Categories
Business Cycles Harvard Macroeconomics Money and Banking Paper Topics Suggested Reading

Harvard. Suggested paper topics and references for money and banking. Williams and Harris, 1938-1939

Economics in the Rear-view Mirror is extremely proud to provide a comprehensive, granular set of references suggested for 137 possible topics for papers to be written in the undergraduate course “Money, Banking, and Commercial Crises” jointly taught by Professor John Henry Williams and Associate Professor Seymour Edwin Harris during the 1938-39 academic year at Harvard College. We have before us the vista of the breaking dawn of Keynesian macroeconomics as experienced by Harvard undergraduates(!).

Warning: I have encountered numerous misprints and I have corrected/edited when noticed. I have tried to transcribe accurately but the devil of typos is unlikely to be contained over 30 pages. Nonetheless I believe the value of the material transcribed below is hardly diminished by cooking and serving this document on the rare side. Certain items are included in many topics, giving an indication of their scope but also an indication of their importance in the eyes of the instructors.

_________________________

Course Material from the Other Years

1937-38
1940-41
1941-42

_________________________

Source: Harvard University Archives.

_________________________

Suggested Topics for Theses
in Economics 41
1938-39

I. COMMERCIAL BANKING AND THE MONEY MARKET [General References]

  1. Creation of Bank Deposits
  2. Growth of Bank Deposits since the War
  3. Guarantee of Bank Deposits
  4. Principles of Bank Note Regulation
  5. Role of Bank Notes in the U.S.
  6. Systems of Note Issue
  7. Velocity of Circulation
  8. Bank Assets from a Banker’s Viewpoint
  9. Bank Expenses
  10. Bank Failures
  11. Excess Reserves
  12. Member Bank Reserve Requirements
  13. 100% Reserve Plan
  14. The Banking Principle vs. the Currency Principle
  15. Competition of State and National Banks
  16. New York as International Financial Center
  17. Money Market in some one Year
  18. American Discount Market
  19. Agricultural Credit
  20. Eligible Paper
  21. Brokers’ Loans
  22. Collateral Loans vs. One Name Paper
  23. Interrelation of Rates of Interest
  24. Causes of Stock Market Crash
  25. Causes and Results of Bank Holiday
  26. Causes of Decline of Commercial Loans
  27. Banks and the Public Debt
  28. Federal Credit Agencies
  29. Bank Reform
  30. Nationalization of Banking
  31. Branch and Chain Banking
  32. Branch Banking in Britain
  33. Branch Banking in Canada
  34. Branch Banking in Russia
  35. Cunliffe Report on British Currency
  36. Monetary Developments in Some Countries Since the War

II. CENTRAL BANKING [General References]

  1. Development of Central Banking Functions
  2. Organization of Federal Reserve System
  3. Bank Act of 1933
  4. Bank Act of 1935
  5. Review of Federal Reserve Policy for Some Period
  6. Open Market Operations
  7. Varying Reserve Requirements
  8. Acceptance Market and the Federal Reserve System
  9. Industrial Advances of the Federal Reserve Banks
  10. Criteria of Monetary Policy
  11. Criteria of Federal Reserve Policy
  12. Neutral Money
  13. Price Stabilization: The Strong Bills
  14. Price vs. Economic Stabilization
  15. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Credit Control
  16. Central Bank Policy and Speculation
  17. Central Bank Policy and Agriculture
  18. Fiscal Function of Federal Reserve Board
  19. Bank Correspondent Relationship under Federal Reserve System
  20. Effectiveness of Central Bank Control
  21. Treasury Control of Monetary Policy
  22. Bank of England and London Money Market
  23. Central Banking in France
  24. Central Banking in Canada
  25. Cooperation of Central Banks

III. THE BUSINESS CYCLE — Analysis and Policy [General References]

  1. Causes of the Depression
  2. Critical Discussion of One Theory of the Business Cycle: Pigou / Robertson / Keynes / Hayek / Hawtrey / Mitchell
    Foster and Catchings / Schumpeter / Harrod
  3. Monetary Theory of the Trade Cycle
  4. Review of Warren and Person: Prices
  5. Period of Production and the Trade Cycle
  6. Review of Hayek: Prices and Production
  7. Theory of Forced Savings
  8. Theory of Bank Rates
  9. Installment Selling and the Business Cycle
  10. Underconsumption Theory of the Trade Cycle
  11. The Dilemma of Thrift
  12. Major Douglas’ Social Credit
  13. Fisher’s Compensated Dollar (Commodity Dollar)
  14. 100% Reserve Plan
  15. Public Expenditure and Prices
  16. The Theory of Public Works
  17. The Multiplier

78a Durable Consumer Goods and the Business Cycle
79b Construction and the Business Cycle
78c The Acceleration Principle
78d The Theory of the Long Waves

IV. MONETARY THEORY [General References]

  1. English Monetary Theory during the Napoleonic Wars
  2. Nominalistic vs. Metallistic Conception of Money
  3. Transaction vs. Cash Balances Approach to the Quantity Theory of Money
  4. Keynes’ Theory of Money
  5. Marshall as a Monetary Theorist
  6. Cannan as a Monetary Theorist
  7. Robertson’s Theory of Money
  8. Hawtrey’s Theory of Money
  9. Knapp’s Theory of Money
  10. Fisher’s Theory of Money
  11. Nature of Credit

V. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY RELATIONS AND POLICY [General References]

  1. Pre-War and Post-War Gold Standards
  2. Great Britain’s Return to the Gold Standard in 1925
  3. Stabilization of the Lira
  4. France and the Gold Standard
  5. The Gold Bloc
  6. Causes and Consequences of England’s Departure from Gold
  7. Methods of Return to the Gold Standard
  8. Present Outlook for the Gold Standard
  9. Gold Exchange Standard
  10. Gold Movements since the War
  11. Gold Distribution and the Depression
  12. Is there a Gold Shortage?
  13. Methods to economize Gold
  14. Exchange Depreciation and World Recovery
  15. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Japan
  16. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Sweden
  17. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Britain
  18. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Australia
  19. Exchange Depreciation Experience of U.S.
  20. Exchange Central
  21. Sterling-Dollar-Franc Triangle
  22. The “Gentlemen’s Agreement”
  23. British Equalization Fund
  24. Gold Buying Policy and Devaluation
  25. Recent Silver Policy of the United States
  26. Monetary Consequences of the Fall in the Price of Silver
  27. Flexible Parities
  28. Hot Money
  29. Exchange Rates Under Incontrovertible Paper
  30. Purchasing Power Parity vs. Balance of Payment Theory of the Determination of Exchange Rates
  31. International vs. National Objectives of Monetary Policy
  32. Measures of Over-valuation
  33. The International Transfer of Purchasing Power
  34. The Forward Exchange Market
  35. Spreading the Gold Points and Short Term Capital Movements
  36. American Export of Capital since the War
  37. International Short Term Balances and the Depression
  38. Tariff Policy and the Depression
  39. Bank of International Settlement

VI. MISCELLANEOUS [No General References]

  1. War Finance
  2. The Reparations Controversy
  3. War Debts
  4. Fall of Prices: 1873-96
  5. Rise of Prices: 1896-1913
  6. Price Movement since the War
  7. Probable Future Trend of Prices
  8. Changes in the Value of Money and the Distribution of Wealth
  9. Monetary and Financial Questions Raised by the Social Security Program

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

SUGGESTED TOPICS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
FOR COURSE THESES
IN ECONOMICS 41

I. COMMERCIAL BANKING AND THE MONEY MARKET

General References [Return]

Allen, A. M., et al. – Commercial Banking Legislation and Control

Westerfield, R. B. – Money, Credit and Banking

Thomas, R. G. – Modern Banking

Willis, H.P. and Chapman, J.M. – the Banking Situation: American Post-War Problems

Willis, H.P., Chapman, J.M., and Robey, R.W. – Contemporary Banking

Bogin, J.I., Foster, M.B., Nadler, M. – Money and Banking

  1. Creation of Bank Deposits [Return]

Phillips, C.A. – Bank Credit

  1. Growth of Bank Deposits since the War [Return]

Mills, F. C. – Economic Tendencies

– Memoranda on Commercial Banks

– Annual Publications

Goldschmidt, R.W. – The Changing Structure of American Banking

Phillips, C.A., McManus, T.F., – Banking and the Business Cycle

Currie, L. – The Economic Distribution of Demand Deposits – Journ. Amer. Stat. Assn., June 1938

Hartzel, E. – Time Deposits – Harvard Bus. Rev., October 1934

  1. Guarantee of Bank Deposits [Return]

Robb, T. B. – Guarantee of Bank Deposits (1921)

Blocker, J.G. – Guarantee of State Bank Deposits – Univ. of Kansas, Bur. of Bus. Research, Bull. 11, July 1929.

Emerson, Guy – Guarantee of Deposits under Banking Act of 1933, Quart. Journ. Econ., Feb. 1934

Association of Reserve City Bankers – Guarantee of Bank Deposits, 1933

American Banker’s Assn. – Economic Policy Committee – Guarantee or Bank Deposits 1933

Federal Reserve Bulletin – Oct., 1933

Business Week – April 1933

Bankers Magazine – June 1933

Hodgson, J. G. – Federal Control of Banking

Faust, M. L. – The Security of Public Deposits

Crowley, L. T. – Has Federal Deposit Insurance Strengthened the Banking System? – Banker’s Mag., Jan. 1938

Wilcox, V. – Vast Powers of the FDIC – Annalist Nov. 8,1935

Bradford, F. A. – Angell, The Behavior of Money, Quart. Journ. Econ., Feb. 1937

FDIC – Federal Reserve Bulletin – Oct., 1936

Woolsey, J. B. – The Permanent Plan for the Insurance of Bank Deposits, South. Econ. Jour. Apr. 1936

Fox, M.J. – Deposit Insurance as an Influence for Stabilizing the Banking Structure – Jour. Amer. Stat. Assn., Mar. 1936

Hoffman, C. W. – Federal Insurance of Deposits: The New Law and How it Works – Jour. of Ann. Ins. Assn., Nov. 1934

Kimmel, L.H. – Federal Deposit Insurance – Conf. Board Bull, July 10, 1934

Smith, A. A. – Guaranty of Bank Deposits – Social Science Quarterly, July 1934

Toggert, J.H. and Jennings, L.D. – The Insurance of Bank Deposits – Jour. Pol. Econ. August 1934

Emerson, G.– Guaranty of Deposits Under the Banking Act of 1933 – Quart. Journl. Econ., Feb.1934

  1. Principles of Bank Note Regulation [Return]

Simmons, E.C. – The Concept of Lawful Money – Journ. Pol. Econ. Feb. 1938

  1. Role of Bank Notes in the U. S. [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Conant, C. A. – History of Modern Banks of Issue

Dunbar, C. F. – History of National Bank Currency

Folwell, W.W. – Evolution of Paper Money in U.S.

Hepburn, A. B. – History of Currency in U.S.

Rawie, H. L. – Fed. Res. Notes

Sumner, A. B. – History of American Currency

Simmons, E. C. – Elasticity of Fed. Res. Note – Amer. Econ. Rev., Dec. 1936

Simmons, E. C. – The Concept of Lawful Money – Jour. Pol. Econ. Feb. 1938

Brinton, C. – History of Paper Money to the War – Journ. of Modern History, Sept. 1934

  1. Systems of Note Issue [Return]

Simmons, E.C. – The Concept of Lawful Money – Journ. Pol.Econ. Feb. 1938

  1. Velocity of Circulation [Return]

Steinar, W. H. – Money and Banking

Keynes, J.M – Treatise on Money

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Hawtrey, R. G. – Currency and Credit

Anderson, – Value of Money

Laughlin, J. L. – Principles of Money

Fisher, I. – Purchasing Power of Money

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Foster, W.F. and Catchings, W., – Money

Foster, W.F. and Catchings, W., – Profits

Marshall, A. – Money, Credit and Commerce

Burgess, W. R. – Jour. Am. Statis. Ass., Vol. 18, #2

Lounsbery, A. W. – Quart. Jour. Econ., Nov. 1931

Lounsbery, A. W. – Quart. Jour. Econ., May 1933

Marget, A. W. – Jour. Pol. Econ., June and Aug. 1932

Marget, A. W. – Quart. Jour. Econ., Nov. 1932

Marget, A. W. – Theory of Prices

Marget, A. W. – The Velocity of Circulation – Quart. Journ. Econ. May 1934

Working, H. – Quart. Jour. Econ., 1923

Ellis, H. S. – German Monetary Theory

Ellis, H. S. – Some Fundamentals in the Theory of Velocity – Quart. Jour. Econ., May 1938

Dahlberg, Arthur – When Capital Goes on Strike: How to Speed up Spending

Angell, J. W. – The Behavior of Money

Angell, J. W. – Components of the Circular Velocity of Money, Quart. Journ. Econ., Feb. 1937

Bradford, F. A. – Angell, The Behavior of Money – Quart. Jour. Econ., Feb. 1937

King, W. I. – Recent Monetary Experiments and Their Effect on the Theory of Money and Prices – Jour. Amer. Stat. Assn., Aug. 1935

Gilbert, J. C. – A Note in Banking Policy and the Income-Velocity of Circulation of Money – Economica, May 1934

  1. Bank Assets from a Banker’s Viewpoint [Return]

Natl. Indus. Conf. Board – Banking Situation in the U.S.

Mitchell, W. F. – Uses of Bank Funds

Ostrolenk, B. and Massie – How Banks Buy Bonds

Atkins, P. M. – Banks’ Secondary Reserves and Investment Policies

Bradford, F. A. – Banking

Moulton, H. G. – Financial Organization of Society

Langston and Whitney – Banking Practice

Goldschmidt, R. W. – The Changing Structure of American Banking

Foulke, R. A. – Commercial Paper in the Banking System – Banking, Feb. 1935

Carson, W. J. – Trends of Principal Earning Assets – Amer. Stat. Assn., June 1938

  1. Bank Expenses [Return]

Bradford, F. A. – Banking

Fed. Res. Bank – Annual Reports

Secrist, H. – Banking Ratios

Powlison, K. – Profits of Natl. Banks

Natl. Indus. Conf. Board – Banking Situation in the U.S.

Stark, W. L. – Bank Expenses

Thompson, D. S. – Trends of Bank Earnings and Expenses – Am Stat. Assn., June 1938

  1. Bank Failures [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Spahr, W. – Bank Failures in U.S.– Am. Econ. Rev. Suppl. 1932

Tebbutt, A. R. – Bank Failures in Natl. Banking System

Annals of Amer. Acad. Pol. and Soc. Science – Jan. 1933 – Bank Failures

Industrial Arts Index, 1935 and 1934

Goldschmidt, R. M. – The Changing Structure of American Banking

Anderson, T. J. – Federal and State Control of Banking

  1. Excess Reserves [Return]

Edie, L. D. – Easy Money

Guaranty Survey, Jan. 1936 – Problem of Excess Reserves and Business Recovery

  1. Member Bank Reserve Requirements [Return]

Report of Committee on Bank Reserves of Fed. Res. System

Currie, L. B. – Supply and Control of Money

Rodkey, R. G. – Legal Reserves in American Banking – Michigan Bus. Studies, Vol. VI, No. 5

Watkins, L. L. – The Variable Reserve Ratio – Journ. Pol. Econ., June 1936

  1. 100% Reserve Plan [Return]

Fisher, I. – 100% Money

Fisher, I. – 100% Money and Branch Banking – Northwestern Banker, March 1937

Fisher, I. – The Banker’s Interest in 100% Money – Banker’s Mag., Oct. 1936

Fisher, I. – 100% Money and the Public Debt – Econ. Forum, Apr., June, 1936

Robinson, G. B. – 100% Bank Reserves – Harv. Bus. Rev. Summer 1937

Neuman, A. M. – 100% Money – Manchester School, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1937

Angell, J. W. – The 100% Reserve Plan – Quart. Jour. Ec. Nov. 1935.

