		Chairman	$6,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[$6,000]
	Amount 1944-45

Equipment and Expense

Item No.			22
Account No.			2625 Equipment and Expense
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$1,360
	Proposed
		Chairman	$860
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45

An independent check on the present volume of office and stenographic work, as well as its work-program for the future, would be welcomed to test the reasonableness of this recommendation.

Respectfully submitted,
[signed] Simeon E. Leland

___________________________________

Three items crossed out of economics departmental budget by President

Visiting Professors

Item No.			19
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Visiting Professors
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44
	Proposed
		Chairman	$600
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[….]
	Amount 1944-45

Lecturers

Item No.			20
Account No.			2621 Instruction
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)			Lecturers
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44
	Proposed
		Chairman	$5,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level		[….]
	Amount 1944-45

Agricultural Economic Research & Development

Item No.			23
Account No.			2626 Agricultural Economic Research & Development
Name and Proposed Rank (Old rank in parenthesis if change recommended)
Tenure
	Present Expira.
	New appointment
		From
		Yrs.
Service Basis
	Number of quarters
	If part-time, approx. %
Salary Level
	1943-44		$5,000
	Proposed
		Chairman	$5,000
		Dean
President’s Recommendation
	Rank
	Salary Level
	Amount 1944-45		[In Division Budget]

___________________________________

Source: University of Chicago Library. Department of Special Collections. Office of the President. Hutchins Administration Records. Box 284, Folder “Economics, 1943-1947”.

Image Source: Portrait of Simeon E. Leland. University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-03716, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library. Image colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Tags Bloch, BuchananDH, BurnsR, Douglas, Harbison, JohnsonDG, Knight, KruegerM, Lange, Leland, LewisHG, Marschak, McGuire, MeyerGEO, Mints, Nef, SchultzTW, Viner, WrightCW

Harvard. Program for the Sophomore Tutorial. Sept 1965

Post author By Irwin Collier
Post date 2025-12-10

For the previous post Economics in the Rear-view Mirror transcribed the reading lists and semester exams for the two semester Principles of Economics course (Economics 1) taught at Harvard in 1965-66. A biographical sketch of the faculty member responsible for coordinating the content and organizational structure of the instruction (some lectures, but mostly work in smaller sections), Richard T. Gill, can be found in that post too.

No less important for the course was the position of Head Tutor which was newly filled by Lars G. Sandberg (Harvard A.B. 1961; Harvard Ph.D. 1964), who was presumably the author of the “A Program for Sophomore Tutorial” (fifteen pages!) that Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has transcribed and included below. The program as outlined was designed for those Harvard undergraduates who were taking Economics 1 in their sophomore year, as opposed to their freshman year. Perhaps a document will turn up with information about the sophomore tutorial groups in economics offered to the students who had taken Economics 1 in their Freshman year.

The sophomore tutorial was a component of the larger tutorial system at Harvard College. The junior [Economics 98a and 98b] and senior [Economics 99] tutorial seminars were instituted to prepare for the departmental general examinations. [See the post on the 1964-65 junior tutorial led by Richard Caves: the post on the 1960-61 junior tutorial of Smithies and Chamberlin.]

_________________________

Origin of Tutorial Instruction in Economics, 1915-16

The Division of History, Government, and Economics introduced an new examination for A.B. candidates with a concentration chosen in the Division.

This examination was devised “not in order to place an additional burden upon candidates for the A.B., but for the purpose of securing better correlation of the student’s work, encouraging better methods of study, and furnishing a more adequate test of real power and attainment.” In their preparation students have from the beginning of the Sophomore year special tutorial instruction.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College 1915-1916, pp. 75-76.

_________________________

Obituary of Lars Gunnarsson Sandberg
(1939-2020)

Lars Gunnarsson Sandberg, 81, of Dublin, a 48-year resident of Upper Arlington, died at Riverside Methodist Hospital on September 29, 2020, with his family at his side.