Spahr, W.E. – Fallacies of Professor Irving Fisher’s 100% Money Proposal

Graham, F. D. – Reserve Money and the 100% Proposal – Amer. Econ. Rev., Sept. 1936

Lehmann, F. – 100% Money – Social Research, Feb. 1936

  1. The Banking Principle vs. the Currency Principle [Return]

Andreades, A. M. – History of Bank of England

Feaveryear, A. E. – The British Pound

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking, pp. 706-10

Keynes, J.M. – Treatise on Money p. 195

Laughlin, J.L.– Principles of Money

Levinsky, Money, Credit, and Prices

Viner, Jacob – Studies in the Theory of International Trade

Harris, S. E. – The Commercial Theory of Credit – Journ. Pol. Econ. Feb.1936

  1. Competition of State and National Banks [Return]

Hilderman, L. C. – National and State Banks

Tippetts, C. S. – State Banks and Federal Reserve System

Federal Reserve Bulletin – 1933, pp. 166-86

Pole, J. W. – Barrons, Sept. 19, 1932

Pole, J. W. – Proposed Unification of Banking, Bankers Mag. May 1932

Pole, J. W. – Washington Looks at State Banks, Am. Banker’s Assn. Journ., May 1932

Pole, J. W. – Symposium on Proposed Unification of Banking under Fed. Supervision: Trust Companies, Apr. and May 1932

Natl. Indus. Conf. Board – The Banking Situation in the U.S.

Barnett, – State Banks and Trust Companies since Natl. Banking Act – Nat. Monetary Comm.

Hammond, E. – Banks, States and Fed. Govt. – Am. Econ. Rev., Dec. 1933

  1. New York as International Financial Center [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money und Banking

Einzig, P. – Fight for Financial Supremacy

Harris, B.D.– Branch Banks und Foreign Trade

Madden, J. T. und Nadler, M. – International Money Markets

Phelps, C. W. – Foreign Expansion of American Banks

  1. Money Market in some one Year [Return]

Statistical Sources – Reserve Bank and Board Bulletins

  1. American Discount Market [Return]

Foulke, R. A. – Commercial Paper Market

Reade, L. M. – Story of Commercial Paper Market

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Phillips, C. A. – Bank Credit

Balubanis, H. P. – The American Discount Market

  1. Agricultural Credit [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Sparks, E. S. – History and Theory of Agricultural Credit in the U.S.

Holt, W. S. – Federal Farm Loan Bureau

Stockdyke, E. A. and West, C. H. – The Farm Board

Norman, J. B. – Farm Credits in U.S. and Canada

Benner, O. L. – Federal Intermediate Credit System

  1. Eligible Paper [Return]

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of Federal Reserve System

Dowrie, G. W. – American Monetary and Banking Policies

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Federal Reserve Policy

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Warburg, P. M. – Federal Res. System, Vol. I, p. 465

Goldenweisser, E. A. – Significance of the Lending Function of the Fed. Res. System – Journ. Amer. Stat. Assn. Mar. 1936

  1. Brokers’ Loans [Return]

Flynn, J. T. – Security Speculation

Hovey, L. H., Logan, L. S., and Gavens, H. S. – Brokers’ Loans

Rogers, J. H. – Stock Speculation and Money Market, Quart. Journ. Econ., May 1926

Eiteman, – Economics of Brokers’ Loans, Amer. Econ. Rev. March 1932

Eiteman, – Economic Significance of Brokers’ Loans and Bank Credit, Journ. Pol. Econ., Oct. 1932

Eiteman, – Regulation of Brokers’ Loans – Amer. Econ. Rev. Sept. 1933

Eiteman, – Speculation, Bank Liquidity, and Price – Amer. Econ. Rev., Dec. 1934

Hoover, C. B. – Bank Deposit and Brokers’ Loans, Jour. Pol. Econ. 1929

Anderson, B. M. – Brokers’ Loans and Bank Credit, Chase Econ. Bulletin, Oct. 1928

Thomas, W. – Credit in Security Speculation, Amer. Econ. Rev. Mar. 1933 and 1935

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Federal Reserve Policy

Ellis, H. S. – German Monetary Theory

20th Century Fund – The Security Markets

  1. Collateral Loans vs. One Name Paper [Return]

Westerfield, R. B. – Trend of Secured Loans – Journ. of Bus., 1932

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking, pp. 212-19 (ref. & biblio.)

Greef, A. O. – The Commercial Paper House in the U.S.

  1. Interrelation of Rates of Interest [Return]

Riefler, W. – Money Rates and Money Markets

Beckhart, B. H. – The New York Money Market

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Macauley, F. R. – Theoretical Problems Suggested by Movements of Interest Rates in U.S.

  1. Causes of Stock Market Crash [Return]

Fisher, I. – Stock Market Crash and After

Hawtrey, R. G.– Art of Central Banking

Cassel, (Univ. of Chicago, 1928)

Keynes, J.M. – Treatise on Money

Reed, H. L.– Fed. Res. Policy, 1921-1931

Hardy, C. O.– Credit Policy of the Fed. Res. System

Harris, S. E.– Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Ohlin, B. – Course and Phases of the World Econ. Depression

Robbins, L.– The Great Depression

Hayek, F. – Prices and Production

Hirst, T.M.– Wall St. and Lombard St.

McGregor, A. G. – Basic Cause of World Depression and Sound Remedy

Salter, Sir Arthur – Recovery, the Second Effort

  1. Causes and Results of Bank Holiday [Return]

Colt, C. O. and Keith – Twenty-eight Days, A History of Banking Crisis

Amer. Bankers’ Assn. – Econ. Pol. Assn. – Banking after the Crisis

Ayres – Lessons of Banking Disaster, Com. and Fin. Chronicle Mar. 15,1933

Economist, Mar. 4, 11, and 19, 1933, American Banking Crisis

  1. Causes of Decline of Commercial Loans [Return]

Currie, L. – Decline of Commercial Loan – Quart. Journ. Econ. Aug. 1931

Natl. Indus. Conf. Board – Availability of Bank Credit – 1933

Commercial Borrowing under Recovery Act – Am. Bankers’ Assn. Journal, Sept. 1933

Present Sources of Bank Income – Amer. Bankers’ Assn. Journ. May 1934

Why Banks Don’t Lend – Bankers’ Magazine, Feb. 1934

New Banking Problems – Amer. Banker’s Assn. Journ. Aug. 1934

What is a Sound Loan – Bankers’ Magazine, Nov. 1934

Stone, L. – Commercial Loans and Recovers – Barron’s Dec. 30, 1935

  1. Banks and the Public Debt [Return]

Willis, H. P. and Chapman, J. M. – The Banking Situation: American Post-War Problems

Cole, G. D. H. – What Everybody Wants to Know about Money

Smith, D. T. – Deficits and Depressions

Angell, J. W. – Fed. Finances and the Banking System, Amer. Stat. Suppl., March 1935

  1. Federal Credit Agencies [Return]

The Postal Savings System of the U.S. – Amer. Bankers’ Assn.

Survey of Government Banks – Banking, Jan. 1936

McDiarmid, J. – Govt. Corps and Federal Funds

Anderson, G. E. – Government Banking – Banking, Feb. 1936

  1. Bank Reform [Return]

Goldschmidt, R. W. – The Changing Structure of American Banking

Vanderlip, Frank A. – Tomorrow’s Money

Gephart, W. F. – Our Commercial Banking System – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. Mar. 1935

Hammond, R. – Long and Short Term Credit in Early Amer. Banking – Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov. 1934

Alling, N. D. – A Scientific Banking System – Bankers’ Mag. April 1935

Manuel, R. W. – Eliminating Bank Induced Inflation – Bankers’ Mag. Oct. 1937

Heilperin, M. A. – Economics of Banking Reform – Pol. Science Quarterly, Sept. 1935

  1. Nationalization of Banking [Return]

Currie, L. – Supply and Control of Money in the U.S.

Clark – Central Banking under Fed. Res. System

Sachse, O. – Socialization of Banking

White, A. B. – Nationalization of Banking (Eng.)

Proposal for Central Banking and Significance – Guaranty Survey, Sept. 1934

And Next – A Government Bank? – Rand McNally Bankers’ monthly, Nov. 1934

History Marks Boundary Between Govt. and Banking – Amer. Bankers’ Assn. Jour. May 1934

Essentials of American Banking Reform, etc. – Am. Bankers’ Assn. Journ., May 1933

Dodwell, D. W. – Treasuries and Central Banks

Goldschmidt, R. W. – Changing Structure of Amer. Banking

Moley, R. – Must Government Take over Banks? – Today, Feb. 3, 1934

Simons, H. C. – Positive Program for Laissez-Faire

Cole, G. D. H. – What Everybody Wants to Know about Money

Hubbard, Jos. B. – The Banks, The Budget, and Business

Govt. Ownership of the 12 Fed. Res. Banks – Ownership of the 12 Fed. Res. Banks – Hearings before the House Committee on Banking and Currency

Taylor, G. W. – The Case against the Nationalization of Banks – Journ. Canadian Bankers’ Assn., Oct. 1935

Rau, B. R. – The Nationalization of Money – Indian Jour. Econ., Oct. 1936

Paine, W. W. – Nationalizing the Bank – Bankers’ Ins. Manag. Mag., Sept. 1935

Socialization of the Banks – Bankers’ Ins. Manag. Mag., July 1934

Theodore, E. G. – Nationalization of Credit – Econ. Record, Dec. 1933

  1. Branch and Chain Banking [Return]

Annals of Am. Acad. Pol. And Soc. Science – Jan. 1934

Collins, C. W. – Branch Banking Question

Cartinhour, G. T. – Branch, Group and Chain Banking

Harr, L. A. – Branch Banking in England

Ostrolenk, B. – Economics of Branch Banking

Southworth, S. D. – Branch Banking in U.S.

Am. Bankers’ Assn. – A Study of Group and Chain Banking – Ec. Policy Com. 1929

Hearings on Branch, Group and Chain Banking – HR 141 – 1930

Chapman, J. M. – Concentration of Banking

Goldschmidt, R. W. – The Changing Structure of Am. Banking

Dowrie, G. W. – The Branch Banking Situation and Outlook – Harv. Bus. Rev., Summer 1938

Simpson, J. H. – Branch Banking in U.S. – Canadian Banker, Apr. 1938

Fisher, I. – 100% Money and Branch Banking – Northwestern Banker, Mar. 1937

Bradford, F. A. –Angell, The Behavior of Money – Quart. Jour. Econ. Feb. 1937

Galbraith, J. K. – Branch Banking and its Bearing on Agricultural Credit, Journ. Farm. Econ., April 1934

  1. Branch Banking in Britain [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking – 614-15 ref.

Sykes, J. – Amalgamation Movement in English Banking

Harr, L. A. – Branch Banking in England

Willis, H. P. and Beckhart – Foreign Banking Systems

Collins, C. W. – Branch Banking Question

  1. Branch Banking in Canada [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking, 614-15 ref.

Willis, H. P. and Beckhart, B. H. – Foreign Banking Systems

Collins, C. W. – Branch Banking Question

Holladay, J. – The Canadian Banking System

Dodds, J. – Banking in Canada – Jour. Canadian Bankers’ Assn., Jan. 1936

Addis, C. – Canada and Its Banks – Quart. Rev., July 1934

  1. Branch Banking in Russia [Return]

Arnold, A. Z. – Banks, Credit and Money in Modern Russia

Reddaway, W. B. – The Russian Financial System

Hubbard, L. E. – Soviet Money and Finance

Kellman, L. – Money and Banking in Russia – Harper’s Dec. 1936

Gourvitch, A. – Problem of Prices and Valuation in the Soviet System – Am. Econ. Rev. Suppl. [1936]

Nehru, S. S. – Controlled Currency and Credit – Some Russian Results – Indian Inst. Bankers’ Journ., Jan. 1935

  1. Cunliffe Report on British Currency [Return]

Cunliffe Report

War Period Literature

  1. Monetary Developments in Some Countries Since the War [Return]

Northrop, M. B. – Control Policies of the Reichsbank – 1924-33

Monetary Policy in the British Empire – Banker, Oct. 1935

League of Nations Reports

II. CENTRAL BANKING

General References [Return]

Westerfield, R. B. – Money, Credit and Banking

Thomas, R. G. – Modern Banking

Willis, H. P. and Chapman, J. H. – The Banking Situation: American Post-War Problems

Willis, H. P., Chapman, J. H. and Robey, R. W. – Contemporary Banking

Bogen, J. I., Foster, M. B., Nadler, M. – Money and Banking

  1. Development of Central Banking Functions [Return]

Smith, V. C. – The Rationale of Central Banking

Weyforth, W. O. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

Dodwell, D. W. – Treasuries and Central Banks, Especially in England and the U.S.

Anderson, J. – The Philosophy of the Fed. Res. Act. – Bankers’ Mag. Sept. 1935

  1. Organization of Federal Reserve System [Return]

Willis, H. P. and Edwards – Banking and Business

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Clark – Central Banking under Fed. Res. System

Warburg, P. M. – Fed. Res. System, Vol. I

Harding – Formative Period of Fed. Res. System

Strong, Benj. – Addresses and Speeches

Nat. Ind. Conf. Board – Banking Situation in U.S.

Willis, H. P. – Federal Reserve System

Weissman, R. L. – The New Federal Reserve System: The Board Assumes Control

Bopp, K. –The Agencies of Federal Reserve Policy

Weyforth, W. O. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

  1. Bank Act of 1933 [Return]

Fed. Res. Bulletin – June 1933

Brody – Act of 1933 and Emergency Act – Bankers’ Law Jour. 1933

Natl. City Bank Letter – July 1933

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Goodbar, J. E. – Managing People’s Money

Willis, H. P. – Federal Reserve System

Preston, J. J. – The New Federal Reserve System: The Board Assumes Control

Westerfield, R. B. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

  1. Bank Act of 1935 [Return]

Amer. Inst. of Banking – Banking Act of 1935

Goodbar, J. E. – Managing People’s Money

Bradford, F. A. – Banking Act of 1935 – Am. Ec. Rev., Dec. 1935

Gayer, A. D. – The Banking Act of 1935 – Quart. Jour. Econ., Nov. 1935

Gayer, A. D. – The U.S. Banking Act 1935 – Econ. Jour., Dec. 1935

Kress, H. J. – The Banking Act of 1935 – Michigan Law Rev. Dec. 1935

Preston, H. H. – Banking Act of 1935 – Jour. Pol. Econ. Dec. 1935

Crowder, W. F. – Evolution and Analysis of the Banking Act of 1935 – Journ. Bus. Univ. Chi., Jan 1936

Williams, J. H. – The Banking Act of 1935 – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. March 1936

Eccles, M. S. – The Banking Bill of 1935 – Barron’s May 27, 1935

  1. Review of Federal Reserve Policy for Some Period [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of Fed. Res. System

Dowrie, G. W. – American Monetary and Banking Policies

Goldenweiser, E. A. – Fed. Res. System in Operation

Reed, H. L. –Development of Fed. Res. Policy

Reed, H. L. – Fed. Res. Policy, 1921-1930

Currie, L. B. – Supply and Control of Money in U.S.

Annual Reports of Fed. Res. Board

Fed. Res. Bulletins

Paris, J. D. – Monetary Policies of the U.S. 1932-38

Willis, H. P. – The Theory and Practice of Central Banking

Clark, L. E. – Central Banking under the Fed. Res. System with special reference to the New York Fed. Res. Bank

Weyforth, W. O. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

Fisher, I. and Cohrssen, H. R. L. – Stable Money: A History of the Movement

Cole, G. D. H. – What Everybody Wants to Know About Money

Whitney, Caroline – Experiment in Credit Control: The Fed. Res. Sys.

Weissman, R. L. – The New Fed. Res. System: The Board Assumes Control.

Villard, H. H. – The Fed. Res. System’s Monetary Policy in 1931 and 1932 – Jour. Pol. Econ., Dec. 1937

Fed. Res. Policy –Economist – London, Jan. 16, 1937

Miller, A. C. – Fed. Res. Policies, 1927-29, Am. Ec. Rev., Sept. 1935

  1. Open Market Operations [Return]

Weyforth, W. O. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

Weissman, R. L. – The New Res. System: The Board Assumes Control

  1. Varying Reserve Requirements [Return]

[no references given for this item]

  1. Acceptance Market and the Federal Reserve System [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking, p. 309

Beckhart, B. H. – New York Money Market, Vol. III

Meech, S. P. – Journal of Business, Vol. II 1929

Riefler, W. – Money Rates and Money Markets

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of the Fed. Res. System

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Jacobs – Bank Acceptances – Nat. Monetary Comm.

Whitney, Caroline – Experiment in Credit Control

  1. Industrial Advances of the Federal Reserve Banks [Return]

Hardy, C. O. and Viner, J. – Report on Availability of Bank Credit in 7th Fed. Res. District

Anderson, G. E. – Govt. Banking – Banking, Feb. 1936

Industrial Advances by Fed. Res. Banks – Fed. Res. Bull. April 1935

  1. Criteria of Monetary Policy [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Econ. Stabilization. A Study of the Gold Standard

Slichter, S. H. – Towards Stability

Mills, R. C. and Walker, E. R. – Money

  1. Criteria of Federal Reserve Policy [Return]

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of the Fed. Res. System

Willis, H. P. – The Theory and Practice of Central Banking

Fisher, I. and Cohrssen, H. R. L. – Stable Money: A History of the Movement

Whitney, Caroline –Experiments in Credit Control

Weissman, R. L. – The New Fed. Res. System: The Board Assumes Control

Cassel, G. – Guiding Principles of Monetary Policy – Mysore Econ. Journ., July 1938

Eccles, M. S. – Credit and Monetary Policies of the Fed. Res. – Bankers’ Magazine, April 1937

  1. Neutral Money [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Econ. Stabilization: A Study of the Gold Standard

Armstrong, W. E. – Savings and Investment

Slichter, S. H. – Towards Stability

Barger, H. – Neutral Money and the Trade Cycle – Economica, Nov. 1935

Hayek, F. – Prices and Production

Hayek, F. – Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle

Adarkar, B. P. – Hayek’s Neutral Money Doctrine – Ind. Jour. Econ. Jan. 1937

  1. Price Stabilization: The Strong Bills [Return]

Lawrence, – Stabilization of Prices

Keynes, J. M. – Monetary Reform

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Robertson, D. H. – Banking Policy and Price Level

Hayek, F. – Prices and Production

Haberler, G. – Essay in Gold and Monetary Stabilization

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of Fed. Res. System

Cassel, G. – Rate of Interest, Bank Rate, and Stabilization of Prices, Quart. Jour. Econ., Aug. 1928

Phillips, G. A., McManus, T. F., Nelson, W. – Banking and the Business Cycle

Commodity Prices and Stability – Economist, (London) Dec. 4, 1937

  1. Price vs. Economic Stabilization [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Econ. Stabilization: A Study of the Gold Standard

Phillips, C. A., McManus, T. F., Nelson, R. W. – Banking and the Business Cycle

Harrod, R. F. – The Expansion of Credit in an Advancing Community – Economica, Aug. 1934

Ohlin, B. – The Inadequacy of Price Stabilization-Index Dec. 1933

Egle, W. – Monetary Conditions of Economic Stability – Am. Ec. Rev. Sept. 1938

  1. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Credit Control [Return]

Robey, R. W. – Purchasing Power: An Introduction to Qualitative Credit Control

Dunkman, W. E. – Qualitative Credit Control

  1. Central Bank Policy and Speculation [Return]

Hardy, C. O. – Credit Policies of the Fed. Res. System

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy, Vol. II

Currie, L. – Supply and Control of Money in the U.S.

Williams, J. H. – Review of Keynes, Quart. Journ. Econ., Aug. 1931

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise, Ch. 15

Reed, H. L. – Fed. Res. Policy 1921-1930, pg. 168

Annual Report of Fed. Res. Board (especially 1929 and 1930)

Rogers, J. H. – Stock Speculation and Money Market, Quart. Journ. Ec. 1926

Hearings on Strong Bills (Cassel)

Anderson, B. M. – Chase Ec. Bulletin, May 1929 and Oct. 1928

Balogh, – Am. Ec. Rev., 1930

Hawtrey, R. G. – Stock Speculation and Wall St., Art of Central Banking

Machlup, F. – Boersenkredit, Industrielle Kredit und Kapitalbildung

Ohlin B. – Index #31, July 1928, Central Banking Policy and Prices

Burgess, W. R. – R.E.S. 1930

Hayek, F. – Economica, 1932, p. 38

Hoover, C. B. – Journ. Pol. Econ. 1929 – Brokers’ Loans and Bank Deposits

Eiteman, W. J. – Economics of Brokers’ Loans – Am. Ec. Rev., 1932, pp. 69-71

Hearings, –  Operation of Banking Systems 1931, p. 1024

Goodbar, J. E. – Managing People’s Money

Whitney, Caroline – Experiments in Credit Control: The Fed. Res. Sys.

Smith, D. T. – Deficits and Depressions

Thomas, W. – Credit in Security Speculation – Am. Ec. Rev. – Mar. 1935

The Banks and the Stock Market, Journ. Pol. Econ. – Dec. 1935

  1. Central Bank Policy and Agriculture [Return]

Black, J. – Provision of Agricultural Credit in the U.S. – Quart. Journ. Econ. 1928

Annual Reports of Fed. Farm Board

Lee, V. P – Principles of Agricultural Credit

James, F. C. – Economics of Money, Credit and Banking, ch. 25

Sparks, E. S. – History and Theory of Agricultural Credit in U.S.

  1. Fiscal Function of Federal Reserve Board [Return]

Chapman, J. M. – Fiscal Functions of Fed. Res. Banks

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Clark, L. E. – Central Banking Function under the Fed. Res. System

Smith, D. T. – Deficits and Depressions

  1. Bank Correspondent Relationship under Federal Reserve System [Return]

Clark, L. E. – Central Banking under fed. Res. System

Watkins, L. R. –  Bankers’ Balances

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking – p. 660

Hearings on Branch, Group and Chain Banking – 71st Congress

  1. Effectiveness of Central Bank Control [Return]

Hardy, D. O. – Credit Policy of Fed. Res. System

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money – Book VII

Robertson, D. H. – Banking Policy and Price Level

Currie, L. – Supply and Control of Money in the U.S.

Reed, H. L. – Fed. Res. Policy 1921-1931

Zorn, E. C. – Why our Easy Money Policy has Failed – Bankers’ Mag. July 1938

Alling, N. D. – Fed. Res. Sys. And Low Int. Rates – Bankers’ Mag. May 1937

Burgess, W. R. – Limitations of Fed. Res. Policy – Bankers’ Mag. Nov. 1936

Platt, E. –  The Limitations of Central Banking – Bankers’ Mag. Nov. 1936

Collins, E. H. – The Reserve Board Tests the Brakes – Banking Dec. 1935

Currie, L. – The Failure of Monetary Policy to Prevent the Depression of 1929-33, Jour. Pol. Econ., April 1934

Holladay, J. A. – Can Credit be Controlled? – Bankers Mag., May 1936

  1. Treasury Control of Monetary Policy [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Harding, W. P. G. – Formative Period of Fed. Res. System

Reed, H. L. – Fed. Res. Policy 1921-31

U.S. Chamber of Commerce – Banking and Currency Comm. Report & Suppl.

Dodwell, D.W. – Treasuries and Central Banks, Especially in England and the U.S.

Govts. And Central Banks – Economist, London, Mar. 28, 1936

Anderson, T. J. – Currency Powers of Congress – Bankers Mag., Jan. 1935

Powers of Congress over Banking – Bankers Mag., Feb. 1935

Bradford, F. A. – Political Banking Destroying the Reserve System – Annalist, Jan. 11, 1935

Ebersole, J. F. – The Money Management Powers of the Treas. and Fed. Res. Banks – Harv. Bus. Rev. Autumn 1936

Einzig, P. – Govt. Interference in Banking – Barron’s Nov. 18, 1935

  1. Bank of England and London Money Market [Return]

Andreades, A. M. – History of Bank of England

Spalding, – London Money Market

Strakes, – Money Market

Bagehot, W. – Lombard Street

Harris, S. E. – Monetary Problems of British Empire

Bisschop, – Rise of London Money Market

Thomas, S. E. –  British Banks and Finance of Industry

Sagers, R. S. – Bank of England Operations, 1890-1914

Truptil, R. J. – British Banks and the London Money Market

Madden, J. T. and Nadler, M. – The International Money Markets

Beach, W. E. – British International Gold Movements and Banking Policy

Biddulph, G. – The Bank of England’s Monetary Policy – Econ. Forum, Sept. – Oct. 1934

  1. Central Banking in France [Return]

Peel, G. – Economic Policy of France

Madden, J. T. and Nadler, M. – The International Money Markets

Boris, G. – Reforming the Bank of France – Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1936

  1. Central Banking in Canada [Return]

Holladay, J. – The Canadian Banking System

Cohen, J. C. – The Govt. and the Central Bank in Canada – Banker, London, Apr. 1934

Rhodes, E. N. – Canada’s Central Bank – Banking, Nov. 1934

Rogers, A. W. – The Bank of Canada – Journ. Canadian Bankers’ Assn. Oct. 1934

  1. Cooperation of Central Banks [Return]

Mlynarski, F. J. – Gold and Central Banks

Royal Inst. of Int. Affairs – International Gold Problem

Royal Inst. of Int. Affairs – Monetary Policy and Depression

League of Nations – Gold Report

MacMillan Report (Report of the Committee on Finance and Industry)

Hawtrey, H. G. – Art of Central Banking

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Goldstein, A. – Fed. Res. Aid to Foreign Central Banks, Rev. Econ. Stud., Feb. 1935

Goldstein, A. – International Aspects of Fed. Res. Policy – Rev. Ec. Stat., Aug. 1935

III. THE BUSINESS CYCLE – Analysis and Policy

General References [Return]

Gordon, R. A. – Bibliography on Business Cycles, Rev. of Econ. Statistics, Special Number, Feb. 1937

  1. Causes of the Depression [Return]

Robbins, L. – The Great Depression

Bratt, E. C. – Business Cycles and Forecasting

Haberler, G. – Prosperity and Depression

Dulles, E. L. – Depression and Reconstruction: A Study of Causes and Controls

  1. Critical Discussion of One Theory of the Business Cycle:
    Pigou / Robertson / Keynes / Hayek / Hawtrey / Mitchell
    Foster and Catchings / Schumpeter / Harrod [Return]

Bresciani-Turroni – Rev. of Money theory and Trade Cycle – Economica, Aug. 1934

Ellis, H. – German Monetary Theory

Hanson, H. H. – Rev. of Prices and Production, Am. Ec. Rev., June 1933

Hawtrey – Rev. of Prices and Production, Economica, Feb. 1932

Hawtrey – Capital and Employment

Hawtrey – Prof. Haberler on the Trade Cycle – Economica, Feb. 1938

Hayek, F. – Paradox of Saving, Economica, May 1931

Hayek, F. – Money and Capital, Ec. Journ. – June 1932

Hayek, F. – Capital and Industrial Fluctuations, Econometrica, April 1934

Hayek, F. – On Relationship between Investment and Output – Ec. Journ., June 1934

Hayek, F. – Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle

Hayek, F. – The Fallacy of Artificial Price Raising – Barron’s March 12, 1934

Keynes, J. M. – On Hayek’s Review – Ec. Journ., Nov. 1931

Knight, F. H. – Hayek’s Theory of Investment, Ec. Journ. Mar. 1935

Sraffa, P. – Hayek on Money and Capital – Ec. Journ., March 1932

Marget, A. W. – Theory of Prices

Hansen, A. H. – Full Recovery or Stagnation

Shackle, G. L. S. –Expectations, Investments and Income

Munro, H. – Principles of Monetary Industrial Stability

Haberler, G. – Prosperity and Depression

Harrod, R. F. – The Trade Cycle

Durbin, E. F. M. – Problem of Credit Policy

Hayek, F. – Investment that Raises the Demand for Capital – Rev. Am. Stat., Nov. 1937

Neisser, H. – Investment Fluctuation as Cause of the Bus. Cycle – Social Research, Nov. 1937

Chand, G. – Keynes and the Trade Cycle – Indian Jour. Econ. Apr. 1938

Muniswamy, M. K. –Recent Trends in Trade Cycle Theory – Indian Jour. Ec. – April 1938

Mr. Keynes and Finance – Ec. Jour. June 1935

Mukherjee, B. – Trade Cycle and Its Remedies – Nature and Causes of Trade Cycles – Indian Jour. Econ. Apr. 1931

Robertson, D. H. – Trade Cycle – An Academic View – Lloyd’s Bank Monthly Rev., Sept. 1937

Population Cycles: A Cause of the Business Cycle – Quart. Journ. Ec., Jan. 1937

Adarkar, B. P. – Prof. Hayek’s Neutral Money Doctrine – Ind. Journ. Ec., Jan. 1937

  1. Monetary Theory of the Trade Cycle [Return]

Hayek, F. – Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle

Haberler, G. – Prosperity and Depression

Weyforth, W. O. – The Fed. Res. Board: A Study of Fed. Res. Structure and Credit Control

Fisher, A. G. B. – Volume of Produce and Volume of Money – Am. Ec. Rev., June 1935

Shackle, G. L. S. – Some Notes on Monetary Theories of the Trade Cycle – Rev. Ec. Stud., Oct. 1933

Snyder, C. – Problem of Monetary and Econ. Stability – Quart. Journ. Econ., Feb. 1935

  1. Review of Warren and Person: Prices [Return]

Warren, G. and Pearson, F. A. – Prices

Warren, G. and Pearson, F. A. – World Prices and the Building Industry

Warren, G. and Pearson, F. A. – Monetary Policy and Prices – Journ. Farm. Econ., May 1935

Warren, G. – Some Statistics on the Gold Situation – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. March 1934

Spahr, W. – Monetary Theory of Warren and Pearson

Ransome and Mann – Future of Prices, Home and Abroad

Laughlin, J. L. – Principles of Money

Scott, – Money and Banking

Hardy, C. O. – The Warren-Pearson Price Theory

  1. Period of Production and the Trade Cycle [Return]

Hawtrey, R. G. – Capital and Employment

  1. Review of Hayek: “Prices and Production” [Return]

Hawtrey, R. G. – Capital and Employment

  1. Theory of Forced Savings [Return]

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Robertson, D. H. – Banking Policy and the Price Level

Economics of Saving – Amer. Econ. Rev., 1913

Egle, W. – Money and Production – Journ. Pol. Econ., June 1935

Durbin, E. F. M. – Purchasing Power and Trade Depression

  1. Theory of Bank Rates [Return]

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Keynes, J. M. – General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

Harris, S. E. – Twenty Years of Fed. Res. Policy

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Hawtrey, R. G. – Currency and Credit

Hayek, F. – Prices and Production

Hayek, F. – Monetary Theory of the Trade Cycle

Wicksell, K. – Natural Rate of Interest, Quart. Journ. Ec., 1907

Macaulay, F. R. – Theoretical Problems Suggested by Movements of Interest Rates in the U.S.