He was born June 20, 1939, in Uppsala, Sweden, and emigrated to New York City in 1948. He graduated Summa Cum Laude from Harvard College in 1961, where he was awarded the John H. Williams Prize for the top graduating student in Economics, and earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1964. He taught Economics at Harvard and Dartmouth College before becoming a tenured full professor at The Ohio State University from 1970 – 1995. He continued to teach after retirement as an adjunct professor at OSU and Uppsala University. He was an avid reader and spent much of his time in libraries. He enjoyed the arts as much as sporting events, and rarely missed a Masterpiece Theatre show or an OSU football game. He loved boats, and enjoyed many sailing trips with his family on the east coast of Sweden. He was well known for his intelligence, his sharp wit, his down-to-earth nature, and his complete devotion to his family. He will be sadly missed.

He is preceded in death by his parents, Gunnar and Laila Sandberg. He is survived by his wife of 57 years, Joyce Bigelow; son, Per Larsson (Sharon Knight) of San Francisco; daughters, Kerstin Margareta and Elisabet Katarina of Columbus; grandchildren, Erik and Elin; brothers, Bengt (Beatrice Helbling) Sandberg of Oberuzwil, Switzerland, and Per (Karin) Sandberg of Stockholm, Sweden, and many nieces and nephews.

Due to Covid-19, a memorial service will be announced at a later date. Interment is planned in Lunenburg, MA, and Uppsala, Sweden. In lieu of flowers, donations in his memory may be made to PBS or to Friends of the Upper Arlington Public Library.

Source: Dignity Memorial Website.

_________________________

Course Announcement

Economics 1. Principles of Economics

Full course. Indivisible. M., W., F., at 12. The major part of the course is conducted in sections. Throughout the year, however, there will be lectures, generally on W., at 12. M., W., and F., at 12 will be the normal hour for section meetings, but sections will be scheduled at other hours. Professor Dunlop, Drs. R. T. Gill, Sanberg and other Members of the Department.

The Department encourages students considering concentration to take this course in their freshman year.

Designed to introduce students to the methods of economic analysis that bear on the issues which confront this country and the world. Will thus serve the needs both of those students who plan no further work in Economics and those who desire to obtain the groundwork for more advanced courses in the field.

Source: Harvard University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Courses of Instruction for Harvard and Radcliffe, 1965-1966, p. 102.

_________________________

Harvard University
Department of Economics
Tutorial Office
September 25, 1965

A Program for Sophomore Tutorial

The attached list of readings is the suggested list for sophomore tutorial groups comprised of students taking Economics 1 during the coming year. The list was prepared at the request of the Department’s Committee on Undergraduate Instruction for the purpose of providing a tutorial program to deepen and enrich the impact of Economics 1.

The suggested program has five sections, corresponding to major sections of Economics 1. Sections one and two are generally designed for the first term and sections three, four and five for the second term. Readings for each of the sections were chosen so as to provide somewhat more material than would be required for three two-hour tutorial meetings. The excess material within each section should provide flexibility in adapting to the needs of individual tutorial groups.

Papers and problem sets of the tutor’s own devising are optional with the suggested program. In planning for these, it should be recalled that tutees are required to prepare a Sophomore Essay during the Spring Term.

Brief comments on a suggested approach to each section have been provided.