Adarkar, B. P. – Theory of Monetary Policy

Edie, L. D. – Easy Money

Wicksell, K. – Interest and Price

Fleming, J. M. – Determination of the Rate of Interest, Economica, Aug. 1938

Melville, R. G. – The Theory of Interest – Econ. Record, June 1938

Bissell, R. M. – The Rate of Interest – Suppl. Am. Ec. Rev., Mar. 1938

Conning, J. B. – The Rate of Interest – Suppl. Am. Ec. Rev., Mar. 1938

Lange, O. – Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume, Economica, March 1938

Lange, O. – The Place of Interest in the Theory of Production, Rev. Econ. Stud., June 1936

Keynes, J. M. – The “Ex Ante” Theory of Interest Rate – Ec. Journ. Dec. 1937

Tahata, Y. – Determination of Rate of Interest – Kyoto Univ. Ec. Rev. – July 1937

Lerner, A. P. – Alternative Formulations of the Theory of Interest, Ec. Journ., June 1938

Millikan, M. – Liquidity Preference Theory of Interest – Am. Ec. Rev., June 1938

Riley, R. H. – Note on “A Break in Keynes Theory of Interest” – Am. Ec. Rev., June 1928

Ohlin, B., Robertson, D. H., and Hawtrey, R. G. – Alternative Theories of the Rate of Interest – Ec. Journ. September 1937

Keynes, J. M. – Alternative Theories of the Rate of Interest – Econ. Journ., June 1937

Ellsworth, P. T. – Mr. Keynes on the Rate of Interest – Journ. Pol. Ec., Dec. 1936

Jones, H. L. – Should Interest be Abolished? – Bankers Mag., May 1936

Hutton, D. G. – Recovery and the Rate of Interest – Lloyd’s Bank Rev., Feb., 1937

  1. Installment Selling and the Business Cycle [Return]

Currie, L. – Supply and Control of Money in U.S.

Moulton, H. G. – Financial Organization of Society

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Clark, Evans – Financing the Consumer

Seligman, E. R. A. – Economics of Installment Selling

Ayres, M. V. and Plummer, C. W. – Social and Economical Consequences of Buying on the Installment Plan – Annals of the Amer. Acad. of Pol. and Soc. Science, 1927 Suppl.

Phelps, C. W. – Controlled Installment Credit – Household Fin. Corp.

Babson, R. W. – Folly of Installment Buying

Cover, J. H. – Financing the Consumer

Douglas, P. F. – Consumer Credit

Goldman, J. – Prosperity and Consumer Credit

Foster, L. B. R. – Credit for Consumers

Zweig, F. – The Economics of Consumer Credit

Silberling, N. J. – Consumer Goods Financing and Investment Fluctuations – Amer. Ec. Rev., Sept. 1938

Schwartz, G. L. – Installment Finance – Economica – May 1936

Installment Finance – “Index”, N.Y. Trust Co., April 1937

Consumer Credit – Annals Amer. Acad. Pol. Science, March 1938

  1. Underconsumption Theory of the Trade Cycle [Return]

Munro, H. – Principles of Monetary-Industrial Stability

Haberler, G. – Prosperity and Depression

Phillips, C. A., et al. – Banking and the Business Cycle

Adams, A. B. – Analysis of Business Cycles

Foster, W. T. and Catchings, W. – Profits

Slichter, S. H. – Towards Stability

Durbin, E. F. M. – Purchasing Power and the Trade Depression

Hayek, F. – Prices and Production

Hobson, J. A. and Durbin, E. F. M. – Underconsumption – Economica, November 1933

  1. The Dilemma of Thrift [Return]

Foster, W. T. and Catchings, W. – Profits

Pigou and Robertson –  Review of Foster and Catchings

Hayek, F. – Paradox of Saving – Economica, May 1931

Mitchell, W. C. – Business Cycles

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

  1. Major Douglas’ Social Credit [Return]

Douglas, C. H. – Social Credit

Holter, E. S. – The ABC of Social Credit

Meade, J. E. – Consumers’ Credit and Unemployment

Hansen, A. H. – Full Recovery or Stagnation

Hawtrey R. G. – Capital and Employment

Dobb, M. – Social Credit Discredited

Strachey, J. – Social Credit

Larkin, J. C. – From Debt to Prosperity

Chase, H. S. – Fallacies of Social Credit – Am. Ec. Rev. Dec. 1935

Chase, H. S. – Social Credit: A Study of the New Economics – Bankers Magazine, April 1935

Robinson, G. B. – Where Social Credit Has Led Us – Annalist, Dec. 27, 1935

The Social Credit Doctrine – Barron’s Weekly, Oct. 28, 1935

Cordell, W. and K. – Alberta and Social Credit – No. Am. Rev. March 1936

  1. Fisher’s Compensated Dollar (Commodity Dollar) [Return]

Fisher, I. – Stabilizing the Dollar

U.S. House of Representatives – Committee on Banking and Currency – Hearings on Goldsborough Bill, H. R., 11788 – 1923

U.S. House of Representatives – Committee on Banking and Currency – Hearings on Goldsborough Bill, H. R., 424 – 1929J

Report on Fisher’s Plan to Stabilize the Dollar – Journ. Am. Bankers’ Assn, 1920

Anderson, B. M. – Fallacy oft he Stabilized Dollar, Journ. Am. Bankers‘ Assn, 1929

Taussig, F. W. – Plan for Compensated Dollar – Quart. Journ. Ec. 1913

Lawrence, – Stabilization of Prices

Gideonse, H. D. – The Commodity Dollar

Kemmerer, E. W. – Money

Slichter, S. H. – Towards Stability

Reed, H. L. – The Commodity Dollar

Rorty, M. C. – The Commodity Dollar – Harv. Bus. Rev., Winter, 1936

  1. 100% Reserve Plan [Return]

(See Title Number 13)

  1. Public Expenditure and Prices [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Public Works in Prosperity and Depression

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Econ. Stabilization

Clark, J. M. – Economics of Planning Public Works

Pigou, A. C. – Public Finance (or any standard text)

Pigou, A. C. – Theory of Unemployment

Keynes, J. M. – Means to Prosperity

Hawtrey, R. G. – Trade Depression and the Way Out

Foster, W. T. and Catchings – Profits

Harris, S. E. – Public Expenditure and Prices – Rev. Ec. Stat., Feb. 1935

Kahn, R. F. – Home Investment – Ec. Journ. 1931

Worming, J. – Financing of Public Works – Ec. Journ. 1932

Bowley, A. – Is Unemployment Inevitable?

Wolman, L. – Public Works

Hubbard, J. B. – Economics of Public Works

Boynton, P. H., et al. – Economics of Pump Priming

Slichter, S. H. – The Economics of Public Works – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. March 1934

Cole, G. D. H. – Economic Planning

Douglas, Paul – Controlling Depressions

  1. The Theory of Public Works [Return]

(See above Title and References)

  1. The Multiplier [Return]

Harrod, R. F. – Trade Cycle

Kahn, R. F. – Home Investment, Econ. Journ. 1931

Clark, Colin – Determination of the Multiplier from Natl. Income Statistics – Rev. Econ. Stat., May 1938

Bresciani-Turroni, C. – The Multiplier in Practice – Rev. Econ. Stat., May 1938

IV. MONETARY THEORY

General References

Gordon, R. A. – Bibliography on Business Cycles, Review of Economic Statistics, Special Number, Feb. 1937

  1. English Monetary Theory during the Napoleonic Wars [Return]

MacLeod, H. D. – Theory of Credit

Cannan, E. – Paper Pound

Thornton – Paper Credit of Great Britain

Report of Bullion Committee

Tracts on Bullion Committee Report

Ricardo, D. – Price of Gold

Keynes, J. M. – Essays in Biography, on Malthus

Andreades, A. M. – History of the Bank of England

Angell, J. – International Prices

Fisher, I. and Cohrsson, H. R. L. – Stable Money: A History of the Movement

  1. Nominalistic vs. Metallistic Conception of Money [Return]

Encyclopedia of Social Sciences

Knapp, – The State Theory of Money

Ellis, – German Monetary Theory

  1. Transaction vs. Cash Balances Approach to the Quantity Theory of Money [Return]

Marget, A. W. –

Ellis, – German Monetary Theory

  1. Keynes’ Theory of Money [Return]

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Keynes, J. M. – Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

Williams, J. H. – Review of Keynes – Quart. Journ. Ec., Aug. 1931

Robertson, D. H. – Review of Keynes – Ec. Journ. Sept. 1931

Robertson, D. H. – Mr. Keynes and “Finance” – Ec. Journ. Sept. 1938

Hayek F. – Review of Keynes – Economica, Aug. 1931, Feb. 1931 (see also Keynes’ rejoinders in Economica, Nov. 1931 and FF)

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Marget, A. W. – Theory of Prices

Curtis, Myra and Townsend, Hugh – Modern Money

Joy, D. – Keynes on Money – Banker (London) April 1936

  1. Marshall as a Monetary Theorist [Return]

Marshall, Alfred – Money, Credit and Commerce

Marshall, Alfred – Official Papers

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Angell, J. W. – Theory of International Prices

Memorial to Alfred Marshall, especially Keynes Essay

Robertson, D. H. – Economic Fragments

Pigou, A. C. and Robertson, D. H. – Economic Essay and Addresses

  1. Cannan as a Monetary Theorist [Return]

Cannan, E. – Modern Currency and Regulation of its Value

Cannan, E. – Economic Scares

Cannan, E. – Money (trace through 3rd to 6th editions)

Gregory, T. E – Professor Cannan’s Contemporary Monetary Theory – “London Essays on Economics”.

  1. Robertson’s Theory of Money [Return]

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Robertson, D. H. – Banking Policy and Price Level

Robertson, D. H. – Economic Fragments

Robertson, D. H. and Pigou, A. C. – Economic Essay and Addresses

  1. Hawtrey’s Theory of Money [Return]

Hawtrey, R. G. – Currency and Credit

Hawtrey, R. G. – Trade Depressions

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Cannan, E. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Gold Standard, Ec. Journ., Dec. 1927

Cannan, E. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Trade Depression, etc., Ec. Journ. Mar. 1932

Hardy, C. O. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Art of Central Banking, Am. Ec. Rev. June 1933

Harrod, R. F. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Currency and Credit, Ec. Journ., June 1929

Harrod, R. F. – Rev. of Trade Depression, etc., Ec. Journ. June, 1934

Keynes, J. M. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Currency and Credit, Ec. Journ., Sept. 1920

Marget, A. W. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Gold Standard, Quart. Journ. Ec. Nov. 1927

Pigou, A. C. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Trade and Credit, – Ec. Journ., June 1929

Robertson, D. H. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Monetary Reconstruction – Ec. Journ., June 1923

Young, A. A. – Rev. of Hawtrey, Currency and Credit, Quart. Journ. Ec. May 1920

  1. Knapp’s Theory of Money [Return]

(Consult Library Card Catalog)

  1. Fisher’s Theory of Money [Return]

(Consult Library Card Catalog)

  1. Nature of Credit [Return]

MacLeod, H. D. – Theory of Credit

Mill, J. S. – Chapters on Credit

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Prendergast and Steiner – Credit and its Uses

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Phillips, C. A. – Bank Credit

Currie, L. – Supply and Control of Money in the U.S.

V. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY RELATIONS AND POLICY

General References [Return]

Young, J. P. – International Trade and Finance

Westerfield, R. B. – Money, Credit and Banking

Thomas, R. G. – Modern Banking

Madden, J. T. and Nadler, M. – The International Money Market

Einzig, Paul – World Finance, 1914-35

  1. Pre-War and Post-War Gold Standards [Return]

Irons, W. H. – A Study of the Causes Underlying the International Gold Crisis

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization: A Study of the Gold Standard

Cassel, G. – Downfall of the Gold Standard

Morgan-Webb, Charles – The Rise and Fall of the Gold Standard

Puxley, H. L. – A Critique of the Gold Standard

  1. Great Britain’s Return to the Gold Standard in 1925 [Return]

Keynes, J. M. – Monetary Reform

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Report of the Committee on Finance and Industry (MacMillan)

Cunliffe Report on British Currency

Hawtrey, R. G. – Gold Standard and Monetary Reconstruction

Gregory, T. E. – Gold Standard

Brown, W. A. – England and New Gold Standard

McVey, F. L. – Financial History of Great Britain, 1914-20

Bogart, E. L. – Direct and Indirect Costs of World War

Litman, S. – Prices and Price Control in Great Britain and the United States during the World War

Fraser, H. F. – Great Britain and Gold Standard

Benham, F. – British Monetary Policy

Harris, S. E. – Monetary Problems of the British Empire

Pethick-Lawrence, F. W. – This Gold Crisis

  1. Stabilization of the Lira [Return]

[No references given]

  1. France and the Gold Standard [Return]

Hawtrey, R. G. – French Monetary Policy

Hawtrey, R. G. – Art of Central Banking

Rogers, J. H. R. – Process of Inflation in France

Rogers, J. H. R. – America Weighs Her Gold

Final Gold Report of the League of Nations

Sollohub, W. A. – Depression in France – Harv. Bus. Rev., July 1933

Miller, H. E. – The Franc in War and Reconstruction – Quart. Journ. Ec. 1929

Dulles, E. – The French Franc, 1914-1929

Vineberg, P. F – The French Franc and the Gold Standard, 1926-36

The Franc in 1926 and 1927 – Economist (London) Oct. 8, 1937

Wynne, W. H. – France and the Franc – Canadian Banker, Oct. 1936

Readjustment of the Franc – Lloyd’s Bank Rev., Oct. 1936

  1. The Gold Bloc [Return]

[No references given]

  1. Causes and Consequences of England’s Departure from Gold [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Monetary Problems of the British Empire

Fraser, H. F. – Great Britain and the Gold Standard

League of Nations – Gold Reports

Royal Institute of International Affairs – Monetary Policy

Irons, W. H. – A Study of the Causes Underlying the International Gold Crisis

Cassel, G. – Downfall of the Gold Standard

  1. Methods of Return to the Gold Standard [Return]

Cassel, G. – Post-War Monetary Stabilization

Hawtrey, R. G. – Monetary Reconstruction

League of Nations – Genoa Conference and other annual publications

Gregory, T. E. – Gold Standard and Future

Fraser, H. F. – Great Britain and Gold Standard

International Labor Review – Great Britain and Gold Standard

Gregory – Barron’s Weekly, Aug. 28, 1933

Gold Reports of League of Nations

Sprague, O. M. W. – Pre-requisites to Monetary Stabilization – Foreign Affairs 1937

  1. Present Outlook for the Gold Standard [Return]

Einzig, P. – Will Gold Depreciate?

Einzig, P. – The Future of Gold

Gregory, T. E. – The Gold Standard and Its Future

Hansen, A. H. – Situation of Gold Today in Relation to World Currencies – American Ec. Rev., Suppl., Mar. 1937

Jones, J. H. – The Gold Standard – Econ. Journ., Dec. 1933

  1. Gold Exchange Standard [Return]

Edie, L. D. – Money, Bank Credit and Prices

Gold Reports of League of Nations

McMillan Report

Hawtrey, R. G. – Gold Standard

Hawtrey, R. G. – Monetary Reconstruction

Hawtrey, R. G. – Currency and Credit

Gregory, T. E. – First Year of Gold Standard

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Kemmerer, E. W. – Money

  1. Gold Movements Since the War [Return]

Royal Institute of Int. Affairs – Int. Gold Problems (bibliog)

League of Nations – Final Gold Report; other publications

Brown, W. A. – England and the Gold Standard

Reports of Director of Mint – U.S.

Federal Reserve Bulletins

Cassel, G. – Crisis in World’s Monetary System, 1932

Young, J. P. – European Currency and Finance, Commission of Gold and Silver Inquiry, U.S. Senate

Warren, G. F. – Some Statistics on the Gold Situation – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl., Mar. 1934

  1. Gold Distribution and the Depression [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization

Phillips, C. A. – Banking and the Business Cycle

Bowen, H. – Gold Maldistribution – Am.Econ.Rev., Dec. 1936

  1. Is there a Gold Shortage? [Return]

Royal Institute of International Affairs – Monetary Policy and Depression

Gregory, T. E. – Gold Standard and its Future

League of Nations – Gold Reports

Mlynarski, F. J. – Gold and Central Banks

Rist – In “Current Economic Policies”

Warren and Pearson – Prices

Hardy, C. O. – Is There Enough Gold

Keynes, J. M. – The Supply of Gold – Econ. Journ., Sept. 1936

  1. Methods to Economize Gold [Return]

Niemeyer, O. – International Gold Problem (How to Economize Gold)

Gold Reports of League of Nations – Final and Interim

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money

Hawtrey, R. G. – Monetary Reconstruction – Genoa Conference

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization

  1. Exchange Depreciation and World Recovery [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Exchange Depreciation

Eder, G. J. – Effect of Gold Price Changes on Prices for Other Commodities – Journ. Royal Stat. Assn., p. I, 1938

Malenbaum, W. – Power of Undervalued Currency – Rev. Ec.Stud., Feb. 1938

Edelberg, V. – Measuring Power of Under-valued Currency to Stimulate Exports – Rev.Ec.Studies, Oct. 1937

  1. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Japan [Return]

[No references given]

  1. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Sweden [Return]

[No references given]

  1. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Britain [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Exchange Depreciation

  1. Exchange Depreciation Experience of Australia [Return]

Copland, D. – Australia and the World Crisis, 1929-33

  1. Exchange Depreciation Experience of U.S. [Return]

Harris, S. E. – Exchange Depreciation

  1. Exchange Central [Return]

Exchange Restrictions in European Countries – circ. #421, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce

Einzig, P. – Exchange Control

Ohlin, B. – Mechanisms and Objectives of Exchange Control – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl., March 1937

Williams, J. H. – Adequacy of Existing Currency Mechanisms – Am.Econ.Rev. Suppl., March 1937

  1. Sterling-Dollar-Franc Triangle [Return]

New York Times

Current Articles

  1. The “Gentlemen’s Agreement” [Return]

Spahr, W. E. – Tripartite Agreement – Annalist, Nov. 13, 1936

Warren, R. B. – The Gentlemen’s Agreement – Annalist, Nov. 13, 1936

  1. British Equalization Fund [Return]

Hall, N. F. – The Exchange Equalization Account

Harris, S. E. – Exchange Depreciation

The British Exchange Equalization Fund – 1935-7 – Economica, Aug. 1937

Crump, N. – Development of Exchange Funds – Lloyd’s Rank Monthly Rev., Jan. 1937

Paish, F. W. – The British Exchange Equalization Fund – Economica, Feb. 1935

Paish, F. W. – The British Exchange Equalization Fund – Economica, Feb. 1936

Comstock, A. – British Exchange Equalization Account – Am. Ec. Rev. Dec. 1933

  1. Gold Buying Policy and Devaluation [Return]

Fifty-cent dollars, etc. – Commercial and Finan. Chronicle, June 1, 1932

Incidence of Devaluation – Commercial and Finan. Chronicle, June 8, 1932

Hacker, L. M. – Short History of New Deal

Brown, et al. – Ec. of Recovery Program

Hubbard, J. B. – Current Economic Policy

Hardy, C. O. – Devaluation of the Dollar

Harris, S. E. – British and American Exchange Policy – Quart. Journ. Ec., May & Aug., 1934

Graham, F. O. – Journ. Amer. Statis. Assn., Sup. 1935, March

Edie, L. D. – Easy Money

Harris, S. E. – Exchange Depreciation

Eder, G. J. – Effect of Gold Price Change on Prices of Other Commodities, Jour. Royal Stat. Soc., part I, 1938

Woolfson, A. P. – Our Gold Policy and the Commodity Price Outlook – Bankers Mag., Aug. 1937

Whittlesey, C. R. – The Gold Dilemma – Quart. Journ. Ec., Aug. 1937

Silverstein, A. L. – American Devaluation: Prices and Export Trade – Am. Econ. Rev., June 1937

  1. Recent Silver Policy of the United States [Return]

Gregory, T. E. – Silver Situation, etc.

London Monetary and Economic Conference – agreements

Foreign Policy Assn. – Silver, its International Aspects (1931)

Deterding, H. W. A. – Silver and Foreign Debt Payments

Smith, G. A., Jr. – On Silver – Harv. Bus. Review 1934

Kreps – Silver and Chinese Purchasing Power

Leong, Y. S. – Silver (Brookings – 1934)

Elliston, H. – The Silver Problem – Foreign Affairs, April 1931

Willis, H. P. – Silver – New Republic, March 11, 1931

Westerfield, R. B. – Our Silver Debacle

Barbour, P. E. – America’s Silver Policy – Annalist Dec. 13, 1935

Berridge, W. A. – Some Facts Bearing on the Silver Program – Rev. Econ. Stat., Nov. 1934

Smith, G. A. – Silver: Its Status and Outlook – Harv. Bus. Rev., Oct. 1934

  1. Monetary Consequences of the Fall in the Price of Silver [Return]

Seyd – Fall in the Price of Silver

Nogaro – Modern Monetary Systems

Westerfield, R. B. – Our Silver Debacle

Leavens, D. H. – American Silver Policy in China – Harv. Bus. Rev. Autumn, 1935

Leavens, D. H. – Distribution of the World’s Silver – Rev. Ec. Stat. Nov. 1935

Wu, L. T. K. – China’s Monetary Dilemma – Far East Survey, Dec. 4, 1935

Spalding, W. F. – The Silver Problem as it Affects Mexico – Bankers’ Ins. Manag. Mag., June 1935

Berridge, W. A. – Some Facts Bearing on the Silver Program, Rev. Ec. Stat., Nov. 1934

Deterding, H. W. A. – Silver: Its International Position – Econ. Forum, June-July 1934

Kreps, T. J. – The Price of Silver and Chinese Purchasing Power – Quart. Journ. Ec. – Feb. 1934

  1. Flexible Parities [Return]

Meade, J. E. – Introduction to Economic Analysis and Policy

Hayek, F. – Monetary Nationalism and International Stability

British Monetary Policy – Economist (London) Oct. 24, 1936

Henderson, H. D. – Case Against Returning to Gold – Lloyd’s Bank Monthly Review – June 1935

Graham, F. D. and Whittlesey, C. R. – Fluctuating Exchange Rates, Foreign Trade and the Price Level – Am. Econ. Rev. – Sept. 1934

Whale, P. B. – Theory of International Trade – Economica – Feb. 1936

Williams, J. H. – Adequacy of Existing Currency Mechanisms, Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. – March 1937

  1. Hot Money [Return]

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short Term Capital Movements

Feiler, A. – International Movement of Capital – Amer. Econ. Rev. Suppl., Mar. 1935

  1. Exchange Rates Under Incontrovertible Paper [Return]

Cassel, G. – Money and Foreign Exchange After 1914

Angell, J. – Theory of International Prices

Nogaro – Modern Monetary Systems

Taussig, F. W. – International Trade

Whitaker – Foreign Exchange

Viner, J. – Studies in the Theory of International Trade

  1. Purchasing Power Parity vs. Balance of Payment Theory of the Determination of Exchange Rates [Return]

Cassel, G. – Econ. Journ., March 1916

Cassel, G. – Econ. Journ., Sept. 1916

Cassel, G. – Econ. Journ., Dec. 1918

Cassel, G. – Annals of Amer. Acad. Of Pol. And Soc. Science, Vol. 89, May 1920

Cassel, G. – Money and Foreign Exchange after 1914

Ellis – German Monetary Theory

Keynes, J. M. – Monetary Reform, p. 87 ff

Keynes, J. M. – Treatise on Money, ch. 5

Keilhau – Econ. Journ., 1925, pp. 221 ff

Angell, J. – Theory of International Prices

Nogaro – Modern Monetary System

Taussig, F. W. – International Trade

Bogen, J. I. – Money and Banking

Viner, J. – Studies in the Theory of International Trade

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short Term Capital Movements

Graham, F. D. – Recent Movements in International Price Levels, and the Doctrine of Purchasing Power Parity – Journ. Am. Stat. Assn., Suppl., Mar. 1935

  1. International vs. National Objectives of Monetary Policy [Return]

Gayer, A. D. – Monetary Policy and Economic Stabilization

Hayek, F. – Monetary Nationalism and International Stability

  1. Measures of Over-valuation [Return]

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short-Term Capital Movements

Whale, P. B. – Theory of International Trade – Economica, Feb. 1936

  1. The International Transfer of Purchasing Power [Return]

Einzig, P. – Foreign Balances

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short-Term Capital Movements

Ohlin, B. – International and Interregional Trade

Taussig, F. W. – International Trade

Feiler, A. – International Movement of Capital – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. March 1935

Cassel, G. – International Payments under a System of Paper Currencies – Skon Kredit Quart. Rept., Oct. 1934

  1. The Forward Exchange Market [Return]

Einzig, P. – The Theory of Forward Exchange

Einzig, P. – Some Theoretico-Technical Aspects of Official Forward Exchange Operations – Econ. Journ. June 1938

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short-Term Capital Movements

Keynes, J. M. – Tract of Monetary Reform

  1. Spreading the Gold Points and Short Term Capital Movements [Return]

[No references given]

  1. American Export of Capital since the War [Return]

League of Nations – Course and Phases of World Econ. Depression

Hansen, A. H. – Econ. Stabilization in Unbalanced World

Young, J. P. – International Financial Position of U.S.

Moon, P. T. – America as a Creditor Nation

Angell, J. – Financial Foreign Policies of U.S.

Angell, J. – Balance of Payments in U.S.

Taussig, F. W. – International Trade

League of Nations –Report of Gold Delegation

League of Nations – Stat. Yearbook

U.S. Dept. of Commerce – American Underwriting of Foreign Securities in 1929

Haberler, G. – International Trade

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short-Term Capital Movements

Feiler, A. – International Movement of Capital – Am. Ec. Rev. Suppl. March 1935

  1. International Short Term Balances and the Depression [Return]

Einzig, P. – Foreign Balance

Kindleberger, C. P. – International Short-Term Capital Movements

  1. Tariff Policy and the Depression [Return]

Report of Committee of Inquiry into National Policy in International Economic Relations

  1. Bank of International Settlements [Return]

Dulles, E. L. – B. I. S. at work (1932)

Einzig, P. – Bank of International Settlement

Gideonse, H. R. – The International Bank

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Bank of International Settlement – Annual Reports

Traylor, M. – Bank of International Settlement Documents – First Natl. Bank, Chicago

Dulles, E. L. – Bank of International Settlement – Am. Ec. Rev. June 1938

Fraser, L. – The International Bank and Its Future – Foreign Affairs, April 1936

Keynes, J. M. – Report of the Bank of International Settlement – Econ. Journ., Sept. 1934

De Clery, A. R. – The Bank of International Settlement and the World Economic Crisis, Interparliamentary Bulletin, Nov. 1934

VI. MISCELLANEOUS

  1. War Finance [Return]

American Econ. Assn. – Report of Committee on War Finance

League of Nations –Currencies after the War

U.S. Senate – Comm. of Gold and Silver – Inquiry – European Currencies and Exchange

Grady, H. F. – British War Finance, 1914-1919

Nicholson, J. S. – War Finance

Harris, S. E. – Monetary Problems of British Empire

Graham, F. D. – Exchange, Prices and Production in Hyperinflation in Germany, 1920-23

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking

Hollander, J. B. – War Borrowing

Bogart, E. L. – War Costs and their Financing

Pigou, A. C. – Political Econom. of War

Smith, D. T. – Treasury Operations and Money Market

Hawtrey, R. G. – Currency and Credit

  1. The Reparations Controversy [Return]

Moulton, H. G. and Pasvolsky – War Debts and World Prosperity

Myers, D. P. – The Reparation Settlement

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking – 902 ff

Young, J. P. – International Trade and Finance

  1. War Debts [Return]

(same as No. 130)

  1. Fall of Prices: 1873-96 [Return]

Layton – Intro. To Study of Prices

Price, L. L. –Money and its Relation to Prices

Ransome and Mann – Future of Prices at Home and Abroad

Warren and Pearson – Prices

Kuznets, S. – Secular Movements in Production and Prices

League of Nations – Gold Reports

Peterson, J. and Peterson, O. S. – An Analysis of Price Behavior During Period 1855-1913

Mills, F. C. – Prices in Recession and Recovery

  1. Rise of Prices: 1896-1913 [Return]

(see no. 132)

Ashley, Gold and Prices (1912)

  1. Price Movement since the War [Return]

Mills, F. C. – Prices in Recession and Recovery

  1. Probable Future Trend of Prices [Return]

Ransome and Mann – Future of Prices at Home and Abroad

Warren and Pearson – Prices

Hayek, F. – Prod. and Prices

League of Nations – Gold Reports

Journal of Farm Econ., Jan. 1932 – Future of General Price Level

  1. Changes in the Value of Money and the Distribution of Wealth [Return]

Keynes, J. M. – Monetary Reform

Edie, L. D. – Money, Bank Credit and Prices

Fisher, I. – Stabilizing the Dollar

Robertson, D. H. – Money

Steiner, W. H. – Money and Banking (786-795)

Willis, H. P. – The Economics of Inflation

  1. Monetary and Financial Questions Raised by the Social Security Program [Return]

Hansen, A. H. and Murray, H. G. – A New Plan for Unemployment Reserves

Hansen, A. H. – Full Recovery or Stagnation

Hansen, A. H. et al. – Program for Unemployment Insurance Relief in U.S.

Beveridge, W. H. – Causes and Cures of Unemployment

Wolfenden, H. H. – Unemployment Funds: A Survey and Proposal

Woll, M. – Labor, Industry and Govt.