SECTION I
Economic History

Henri Pirenne, The Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe.
The Economic Effects of the Navigation Acts on the American Colonies and Their Relationship to the American Revolution
1. Bernard Bailyn, “Communications and Trade: The Atlantic in the Seventeenth Century,” in H. Scheiber ed., US Economic History: A Reader, pp. 30-40, or JEH, XIII, Fall 1953, pp. 378-87.
2. Oliver Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution, chap. 1-9, 11.
3. Lawrence Harper, “The Effects of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies,” in Scheiber, op. cit., pp. 41-70, or R. Morris ed., The Era of the American Revolution, pp. 3-39.
4. Curtis P. Nettels, “British Mercantilism and the Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies,” JEH, XII, Spring 1952, pp. 105-114.
The Effects of Slavery on the Economic Development of the South
1. Alfred Conrad and John Meyer, The Economics of Slavery, pp. 43-99, 223-233. Pages 43-99 also appear in the JPE as pp. 95-130, April 1958, and pp. 440-443, October 1958.
2. Eugene Genovese, “The Significance of the Slave Plantation for Southern Economic Development,” in Scheiber, op. cit., pp.149-161 or Journal of Southern History, Nov. 1962, pp. 422-37.
3. E. Moes, “Absorption of Capital in Slave Labor in the Ante-Bellum South and Economic Growth,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, October 1961, pp. 535-542.
4. Robert R. Russel, “The General Effects of Slavery Upon Southern Economic Progress,” JSH, February 1938, p. 34-54.
The Role of the Government in the Development of the US Economy — Especially Transportation Part I — The Ante-Bellum Period
1. Thomas C. Cochran, “Land Grants and Railroad Enterprise,” JEH, Supplement X, 1950, pp. 53-67.
2. Carter Goodrich, Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads, chap. 1-4.
3. K. Henrich, O. Handlin, L. Hartz and M. S. Heath, “”The Development of American Laissez Faire,” Journal of Economic History, Supplement, 1945, pp. 51-100.
4. Milton S. Heath, “Public Railroad Construction and the Development of Private Enterprise in the South Before 1861,” JEH, Supplement X, 1950, pp. 40-53.
5. Edward Mason, Economic Planning in Underdeveloped Areas, chap. 2, “Government and Business in 19th Century Development.”
Part II The Post-Bellum Period
1. Robert Fogel, The Union Pacific: A Case of Premature Enterprise.
2. Goodrich, op. cit., chap. 5-8.
The Effects of Improved Transportation on US Economic Development
1. Robert Fogel, Railroads and American Economic Growth, chap. I and VI.
2. George Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, chap. I-XI, XV, XVI.

Section I places emphasis on problems in American economic history. Pirenne is included because it is so well liked by experienced tutors and because it has been removed from the Economics I reading list within the last few years. It should, if it is at all possible, be used during the first few weeks of the term.

The readings in part B include varying estimates of the costs and benefits to the American Colonies resulting from the Navigation Acts and related British legislation. This problem is important both as history and as an example of commercial policy.

The question of Southern slavery also generates a considerable amount of dispute. Among the suggested readings, Genovese and Moes argue that slavery seriously retarded the economic development of the South, while Conrad, Meyer and Russel remain skeptical. The Conrad and Meyer study is also of considerable interest as a prototype of the “new,” quantitative economic history.

Parts D and E might well be handled in one meeting, half the tutorial group being assigned to the ante-bellum period and the other half to the post-bellum period. There should then be plenty of opportunity to “compare and contrast” policy in the two periods. The most interesting readings from an analytical point of view are the articles on “The Development of American Laissez Faire” and Fogel’s short book on the Union Pacific. The rest of the readings tend to be more descriptive in nature.

Part F uses the introduction and conclusion of Fogel’s rather complex book downgrading the importance of railroads and a standard exposition of US economic history to generate some debate on the role of transport, and therefore government support of transport development, in US economic development. Some attempt might also be made to consider this question in the context of currently underdeveloped countries.

SECTION II
Competition and Modern Industrial Organization

The Concept and Function of the Entrepreneur
1. Joseph Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development, pp. 74-94.
2. Alfred P. Sloan, Jr., My Years with General Motors, Introduction and pp. 3-168.
3. Carl Kaysen, “A Hero of Our Time,” New Republic, February 29, 1964, pp. 21-23; mimeo. available in University Hall 9.
4. Symposium on Corporate Capitalism, QJE, February 1965, pp. 1-51 and August 1965, pp. 492-499.
Advertising

A supplement containing suggested readings on this topic will be mailed out during October.