Achsner, E. H. – Social Ins. And Econ. Security

Heyman [?], E. – Unemployment Preventions and Relief

Douglas, P. H. and Director, A. – Problem of Unemployment

Slichter, S. H. – Making Booms Bear the Burden of Relief

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Additional Thesis Subjects — Economics 41
  1. Monetary policy of neutral countries in war.
  2. War finance in Germany (Great Britain, France).
  3. Problems of war finance.
  4. Exchange rates and war.
  5. The international money proposal.
  6. Business cycle policy under the National Banking System.
  7. The Peel Banking Act of 1844.
  8. The crisis of 1837 (1857, 1873, 1897, 1907).
  9. War debts and reparations.
  10. Monetary aspects of the demand for colonies.
  11. Monetary aspects of recovery policy in Australia.
  12. Monetary controls in Germany (Sweden, Canada, Great Britain).

Image Source: Portraits of John Henry Williams and Seymour Edwin Harris from Harvard Class Album 1939. Enhanced by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Gender Harvard Suggested Reading

Harvard. Seminar readings for the economics of technological change. Anne P. Carter, 1967

Anne Pitts Carter is 99 years old at the time of this post. Amanar Akhabbar’s “Anne P. Carter: A Biographical Presentation” (2011) [also available as “Anne P. Carter: A Biographical Note” in Oeconomia (March 2011)] provides full details of the first 85 or so years of her life.

Anne Pitts Carter was awarded a Ph.D. from Radcliffe [Note: her first married-name was “Grosse”] in March 1949. She became an assistant professor of economics at Harvard in 1966-69, was director of the Harvard Economic Research Project 1966-72, and from 1971 on professor of economics at Brandeis.

Today’s post adds the reference list for her seminar on the economics of technological change to the Economics in the Rear-view Mirror collection of course syllabi.

___________________________

Course Announcement

Economics 262.
Seminar: The Economics of Technological Change

Half course (spring term) Th., 2-4. Assistant Professor A. P. Carter

Study of the development and diffusion of new techniques and products in the United States and abroad and their impacts on industrial specialization, competitive structure, industrial interdependence, prices and employment, in a general equilibrium framework.

Source: Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University. Course of Instruction for Harvard and Radcliffe 1966-67, p. 122.

___________________________

SUGGESTED REFERENCES
Economics 262
Seminar: THE ECONOMICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

Assistant Professor Anne P. Carter
Spring 1967

Abramovitz et. al. Allocation of Economic Resources.

Almon, Clopper, The American Economy to 1975.

Arrow, Karlin, Suppes, Mathematical Methods in the Social Sciences.

Bain, Joe, International Differences in Industrial Structure.

Boon, Gerald K., Economic Choice of Human and Physical Factors in Production. North Holland Publishing Company, 1964.

Bowen, H.R. and Magnum, Automation and Economic Progress.

Bright, F., Automation and Management, Boston, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1958.

Bright, F., Automation and Technological Change, Columbus, Ohio: Battelle-American Assembly, 1963.

Dunlop, J. T., Automation and Technological Change. (American Assembly)

Dunlop, J.T. and Diatckenko, Labor Productivity.

Jerome, Harry, Mechanization in Industry.

Landsberg, Fishman and Fisher, Resources in America’s Future.

Leontief, et al., Studies in the Structure of the American Economy.

Manne, Alan, Studies in Process Analysis – Cowles Commission Monograph #18.

Melman, Seymour, Dynamic Factors in Industrial Productivity. (John Wiley and Sons, 1956)

National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress

Report: Technology and American Economy

Six Appendices:
The Outlook For Technological Change and Employment
The Employment Impact of Technological Change
Adjusting to Change
Educational Implications of Technological Change
Applying Technology to Unmet Needs
Statements Relating to the Impact of Technological Change

National Bureau of Economic Research, Problems of Capital Formation, Studies in Income and Wealth.

National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity.

National Resources Committee, Technological Trends and National Policy.

Salter, W.E.G., Productivity and Technical Change.

Samuelson, Solow, and Dorman, Linear Programming and Economic Analysis.

Schurr, Netschart, et. al., Energy in the American Economy, 1850-1975.

Sen, A.K., Choice of Techniques.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 9. Folder “Economics, 1966-67”.

Image Source: Peter A. Petri’s webpage “Lemberg Program, 1986-1994”. The image was enhanced using the program Pixelup on my cellphone. To my eye, this AI-smoothed image is very faithful to the original web image.

Categories
Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. American Economic and Financial History. Gay, 1907-08.

The materials for this post come from the second time Edwin Francis Gay solo-taught the course on U.S. economic and financial history at Harvard. Other than having its bibliographic furniture rearranged, the course content is virtually identical to that of the 1906-07 version of the course.

__________________________

Previously…

Assistant Professor Oliver Mitchell Wentworth Sprague taught the Harvard course “Economic History of the United States”/ “Economic and Financial History of the United States” in 1901-02 (with James Horace Patten), 1902-03, 1903-04, and 1904-05. The course was taken over in 1905-06 by Frank William Taussig and Edwin Francis Gay after Sprague left for a full professorship at the Imperial University of Japan. The Taussig/Gay reading list and final exam for 1905-06. Gay taught this course alone in 1906-07.

__________________________

Course Enrollment
1907-08

Economics 6b 2hf. Professor Gay. — Economic and Financial History of the United States.

Total 143: 14 Graduates, 24 Seniors, 59 Juniors, 33 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 12 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1907-1908, p. 67.

__________________________

[Except for a minor rearrangement in the sequence of topics, the course reading list for 1907-08 is, with only one exception, identical to that for 1906-07.]

Course Reading List
Economic and Financial History
of the United States

ECONOMICS 6b (1908)

Required Reading is indicated by an asterisk (*)

1. Colonial Period.

*Ashley, Commercial Legislation of England and the American Colonies, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 1-29; printed also in Ashley’s Surveys, pp. 309-335.

*Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, pp. 36-51.

McMaster, History of the People of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 1-102.

Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, pp. 273-307.

Beer, Commercial Policy of England, pp. 5-158.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 3-91.

Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies of North America, pp. 56-86, 124-139.

1776-1860.
2. Commerce, Manufactures, and Tariff.

*Taussig, Tariff History of the United States, pp. 68-154.

*Hamilton, Report on Manufactures, in Taussig’s State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, pp. 1-79, 103-107, (79-103).

Bolles, Industrial History of the United States, Book II, pp. 403-426.

Bishop, History of American Manufactures, Vol. II, pp. 256-505.

Pitkin, Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (ed. 1835), pp. 368-412.

Gallatin, Free Trade Memorial, in Taussig’s State Papers, pp. 108-213.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 146-183.

Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the United States, Amer. Econ. Assoc. Pub., Vol. VIII, pp. 107-132.

3. Internal Improvements.

*Callender, Early Transportation and Banking Enterprises, Q.J.E., Vol. XVII, pp. 111-162; printed also separately, pp. 3-54.

Tenth United States Census (1880), Vol. IV, Thos. C. Purdy’s Reports on History of Steam Navigation in the United States, pp. 1-62, and History of Operating Canals in the United States, pp. 1-32.

Chevalier, Society, Manners and Polities in the United States, pp. 80-87, 209-276.

Ringwalt, Development of Transportation Systems in the United States, pp. 41-54, 64-166.

Gallatin, Plan of Internal Improvements, Amer. State Papers, Misc., Vol. I, pp. 724-921 (see especially maps, pp. 744, 762, 764, 820, 830).

Pitkin, Statistical View (1835), pp. 531-581.

Chittenden, Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River, Vol. II, pp. 417-424.

4. Agriculture and Land Policy. – Westward Movement.

*Hart, Practical Essays on American Government, pp. 233-257 printed also in Q.J.E., Vol. I, pp. 169-183, 251-254.

*Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 67-119.

*Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, pp. 52-74.

Turner, Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Report of Amer. Hist. Assoc., 1893, pp. 199-227.

Donaldson, Public Domain, pp. 1-29, 196-239, 332-356.

Hibbard, History of Agriculture in Dane County, Wisconsin, pp. 86-90, 105-133.
[Replaces “Sato, History of the Land Question in the United States, Johns Hopkins University Studies, IV. Nos. 7-9, pp. 127-181” from the 1906-07 reading list.]

Sanborn, Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways, Bulletin of Univ. of Wisconsin Econ., Pol. Sci. and Hist. Series, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 269-354.

Hart, History as Told by Contemporaries, Vol. III, pp. 459-478.

5. The South and Slavery.

*Cairnes, The Slave Power (2d ed.), pp. 32-103, 140-178.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 34-66.

Russell, North America, its Agriculture and Climate, pp. 133-167.

De Tocqueville, Democracy in America (ed. 1838), pp. 336-361, or eds. 1841 and 1848, Vol. I, pp. 386-412.

Helper, Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South, pp. 7-61.

6. Finance, Banking and Currency.

*Dewey, Financial History of the United States, pp. 34-59, 76-117, 224-246, 252-262.

*Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States, pp. 1-24, 68-119, 376 map, 402-403, 464-477.

Bullock, Essays on the Monetary History of the United States, pp. 60-93.

Hamilton, Reports on Public Credit, Amer. State Papers, Finance, Vol. I, pp. 15-37, 64-76.

Kinley, History of the Independent Treasury, pp. 16-39.

Sumner, Andrew Jackson (ed. 1886), pp. 224-249, 257-276, 291-342.

Ross, Sinking Funds, pp. 21-85.

Scott, Repudiation of State Debts, pp. 33-196.

Bourne, History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837, pp. 1-43, 125-135.

Conant, History of Modern Banks of Issue, pp. 310-347.

1860-1900.
7. Finance, Banking and Currency.

*Mitchell, History of the Greenbacks, pp. 3-43, 403-420.

*Noyes, Thirty Years of American Finance, pp. 1-72, 234-254, (73-233).

Taussig, Silver Situation in the United States, pp. 1-157.

Dunbar, National Banking System, Q.J.E., Vol. XII, pp. 1-26; printed also in Dunbar’s Economic Essays, pp. 227-247.

Howe, Taxation and Taxes in the United States under the Internal Revenue System, pp. 136-262.

Tenth United States Census (1880), Vol. VII; Bayley, History of the National Loans, pp. 369-392, 444-486.

8. Transportation.

*Hadley, Railroad Transportation, pp. 1-23, 125-145.

*Johnson, American Railway Transportation, pp. 24-68, 307-321, 367-385.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 466-481.

Adams, Chapters of Erie, pp. 1-99, 333-429.

Davis, The Union Pacific Railway, Annals of the Amer. Acad., Vol. VIII, pp. 259-303.

Villard, Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 284-312.

Dixon, Interstate Commerce Act as Amended, Q.J.E., Vol. XXI, pp. 22-51.

9. Agriculture and Opening of the West.

*Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 43-123, 134-167.

*Noyes, Recent Economic History of the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 167-187.

Twelfth United States Census (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xlii.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 120-226.

Quaintance, Influence of Farm Machinery, pp. 1-103.

Adams, The Granger Movement, North American Review, Vol. CXX, pp. 394-424.

Bemis, Discontent of the Farmer, J. Pol. Ec., Vol. I, pp. 193-213.

10. Industrial Expansion.

*Twelfth United States Census (1900), Vol. VII, pp. clxx-clxxviii.

*Noyes, Thirty Years of American Finance, pp. 113-126.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 485-519, 544-569.

Twelfth Census, Vol. IX, pp. 1-16; Vol. X, pp. 725-748.

Wells, Recent Economic Changes, pp. 70-113.

11. The Tariff.

*Taussig, Tariff History, pp. 155-229.

Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, Vol. II, pp. 243-394.

Taussig, Iron Industry, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 143-170, 475-508.

Taussig, Wool and Woolens, Q.J.E., Vol. VIII, pp. 1-39.

Wright, Wool-growing and the Tariff since 1890, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, p. 610-647.

Robinson, History of Two Reciprocity Treaties, pp. 9-17, 40-77, 141-156.

Laughlin and Willis, Reciprocity, pp. 311-487.

12. Commerce and Shipping.

*Meeker, History of Shipping Subsidies, pp. 150-171.
[This reading has been switched to required status in 1907-08.]

Meeker, Shipping Subsidies, Pol. Sci. Quart., Vol. XX, pp. 594-611.

Soley, Maritime Industries of the United States, in Shaler’s United States, Vol. I, pp. 518-618.

McVey, Shipping Subsidies, J. Pol. Ec., Vol. IX, pp. 24-46.

Wells, Our Merchant Marine, pp. 1-94.

13. Industrial Concentration.

*Willoughby, Integration of Industry in the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XVI, pp. 94-115.

*Noyes, Recent Economic History of the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 188-209.

Twelfth Census, Vol. VII, pp. cxc-ccxiv.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIII, pp. v-xviii.

Bullock, Trust Literature, Q.J.E., Vol. XV, pp. 167-217.

14. The Labor Problem.

*United States Bureau of Labor Bulletins, No. 18 (Sept., 1898), pp. 665-670; No. 30 (Sept., 1900), pp. 913-915; No. 53 (July, 1904), pp. 703-728.

Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, pp. 3-16, 502-547.

Levasseur, American Workman, pp. 436-509.

Mitchell, Organized Labor, pp. 391-411.

Twelfth Census, Special Report on Employees and Wages, p. xcix.

National Civic Federation, Industrial Conciliation, pp. 40-48, 141-154, 238-243, 254-266.

15. Population, Immigration and the Race Question.

* United States Census Bulletin, No. 4 (1903), pp. 5-38.

*Industrial Commission, Vol. XV, pp. xix-lxiv.

Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, pp. 68-112.

Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Immigration, pp. 33-78.

Walker, Discussions in Economies and Statistics, Vol. II, pp. 417-451.

Hoffmann, Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, pp. 250-309.

Tillinghast, The Negro in Africa and America, pp. 102-228.

Twelfth Census Bulletin, No. 8.

United States Bureau of Labor Bulletins, Nos. 14, 22, 32, 35, 37, 38, 48.

Washington, Future of the American Negro, pp. 3-244.

Stone, A Plantation Experiment, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 270-287.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 1, Folder “Economics, 1907-1908”.

__________________________

ECONOMICS 6b
Year-end Examination, 1907-08

  1. Briefly:—
    1. The Bland-Allison and Sherman Acts.
    2. The National Banking Act.
    3. The Homestead Law.
    4. Reciprocity since 1890.
  2. Compare the condition of manufactures in the United States in 1791 (Hamilton’s report) with that in 1900.
  3. Why has the cotton industry developed more satisfactorily than the woolen industry?
  4. Compare in its chief features the state of Southern agriculture before and after the Civil War.
  5. [Farm indebtedness and tenancy]
    1. Farm indebtedness in the United States 1885-1900; its relation to agricultural prices and the demand for monetary reform.
    2. Farm tenancy in the United States.
  6. Is railroad “pooling” permitted in the United States? Should it be permitted? What do you think of Anti-Trust Legislation?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 8, Bound vol. Examination Papers 1908-09; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics,…,Music in Harvard College (June, 1908), pp. 31-32.

Image Source: Website of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. Webpage: History. Lincoln and the Founding of the National Banking System.

“Lincoln and Chase working on the national banking legislation. N.C. Wyeth painted this mural in the lobby of what was then the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. The former bank building is today the Langham Hotel.”

Categories
Harvard Libertarianism Principles Suggested Reading Syllabus

Antioch College. Syllabus for principles of economics. Watts, 1935-1936

Vervon Orval Watts (1898-1993)  was a Thomas Nixon Carver  inspired libertarian economist from pre-Keynesian Harvard times. Before going on to become the first head economist for the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce (1939-46) and later an economic adviser to the Foundation for Economic Education starting in 1946, Watts taught economics at Antioch College (1930-36) and Carleton College (1936-39). His full biographical timeline can be found at the link above. For this post Economics in the Rear-view Mirror has transcribed the syllabus with the assigned and optional readings for the principles course Watts taught at Antioch College in 1935-36.

In the mid-1960s Watts was the Dean of the short-lived Freedom School Phrontistery in Colorado, the brainchild of Robert LeFevre that was to become a libertarian version of a Politics, Philosophy, and Economics program of study.

_____________________________

Harvard Ph.D. awarded in 1932

Vervon Orval Watts, A.B. (Univ. of Manitoba) 1918, A.M. (Harvard Univ.) 1923.
Subject, Economics. Special Field, Sociology. Thesis, “The Development of the Technological Concept of Production in Anglo-American Thought.”
Associate Professor of Economics, Antioch College.

Source: Report of the President of Harvard College, 1931-1932, p.124.

_____________________________

A Syllabus of Instruction
for
Economics 101-102

A Survey of Modern
Economic Life

V. O. Watts
Antioch College
1935-1936

PURPOSES OF THE COURSE

  1. To obtain information concerning American economic institutions.
  2. To develop the habit in the ordinary experiences of daily life of observing, analyzing and appraising the economic results of the conduct of individuals and of groups of individuals as wage-earners, employers, farmers, manufacturers, merchants, financiers, and legislators.
  3. To develop skill in tracing out and explaining the ramifications of the economic effects of an event.

CONDUCT OF THE COURSE

Required Readings

Study of the required readings, those starred and underlined in the list of references in this syllabus, constitutes the larger part of the work of this course. The following methods of study are therefore suggested:

  1. Note the relation of each chapter or section in the text or syllabus to the sections preceding and following it.
  2. Read or scan quickly the material in one or two chapters at a time before underlining or taking notes, so that you may gain perspective and distinguish the more significant principles from the accompanying illustrations and qualifications.
  3. Think out answers to the questions and problems given at the end of each section or chapter in the text or question book, referring back to the appropriate section of the text, when necessary, to clarify your understanding of the principles involved.
  4. Re-read the text, making written note of essential points in definitions of technical terns, statements of important principles, list of arguments pro and con on controversial issues, advantages and disadvantages of proposed policies, and qualifications of principles.
    This note-taking should provide opportunity for practice in expressing yourself in economics, therefore do not copy the author’s words, but put his ideas into your own words. It should also provide an aid to quick and effective review and help you to organize your thinking in this field, therefore keep your notes brief, well-organized, and neatly arranged.
  5. Before class discussions and examinations review those notes, practicing recall, illustrating the points noted, questioning and criticizing the author’s ideas, and formulating your own conclusions.

Periodicals

Each student in this course is expected to keep posted on current economic and political events and opinions through the regular reading of a newspaper or news weekly.

                  Some acquaintance with a number of leading journals in the fields of business and political economy is also required. To that end some of the journals listed below should be consulted with the following questions in mind concerning each: (1) How often is it published? (2) Who are the publishers or editors? (3) What is the professional status or occupation of its contributors? (4) What is the general character or point of view of most of its articles? (5) What special place does it fill in the field and to what type of reader is it likely to have most appeal?

Examine the table of contents for several recent issues of some of these magazines to see if there may be articles which especially interest you. In some journals you may find few or none, but in others you should find many such articles. Try to read at least one article during the semester in each of several of the journals listed.

Recommended Readings

The optional, or recommended, readings listed below present additional information or develop points of view differing more or less from that dominant in the required text. In some cases they may present clearer explanations of the points covered in the required readings.

Class Meetings

There are customarily three class meetings per week.

Conferences

Each student should meet the instructor for a conference at least once in each five-week period. To these conferences the student should bring his economics notebook and recent test papers.

Tests and Examinations

Approximately once a week there will be a ten-minute written test on the subject matter of the required readings. At the end of the first and third divisions there will be a one-hour examination on the readings and lectures. At the end of each semester there will be a three-hour examination covering the entire work of the course to date.

Answers to examination questions should be well planned and neatly written. Each distinct point or argument should be treated in a separate paragraph, and points correlative in meaning and importance should be numbered. All papers should be written in ink.

Oral Report

In the second division of the second semester each student will be expected to present to the class in a ten or fifteen minute report the results of his study outside the required readings of a topic chosen in consultation with the instructor. The time allotted for preparation of this report should be approximately one-tenth of the time devoted to the entire course. The report itself should not take the form of reading an essay, but should be a short talk from a brief outline.

Textbooks

L. A. Rufener, Principles of Economics

R. M. Rutledge, Everyday Economics

SCHEDULE OF READINGS, LECTURES, AND EXAMINATIONS

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

FIRST SEMESTER

First Week

*Rufener, ch.1. Wants, Goods, and Welfare

*Rutledge, ch. 1.

Stuart Chase, Your Money’s Worth

C. E. Carpenter, Dollars and Sense

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, Elementary Economics, chs. 1, 7.

S. H. Slichter, Modern Economic Society, ch. 22.

Lecture: The Significance of Scarcity.

Second Week

*Rufener:

ch. 2. Improving Methods of Production
ch. 3. Exchange, Value, and Price
ch. 4. Business Organization and Profits

*Rutledge, ch. 4.

V. O. Watts, The Myth of the Industrial Revolution

Third Week

*Rufener:

ch. 5. Demand and Supply and Market Price
ch. 6. Demand and Supply and Market Price (continued)
ch. 7. Demand Schedules for Producers’ Goods

*Rutledge, ch. 6

W. H. Hamilton, Current Economic Problems, selections 63-66

Slichter, chs. 12, 13, 14

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, chs. 11-15.

Fourth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 8. Costs of Production, Market Price, and Profit
ch. 9. Cost and Price in Agriculture: Wheat-Growing
ch. 10. The Rent and Price of Agricultural Land

*Rutledge, ch. 10.

J. B. Hubbard, Current Economic Policies, pp. 180-207

Slichter, chs. 17, 19. “Public Authority as a Determinant of Price”.

Fifth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 11. Indirect Costs in Agriculture
ch. 12. Economic Rent and the Unearned Increment
ch. 13. Cost of Production in Manufacturing: Decreasing Cost

*Rutledge ch. 12.

Fairchild, Furniss, and Buck, chs. 31, 32.

Hour Examination

Sixth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 14. Decreasing Costs, Indirect Costs, and Price
ch. 15. Monopoly and Monopoly Price
ch. 16. Industrial Monopolies and Government Control

*Rutledge:

ch. 15.
ch. 16.

F. A. Fetter, The Masquerade of Monopoly

M. W. Watkins, Industrial Combinations and Public Policy

Lecture:
The Economies and Limitations of Large-Scale Methods

Seventh Week

*Rufener:

ch. 17. Public Utilities and Government Control
ch. 18. Railroads and Government Control
ch. 19. Demand Schedules for Labor

Slichter, ch. 18.

Eighth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 20. Differences in Wages
ch. 21. Labor Organization

*Rutledge:

ch. 20
ch. 21

Paul Douglas, Real Wages in the United States

Slichter, ch. 24. “The Labor Bargain—The Determination of Wages”

Fairchild, Furniss and Buck ch. 35. “The General Law of Wages.”

Rufener, ch. 22. “Labor Legislation”

Lectures:

Principles of Justice in Distribution
Wage Theories
The Malthusian Principle of Population

Ninth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 23. The Price of Loans.
ch. 24. Producers’ Loans and the Rate of Interest.

*Rutledge, ch. 23.

*R. Epstein, Supplementary Readings in Economics, ch. 18. “The Nature of Capital and Interest”

Lecture:
The Nature and Importance of Saving and Investment.

Tenth Week

Semester Examination

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

SECOND SEMESTER

First Week

*Rufener:

ch. 25. The Qualities and Quantity of Money
ch. 27. Government Paper Money

*Rutledge:

ch. 25
ch. 27

*Rufener, ch. 28. Bank Deposits and Bank Notes

D. H. Robertson, Money

Rufener, ch. 26

Second Week

*Rufener:

ch. 29. Bank Credit and Business Cycles.
ch. 30. Government Regulation of Banking in the U.S.

*Rutledge, ch. 29.

Slichter, ch. 11, ch. 20 (pp. 471-491).

L. Robbins, The Great Depression.

H. Clay, J. Stamp, J. M. Keynes, The World’s Economic Crisis and the Way of Escape.

L. Ayres, The Economics of Recovery.

W. C. Mitchell, Business Cycles, ch. 1, sections 3, 4.

Lecture:
The Causes of the 1930-1935 Depression
.

Third Week

*Rufener:

ch. 31. Risk, Insurance and Speculation.
ch. 32. Clearings, Collections, and Exchange.

*Rutledge, ch. 31.

Slichter, ch. 30. “International Economic Policies—Monetary and Financial Problems.”

H. G. Moulton:

Germany’s Capacity to Pay.
The World War Debt Settlements.

Rufener, ch. 33.

Fourth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 34. International Trade
ch. 35. Protection and Free Trade.

*F. W. Taussig, Free Trade, the Tariff, and Reciprocity, pp. 44-57 and chs. 3,4,7, and pp. 168-179.

S. Crowther, America Self-Contained.

W. Redfield, Dependent America.

J. M. Jones, Tariff Retaliation.

F. Bastiat, Economic Sophisms.

H. F. Fraser, Foreign Trade and World Politics.

Rutledge, ch. 35.

Fifth Week

*Rufener:

ch. 37. Theories of Taxation.
ch. 38. The Tax System of the United States.

Hour Examination

Sixth to Ninth Weeks

*Rufener:

ch.39. Problems of Agriculture.
ch.36. The Functions of Government
ch.40. Evils of the Price and Profit System, and Remedies Proposed.

*Rutledge ch. 40.

*Hubbard, Current Economic Policies, pp. 3-21.

Stuart Chase:

The Tragedy of Waste.
The Economy of Abundance.

T. N. Carver:

Essays in Social Justice, chs. 4-7, 9-16.
The Economy of Human Energy, chs. 2, 3, 6—9.

P. Sorokin, Social Mobility.

A. T. Hadley, Standards of Public Morality, chs. 1-3.

H. M. Robinson, Relativity in Business Morals.

See also the following references to current periodicals.

Lectures:

Economic Inequality
The Social Nature of Property
The Economy of Abundance
Planned Production
A Program of Economic Reorganization
.

Tenth Week

Final Examination.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

PERIODICALS

                  The following publications are devoted partly or wholly to economic and business subjects.

Academy of Political Science, Proceedings

*American Economic Review

*American Labor Legislation Review

American Statistical Association Journal

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

*Annalist

*Business Week

Chase Economic Bulletin

*Commercial and Financial Chronicle

Commonweal

Congressional Digest

*Economic Forum

Economic Geography

*Economic Journal

Factory Management and Maintenance

Foreign Affairs

Fortune

Harvard Business Review

International Labor Review

*Journal of Political Economy

*Magazine of Wall Street

Monthly Labor Review

Nation (New York)

National City Bank of New York Bulletin

Nation’s Business

New Republic

Personnel Journal

*Political Science Quarterly

*Printer’s Ink

*Quarterly Journal of Economics

Review of Economic Statistics

Yale Review

*Current issues in the Economics Reading Room, Main Bldg., Room 37.

The following articles in issues of the past year are especially recommended:

First Semester

“The Coal Resources of China,” W. Belden, M. Salter, Economic Geography, July 1935.

“The Public Utility Issue,” L. Olds, The Yale Review, Summer, 1935.

“Economic Effects of Wages and Hour Provisions in Codes,” T. O. Yntema, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Supplement (Papers and Proceedings) March 1935.

“The American Labor Movement Since the War,” D. J. Saposs, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Feb., 1935.

“Economic and Political Radicalism,” M. C. Kruger, American Journal of Sociology, May, 1935.
(The effect of the depression on the economic and political policies of organized labor.)

“Workers’ Education in the United States,” A. S. Cheyney, International Labor Review, July, 1935.

“The Negro in Industry,” G.S.Mitchell, The American Scholar, Summer 1935.
(The problem of race prejudice in trade unions)

“Incidence upon the Negroes,” C.S. Johnson, American Journal of Sociology, May, 1935.
(Incidence of the burdens of the depression upon negroes)

“Compensation of Corporation Executives, 1928-1932 Record,” J.C.Baker and W. L. Crum, Harvard Business Review, Sumner 1935.

“Old Age Security,” E. E. Witte, National Municipal Review, July 1935.

“Paying for Economic and Social Security,” J. P. Harris, National Municipal Review, August 1935.

“Problems of Social Security Legislation in the United States,” several articles in the Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, June 1935.

Second Semester

“The Royal Road to Inflation,” A. Wolff, Economic Forum, Spring 1935.
(Shows how continued federal budget deficits may lead to currency inflation.)

“Trade Treaty Need,” Cordell Hull, “American Trade Policy and World Recovery,” P. Molyneaux, International Conciliation, June 1935.

“Death Duties, Enterprise, and the Growth of National Capital,” B. M. Anderson, Chase Economic Bulletin, August 6, 1935.

“The Outlook for American Cotton,” J. D. Black, Review of Economic Statistics, March 1935.
(Is America losing her foreign cotton markets?)

“The New Deal and Economic Liberty,” A. A. Berle, and other articles on government control of business, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, March 1935.

“A Planned Economy for Wall Street,” C. H. Meyer, The American Scholar Summer 1935.
(The economic consequences of the Securities Acts of 1933, 1934)

“Government Control of Investments and Speculation,” R. S. Tucker, American Economic Review, Supplement, March 1935.

“The Paths of Economic Change,” Calvin B. Hoover, American Economic Review, Supplement (Papers and Proceedings) March 1935.
(Fascism, Communism, and Capitalism compared.)

“The Corporate State and NRA,” G. Bottai, Foreign Affairs, July 1935.

“The Permanent New Deal,” W. Lippmann, The Yale Review, Summer 1935.
(A comparison of the policies of Herbert Hoover with those of Franklin D. Roosevelt.)

“Borrowing Machines,” H. A. Davis, National Municipal Review, June 1935.
(Are the now “authorities” a blessing or menace?)

“Gyp Vendor & Co.,” G. B. Seybold, National Municipal Review, June 1935.
(New York’s attempt to secure economy in municipal expenditures discloses numerous rackets and forms of graft.)

Source: Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of V. Orval Watts, Box 1, Folder “Misc. writings, etc. 1930s + 1940s”.

Image Source: Harvard Class Album, 1932.

Categories
Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Reading list and Exam for U.S. Economic History. Gay, 1906-1907

Edwin Francis Gay solo-taught the course on U.S. economic and financial history in 1906-07. He modified and expanded the course reading list from that used in the previous year by him and Taussig, but the structure of the course nonetheless appears to have been essentially unchanged.

__________________________

Previously…

Assistant Professor Oliver Mitchell Wentworth Sprague taught the Harvard course “Economic History of the United States”/ “Economic and Financial History of the United States” in 1901-02 (with James Horace Patten), 1902-03, 1903-04, and 1904-05. The course was taken over in 1905-06 by Frank William Taussig and Edwin Francis Gay after Sprague left for a full professorship at the Imperial University of Japan. The Taussig/Gay reading list and final exam for 1905-06.