Business in Difficulties
1. Richard Austin Smith, Corporations in Crisis, pp. 13-26, 63-96. (“Introduction” and “General Dynamics: A Crisis of Control” — the Convair 880 case).
2. John Brooks, The Fate of the Edsel and Other Business Adventures, pp. 17-75. (“The Rise of the Edsel” and “The Fall of the Edsel”).
3. Ibid., pp. 137-164. (“The Impacted Philosophers” — The GE-electric industry price fixing case.)
4. Richard Harris, The Real Voice. (Senator Kefauver, The Drug Industry and Legislation).

The purpose of Section II is to illustrate the complex and uncertain environment in which business enterprise must operate. This basic approach has been selected as a counterweight to the relatively abstract treatment of the theory of the firm provided in Economics 1.

The readings in Group A concentrate on the problem of the entrepreneur. The first Schumpeter reading presents his classic theory of the entrepreneurial function. Sloan’s book describes a famous entrepreneurial task: the development of the management system of General Motors. The QJE symposium deals mainly with the relation between corporate control and organization, on the one hand, and corporate behavior on the other.

The Smith reading and the first Brooks’ reading in Group C deal with serious mistakes in business judgement, the former, after a general introduction, with the case of General Dynamics and the Convair 880, and the latter with the failure of the Edsel. The Smith reading is the more analytical. Harris’ book and the second selection in Brooks deal with problems of business ethics. Harris describes the events leading up to the Drug Amendments Act of 1962, and Brooks deals with General Electric’s position in the electric industry conspiracy case.

SECTION III
Policy Problems

The Role of Government
1. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom
2. J. K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society

The issues which Friedman and Galbraith discuss may be treated individually and in greater detail.

Equality —The Progressive Personal Income Tax
1. Milton Friedman, “The Distribution of Income,” Capitalism and Freedom, pp. 161-76.
2. Walter Blum and H. Kalven, The Uneasy Case for Progressive Taxation, pp. 104.
3. Richard Goode, The Individual Income Tax, chap. IV, X, XI, XII, pp. 58-75, 260-318.
Education
1. Milton Friedman, “The Role of Government in Education,” Capitalism and Freedom, chap. VI, pp. 85-107.
2. John Vaizey, “Education as Consumption or Investment — a Public or Private Good?” The Economics of Education, pp. 26-36.
3. Theodore Schultz, The Economic Value of Education, 70 pp.
4. R. S. Eckaus, “Education and Economic Growth,” in Economics of Higher Education, ed. by Selma Mushkin, pp. 102-128.
5. Henry Bruton, “The Training of Labor,” Principles of Development Economics, pp. 205-40.
The Costs of Racial Discrimination
1. Mary Jean Bowman, “Human Inequalities and Southern Development,” Education and the Southern Economy, Supplement to SEJ, July 1965, pp. 73-102.
2. Gary Becker, The Economics of Discrimination (avoid appendixes)
3. Barbara Bergman, “The Effect of Discrimination Against Negroes in Employment on the Size and Distribution of Personal Income,” (mimeo. available at University Hall 9)
4. CEA, “The Economic Cost of Discrimination,” (mimeo. available at University Hall 9)
5. Alan Batchelder, “Decline in the Relative Income of Negro Men,” QJE, November 1964, pp. 525-548.
6. Alan Batchelder, “Poverty: The Special Case of the Negro,” AER, May 1965, pp. 530-539.

Section III presents readings on policy issues concerning the degree to which the government should amend certain economic decisions reached in the market place.

The readings in Part A by Friedman and Galbraith are book length statements of two largely opposing viewpoints on this question. Each book covers a large number of issues. Tutors who use Part A should probably assign both books at once, but may wish to devote two meetings to discussing them.

If tutors prefer to focus on particular issues, they may use Parts Band C instead of (or in addition to) Part A. In Part B, the selection by Friedman attacks the progressive income tax; the book by Blum and Kalven dissects the various ‘economic’ arguments for progressivity that have been advanced and concludes that the case for progressivity rests on ethical or aesthetic grounds; the chapters from Goode discuss actual economic effects of the progressive income tax. In part C Friedman and Vaizey debate the economic case for compulsory education. The book by Schultze is a terse description of education as an economic good with many facets. Eckaus and Bruton describe how education and economic growth are related.

The readings on the economics of discrimination include a theoretical exposition of the problem, several articles describing the economic position of the U.S. Negro and finally two different, and differing, estimates of the social economic cost of discrimination.

SECTION IV
Economic Growth and Organization
in Other Countries

Part I: Economic Planning

Planning: Theory versus Harsh Reality
1. Oskar Lange, “On the Economic Theory of Socialism” in Oskar Lange and Fred M. Taylor, On the Economic Theory of Socialism, pp. 55-129.
2. Ely Devons, Planning in Practice
Planning: Country Studies
1. “Use of Models in Programming” and “Aims and Means of Programming” in Gerald Meier, Leading Issues in Development Economics, pp. 465-83.
2. Everett Hagen, “The Aims and Tools of Economic Development Planning,” in Everett Hagen (ed.), Planning Economic Development, pp. 7-19.
3. Louis J. Walinsky, “Burma,” and Claire Wilcox, “Pakistan,” in E. Hagen (ed.), Planning Economic Development, 26-51, 52-79.
4. [4a.] Paul Lemerle, “Planning for Economic Development in France,” in U.N. Planning for Economic Development, II, Studies of National Planning Experience, Part I, Private Enterprise and Mixed Economics, pp. 47-61.
5. [4b.] C.P. Kindleberger, “The Post-war Resurgence of the French Economy,” in Stanley Hoffman (et. al.), In Search of France, pp. 153-58.
6. [5.] Pieter de Wolff, “Planning for Economic Development in the Netherlands,” in U.N. Planning for Economic Development (etc.), pp. 133-42.
7. [6.] Gunnar Myrdal, Challenge to Affluence, Part I, esp. chap. 6 and 7.
Planning: How Pervasive?
1. Wolfgang Stolper, “Problems of Development Planning” and Gerald Meier, “The State of Development Planning — Note,” in Gerald Meier (ed.) Leading Issues in Development Economics, pp. 491-6, 561-4.
2. Everett Hagen, “The Nature of a Good Plan and the Machinery for Good Planning” and “Some Difficulties and Some Remedies,” Planning Economic Development, pp. 325-64.
3. A. Waterston, “Review of Hagen’s Planning Economic Development,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, July, 1965.
4. Peter Bauer and Basil Yamey, “General Appraisal of the Role of Government” and “Functions of Government,” in The Economics of Underdeveloped Countries, pp. 149-89.
5. Edward Mason, “Government Initiated Development,” in Economic Planning in Underdeveloped Areas, pp. 40-59.
6. Joel Dirlan and Andrew Watson, “The Impact of Underdevelopment on Economic Planning,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1965, pp. 167-94.

Section IV discusses economic planning in theory and in fact.

The reading by Lange in Part A is the classic statement on behalf of market socialism as a system of planning. Devons, on the other hand, describes the actual planning problems encountered in the British aircraft industry during World War II.

The readings in Part B consist of two brief statements of alternative approaches to planning and of six descriptions of how planning is (or might be) done in five countries. The planning practices differ sharply as do the circumstances of the countries described. Tutors may use these differences to illustrate how particular conditions condition the planning methods that are used. Care should be taken to try to define ‘planning.’

Part C contains readings of a more general nature on the question of how much governments in underdeveloped countries should control economic activity in order to promote economic welfare. The viewpoints range from a belief that government activity should be severely limited in principle (Bauer and Yamey), through practical concern about how planning works in practice (Meier, and Dirlam and Watson), to a belief that government planning is both inevitable and desirable (Mason) and feasible (Hagen).

SECTION V
Economic Growth and Organization
in Other Countries

Part II: The Economics of Underdevelopment

Trade and Development
1. Charles P. Kindleberger, Foreign Trade and the National Econom
Trade and Development
1. Gottfried Haberler, International Trade and Economic Development.
2. Ragnar Nurkse, Patterns of Trade and Development.
3. Werner Baer, “The Economics of Prebisch and ECLA,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Jan. 1962, pp. 169-183.
4. H. W. Singer, “The Distribution of Gains Between Investing and Borrowing Countries,” American Economic Review, May 1950, pp. 473-494.
Trade and Development
1. Albert H. Imlah, Economic Elements in the Pax Britannica, chap. 5,6.
2. William Lockwood, The Economic Development of Japan, chap. 1,2,6,7.
Social and Political Aspects of Development
1. David C. McClelland, The Achieving Society, chap. 1-3, 6,7,10.
2. Exchange between Sayre [P.] Schatz and [David C.] McClelland, QJE, May 1965, pp. 234-247.
Social and Political Aspects of Development
1. Edward S. Mason, Economic Planning in Underdeveloped Areas.
2. Max F. Millikan and Donald L. M. Blackmer, The Emerging Nations.

Of the many possible subjects that could have been chosen for study under this general heading, two have emerged as perhaps most interesting. One is the relationship between international trade and development and the other is the importance of social and political factors in development. Material is provided for three meetings on trade and two on social and political aspects.

Group A consists exclusively of Kindleberger’s book on the relationship between trade and the domestic economy. While it does devote considerable space to the question of economic development, the book is more general than that. It can best be considered as a way of tying the theory of international trade with the nature, problems and progress of the domestic economy.

Group B deals with the theoretical debate concerning the effect of international trade on the underdeveloped countries. Haberler presents a concise and well reasoned defense of free trade and traditional trade theory. Nurkse, on the other hand, points out that this traditional theory is based on 19th century experience that may no longer be valid. The Baer article is a brief, and on the whole sympathetic, presentation of Prebisch’s argument concerning the worsening terms of trade faced by the underdeveloped countries. Singer’s article argues that foreign investment in the production of raw materials in underdeveloped countries is of little or no benefit to the recipient country.

The readings for Group C consist of two case studies. The first is a brief account of British experience with protection and free trade in the 19th century when she was the world’s leading industrial power. The second is a longer and more detailed study of the role of foreign trade in Japanese development up to 1938. These two case studies can be compared with each other and be interpreted in relation to the more theoretical material of Groups A and B.

McClelland’s book, in Group D, presents a sociological view of economic development. It emphasizes the importance of the psychological need for achievement in generating entrepreneurship, a key factor in economic development.

The works assigned in Group E are more general and cover a wider area than McClelland’s book. The Emerging Nations takes a social and political view of development and ends with an analysis of what American policy should be. Mason’s short book, on the other hand, concentrates on the problems of the underdeveloped countries, particularly the need for economic planning and control.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003, Box 9; Folder: “Economics, 1965-66 (1 of 2)”.

Tags SandbergLG

Sociology exams from earlier years.

Course Announcement and Description 1910-11

Course Enrollment 1910-11

HARVARD UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS 3 Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

ECONOMICS 3 Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Exams for principles (a.k.a. outlines) of economics at Harvard 1870/71-1909/10

Course Announcement 1910-11

Course Enrollment 1910-11

ECONOMICS 1 Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers strictly in the order of the questions. Give your reasons in all cases.

ECONOMICS 1 Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers strictly in the order of the questions. Answer all the questions.

More Columbia Information from that time

Regulations for other economics programs

REGULATIONS FOR THE UNIVERSITY DEGREES 1904-05

Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy

By 1958, the “Minutes” seem like “Hours”

Economics and Social Science Visiting Committee (March 1947)

M.I.T. Staff

Minutes of the Visiting Committee Meeting March 3, 1947

Department of Economics and Social Science

[DIVISION] REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGHER DEGREES UNDER THE OLD PLAN [pp. 7-9]

THE MASTER’S DEGREE

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

ECONOMICS, HIGHER DEGREES [ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS] [pp. 282-284]

THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

FACULTY REQUIREMENTS [pp. 11-13]

MASTER OF ARTS

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

[FACULTY] PROCEDURE FOR FULFILLING PH.D. REQUIREMENTS

ECONOMICS [ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS] [pp. 49-50]

MASTER OF ARTS

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

SOCIAL ETHICS 4 Course Announcement 1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 4 Course Enrollment 1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 4 Final Examination 1909-10

Social Ethics à la Peabody

Material from earlier years

Course Enrollment 1909-10

Course Description 1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 1 Year-end Examination 1909-10

Named in the Instructional Budget, 1944-45

The University of Chicago Budget and Appointment Recommendations 1944-45

Division of the Social Sciences Department of Economics

Instructional Budget Account

Items requiring no change in rank or salary

Professor Jacob Viner

Professor T. W. Schultz

Professor Jacob Marschak

Professor Paul H. Douglas

Assistant Professor Frederick H. Harbison

Associate Professor Lloyd W. Mints

Associate Professor Henry C. Simons

Instructor H. Gregg Lewis

Lecturer Robert K. Burns

Professor Frank H. Knight

Professor John U. Nef

Professor Oscar Lange

Professor Simeon E. Leland

Professor Chester W. Wright

Instructor Henry S. Bloch

Visiting Professor D. H. Buchanan

Research Associate Gale Johnson

Lecturer John K. Langum

Professor Maynard C. Krueger

Assistant Prof. Gerhard E.O. Meyer

Instructor/Dean of Students Christine McGuire Masserman

Instructor C. H. Masserman

Origin of Tutorial Instruction in Economics, 1915-16

More recent backstories on the Sophomore Tutorial for Economics 1

Economics Undergraduate Program Undergoes Extensive Re-evaluation

Ec Dept. Appoints New Head Tutor; Lars Sandberg to Replace Wilkinson

Obituary of Lars Gunnarsson Sandberg (1939-2020)

Course Announcement

Economics 1. Principles of Economics

A Program for Sophomore Tutorial

SECTION I Economic History

SECTION II Competition and Modern Industrial Organization

SECTION III Policy Problems

Course Announcement and Description
1910-11

Course Enrollment
1910-11

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 3
Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

ECONOMICS 3
Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Exams for principles (a.k.a. outlines)
of economics at Harvard
1870/71-1909/10

Course Announcement
1910-11

Course Enrollment
1910-11

ECONOMICS 1
Mid-year Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers
strictly in the order of the questions.
Give your reasons in all cases.

ECONOMICS 1
Year-end Examination, 1910-11

Arrange your answers
strictly in the order of the questions.
Answer all the questions.

REGULATIONS
FOR THE UNIVERSITY DEGREES
1904-05

By 1958, the “Minutes”
seem like “Hours”

Economics and Social Science
Visiting Committee
(March 1947)

Minutes of
the Visiting Committee Meeting
March 3, 1947

[DIVISION] REQUIREMENTS
FOR HIGHER DEGREES
UNDER THE OLD PLAN
[pp. 7-9]

ECONOMICS, HIGHER DEGREES
[ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS]
[pp. 282-284]

FACULTY REQUIREMENTS
[pp. 11-13]

[FACULTY] PROCEDURE
FOR FULFILLING PH.D. REQUIREMENTS

ECONOMICS
[ DEPARTMENT REQUIREMENTS]
[pp. 49-50]

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Course Announcement
1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Course Enrollment
1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 4
Final Examination
1909-10

Course Enrollment
1909-10

Course Description
1909-10

SOCIAL ETHICS 1
Year-end Examination 1909-10

The University of Chicago
Budget and Appointment Recommendations
1944-45

Division of the Social Sciences
Department of Economics

Items requiring no change
in rank or salary

Ec Dept. Appoints New Head Tutor;
Lars Sandberg to Replace Wilkinson

Obituary of Lars Gunnarsson Sandberg
(1939-2020)

SECTION I
Economic History

SECTION II
Competition and Modern Industrial Organization

SECTION III
Policy Problems

SECTION IV
Economic Growth and Organization
in Other Countries

SECTION V
Economic Growth and Organization
in Other Countries