__________________________

Course Enrollment
1906-07

Economics 6b 2hf. Professor [Edwin Francis] Gay. — Economic and Financial History of the United States.

Total 112: 20 Graduates, 13 Seniors, 44 Juniors, 25 Sophomores, 2 Freshmen, 8 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1906-1907, p. 71.

__________________________

Course Reading List
1906-07

[Library Stamp: “May 13, 1907”]

ECONOMICS: 6b

Required Reading is indicated by an asterisk (*)

1. COLONIAL PERIOD.

*Ashley, Commercial Legislation of England and the American Colonies, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 1-29; printed also in Ashley’s Surveys, pp. 309-335.

*Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, pp.36-51.

McMaster, History of the People of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 1-102.

Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, pp. 273-307.

Beer, Commercial Policy of England, pp. 5-158.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 3-91.

Lord, Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies of North America, pp. 56-86; 124-139.

1776-1860.
2. COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, AND TARIFF.

*Taussig, Tariff History of the United States, pp. 68-154

*Hamilton, Report on Manufactures, in Taussig’s State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, pp. 1-79, 103-107, (79-103).

Bolles, Industrial History of the United States, Book II, pp. 403-426.

Bishop, History of American Manufactures, Vol. II, pp. 256-505.

Pitkin, Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (ed. 1835), pp. 368-412.

Gallatin, Free Trade Memorial, in Taussig’s State Papers, pp. 108-213.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 146-183.

Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the United States, Amer. Econ. Assoc. Pub., Vol. VIII, pp. 107-132.

3. AGRICULTURE AND LAND POLICY. — WESTWARD MOVEMENT.

*Hart, Practical Essays on American Government, pp. 233-257; printed also in Q.J.E., Vol. I, pp. 169-183, 251-254.

*Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 67-119.

*Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, pp. 52-74.

Turner, Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Report of Amer. Hist. Assoc., 1893, pp. 199-227.

Donaldson, Public Domain, pp. 1-29, 196-239, 332-356.

Sato, History of the Land Question in the United States, Johns Hopkins University Studies, IV. Nos. 7-9, pp. 127-181.

Sanborn, Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways, Bulletin of Univ. of Wisconsin Econ., Pol. Sci, and Hist. Series, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 269-354.

Hart, History as Told by Contemporaries, Vol. III, pp. 459-478.

4. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.

*Callender, Early Transportation and Banking Enterprises, Q.J.E., Vol. XVII, pp. 111-162; printed also separately, pp. 3-54.

Tenth United States Census (1880), Vol. IV, Thos. C. Purdy’s Reports on History of Steam Navigation in the United States, pp. 1-62, and History of Operating Canals in the United States, pp. 1-32.

Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States, pp. 80-87, 209-276.

Ringwalt, Development of Transportation Systems in the United States, pp. 41-54, 64-166.

Gallatin, Plan of Internal Improvements, Amer. State Papers, Misc., Vol. I, pp. 724-921 (see especially maps, pp. 744, 762, 764, 820, 830).

Pitkin, Statistical View (1835), pp. 531-581.

Chittenden, Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River, Vol. II, pp. 417-424.

5. FINANCE, BANKING AND CURRENCY.

*Dewey, Financial History of the United States, pp. 75-117, 223-237, 252-262.

*Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States, pp. 1-24, 68-119, 376 map, 402-403, 464-477.

*Bullock, Essays on the Monetary History of the United States, pp. 60-93.

Hamilton, Reports on Public Credit, Amer. State Papers, Finance, Vol. I, pp. 15-37. 64-76.

Kinley. History of the Independent Treasury, pp. 16-39.

Sumner, Andrew Jackson (ed. 1886), pp. 224-249, 257-276, 291-342.

Ross, Sinking Funds, pp. 21-85.

Scott, Repudiation of State Debts, pp. 33-196.

Bourne, History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837, pp. 1-43, 125-135.

Conant, History of Modern Banks of Issue, pp. 310-347.

6. POPULATION AND SLAVERY.

*Cairnes, The Slave Power (2d ed.), pp. 32-103, 140-178.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 34-66.

Russell, North America, its Agriculture and Climate, pp. 133-167.

De Tocqueville, Democracy in America (ed. 1838), pp. 336-361, or eds. 1841 and 1848, Vol. I, pp. 386-412.

Helper, Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South, pp. 7-61.

1860-1900.
7. FINANCE, BANKING AND CURRENCY.

*Mitchell, History of the Greenbacks, pp. 3-43, 403-420.

*Noyes, Thirty Years of American Finance, pp. 1-72, 234-254 (73-233).

Taussig, Silver Situation in the United States, pp. 1-157.

Dunbar, National Banking System, Q.J.E., Vol. XII, pp. 1-26; printed also in Dunbar’s Economic Essays, pp. 227-247.

Howe, Taxation and Taxes in the United States under the Internal Revenue System, pp. 136-262.

Tenth United States Census (1880), Vol. VII; Bayley, History of the National Loans, pp. 369-392, 444-486.

8. TRANSPORTATION.

*Hadley, Railroad Transportation, pp. 1-23, 125-145.

*Johnson, American Railway Transportation, pp. 24-68, 307-321, 367-385.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 466-481.

Adams, Chapters of Erie, pp. 1-99, 333-429.

Davis, The Union Pacific Railway, Annals of the Amer. Acad., Vol. VIII, pp. 259-303.

Villard, Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 284-312.

Dixon, Interstate Commerce Act as Amended, Q.J.E., Vol. XXI, pp. 22-51.

9. AGRICULTURE AND OPENING OF THE WEST.

*Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 43-123, 134-167.

*Noyes, Recent Economic History of the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 167-187.

Twelfth United States Census (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xlii.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, pp. 120-226.

Adams, The Granger Movement, North American Review, Vol. CXX, pp. 394-424.

Bemis, Discontent of the Farmer, J. Pol. Ec., Vol. I, 193-213.

10. THE TARIFF.

*Taussig, Tariff History, pp. 156-229.

Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, Vol. II, pp. 243-394.

Taussig, Iron Industry, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 143-170, 475-508.

Taussig, Wool and Woolens, Q.J.E., Vol. VIII, pp. 1-39.

Wright, Wool-growing and the Tariff since 1890, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 610-647.

Robinson, History of Two Reciprocity Treaties, pp. 9-17, 40-77, 141-156.

Laughlin and Willis, Reciprocity, pp. 311-437.

11. INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION.

*Twelfth United States Census (1900), Vol. VII, pp. clxx-cxc (note especially the maps and comments on pp. clxx-clxxviii).

*Noyes, Thirty Years of American Finance, pp. 113-126.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 485-519, 544-569.

Twelfth Census, Vol. IX, pp. 1-16; Vol. X, pp. 725-748.

Wells, Recent Economic Changes, pp. 70-113.

12. COMMERCE AND SHIPPING.

*Meeker, Shipping Subsidies, Pol. Sci. Quart., Vol. XX, pp. 594-611.

Soley, Maritime Industries of the United States, in Shaler’s United States, Vol. I, pp. 518-618.

Meeker, History of Shipping Subsidies, pp. 150-171.

McVey, Shipping Subsidies, J. Pol. Ec., Vol. IX, pp. 24-46.

Wells, Our Merchant Marine, pp. 1-94.

13. INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATION.

*Willoughby, Integration of Industry in the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XVI, pp. 94-107.

*Noyes, Recent Economic History of the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 188-209.

Twelfth Census, Vol. VII, pp. cxc-ccxiv.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIII, pp. v-xviii.

Bullock, Trust Literature, Q.J.E., Vol. XV, pp. 167-217.

14. THE LABOR PROBLEM.

*United States Bureau of Labor Bulletins, No. 18 (Sept. 1898), pp. 665-670; No. 30 (Sept. 1900), pp. 913-915; No. 53 (July, 1904), pp. 703-728.

Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, pp. 3-16, 502-547.

Levasseur. American Workman, pp. 436-509.

Mitchell, Organized Labor, pp. 391-411.

Twelfth Census, Special Report on Employees and Wages, p. xcix.

National Civic Federation, Industrial Conciliation, pp. 40-48, 141-154, 238-243, 254-266.

15. POPULATION, IMMIGRATION
AND THE RACE QUESTION.

*United States Census Bulletin, No. 4 (1903), pp. 5-38.

*Industrial Commission, Vol. XV, pp. xix-Ivii.

Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, pp. 68-112.

Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Immigration, pp. 38-78.

Walker, Discussions in Economics and Statistics, Vol. II, pp. 417-451.

Hoffmann, Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, pp. 250-309.

Tillinghast, The Negro in Africa and America, pp. 102-228.

Twelfth Census Bulletin, No. 8.

United States Bureau of Labor Bulletins, Nos. 14, 22, 32, 35, 37, 38, 48.

Washington, Future of the American Negro, pp. 3-244.

Stone, A Plantation Experiment, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 270-287.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 1, Folder: “Economics 1906-07”.

__________________________

ECONOMICS 6b
Year-end Examination, 1906-07

  1. Describe briefly (not more than five minutes each) :—
    1. Independent Treasury.
    2. Greenbacks
    3. Mills Bill.
    4. Minimum system.
    5. Homestead system.
    6. Chief Canal systems.
  2. Outline succinctly :—
    1. The history and results of the tariff on wool and woolens.
    2. The experience of the United States with reciprocity.
  3. Comment on the following (from Grant’s message of 1870):
    “Building ships and navigating them utilizes vast capital at home; it creates a home market for the farm and the shop; it diminishes the balance of trade against us precisely to the extent of freights and passage money paid to American vessels, and gives us a supremacy of the seas of inestimable value in case of foreign war.”
  4. Compare in its more important features the economic history of the decade 1870-80 with that of the decade 1890-1900.
  5. [International labor migration]
    1. Describe the administration of the alien contract labor law.
    2. What are the present tendencies in the distribution of immigrants?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers, 1873-1915. Box 8, Bound vol. Examination Papers 1906-07 (HUC 7000.25), pp. 29-30.

Image Source: Edwin F. Gay, seated in office, 1908. From Wikipedia. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Education Harvard Labor Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Reading list for economics of education and technology. Bowles, 1967-68

The following reading list comes from a Harvard course on the economics of education and technology offered by assistant professor Samuel S. Bowles in the spring semester of the 1967-68 academic year. Bowles was 28 years young then. Here is a link to his Santa Fe Institute webpage.

Only the pages of the syllabus with the reading lists were submitted to the Harvard library for the purpose of putting books on reserve. Not included were the couple of paragraphs of motivation/description for each of the seven sections of the course. I had to insert approximate titles for sections IV and VII and have put those words between square brackets.

__________________________

Most likely spot to find more course content

Samuel Bowles, Planning Educational Systems for Economic Growth. Harvard University Press, 1969.

[When you get an account with archive.org, it is like having an old fashioned library card and you will have access to this book for an hour at a time when it is not being borrowed by another user.]

__________________________

Course Announcement

Economics 151 (formerly Economics 177). Economics of Education and Technology (Offered jointly with the Graduate School of Education)
Half course (spring term). M., W., F., at 9. Assistant Professor S. S. Bowles

Attention will be given to the economics of the education process, the theory and implications of innovation, the effects of education and technological change on the distribution of income and the role of education and technological change in economic growth. Relevant case studies and current policy issues related to the United States and underdeveloped countries will be considered.

Source: Harvard University. Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Courses of Instruction, Harvard and Radcliffe, 1967-68, p. 124.

__________________________

Reading list
Ec. 151
Sam Bowles

I. THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME — RECENT U.S. EXPERIENCE

A. Batchelder, “Decline in the Relative Income of Negro Men,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1964, pp. 525-48.

*H. Miller, Rich Man, Poor Man, chapters 1, 2, 4-6, pp. 54-134.

I. Kravis, “Relative Income Shares in Fact and Theory,” American Economic Review, 1959, pp. 917-947.

R. Lampman, The Share of Top Wealth-Holders in National Wealth, chapter 1, pp. 1-26; also Table 97, p. 209.

(Supplementary)

*G. Kolko, Wealth and Power in America.

H. Miller, Distribution of Income in the United States.

II. EDUCATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
  1. Education and Earnings

*H. Miller, Rich Man, Poor Man, Chapters 8 and 9, pp. 148-194.

  1. Education as Investment

I. Fisher, The Theory of Interest, Chapters 4, 7, 10, and 11, pp. 61-98, 159-177, and 231-287.

T. Ribich, Poverty and Education, Chapter I, pp. 1-17 and 23-32, mimeo.

G. Becker, Human Capital, Chapters 1-5; 7 and 8, pp. 1-123; 136-159.

  1. Equality of Educational Opportunity

J. Coleman, “Equal Schools or Equal Students,” in The Public Interest, Summer, 1966, pp. 70-75.

*P. Sexton, Education and Income, pp. 58-69.

(Supplementary)

*Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU), Youth in the Ghetto: A Study in the Consequences of Powerlessness, Chapter 7.

*J. Conant, Slums and Suburbs, Chapters 1, 2, and 3.

*P.  Sexton, “City Schools,” in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 1964, reprinted in L. Ferman, et al., eds., Poverty in America.

  1. A Model of Education and the Distribution of Earnings

G. Becker, “Human Capital and the Personal Distribution of Income: An Analytical Approach,” mimeo, 59 pp.

  1. Education and the War on Poverty

B. Weisbrod, “Preventing High School Dropouts,” in R. Dorfman, (*) Measuring the Benefits of Government Investments, pp. 117-148.

J. K. Folger and C. B. Nam, Education of the American Population (U.S. Department of Commerce).

(Supplementary)

O. Lewis, “The Culture of Poverty,” Scientific American, October, 1966, pp. 19-25.

*Haryou, Youth in the Ghetto, Chapter 12.

C. A. Anderson, “A Skeptical Note on Education and Mobility,” in H. Halsey, J. Floud, C. Anderson, (*) Education Economy and Society.

III. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME
  1. The Theory of Production and Distribution

M. Brown, On the Theory and Measurement of Technological Change, chapter 2, pp. 9-28.

*J. Meade, Efficiency, Equality and the Ownership of Property, Chapter 1, pp. 11-26.

J. Hicks, Theory of Wages, Chapter VI, pp. 112-135.

  1. Commentaries, Past and Present

A. Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter 1.

D. Ricardo, The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Chapter 31, “On Machinery.”

K. Marx, Capital, Volume I, Chapter XV, sections 3, 5 and 6, pp. 430-456; 466-488. (Pages refer to Modern Library edition.)

P. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, Chapter 5, pp. 75-95.

R. Solow, “Technology and Unemployment,” The Public Interest, Fall, 1965, pp. 17-26.

(Supplementary)

R. Eckaus, “The Factor Proportions Problem in Underdeveloped Areas.” American Economic Review, September, 1955, reprinted in A. Agarwala and S. P. Singh; (*) The Economics of Underdevelopment, pp. 348-78.

  1. Making the Most Out of Technological Change

*J. Meade, Efficiency, Equality and the Ownership of Property, Chapters 2-7, pp. 27-77.

*National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress, Technology and the American Economy, Vol. 1, chapters 1-4, pp. 1-58.

IV. [ECONOMIC GROWTH: MEASUREMENT, THEORY, PRODUCTIVITY]
  1. The Measurement and Characteristics of Economic Growth

S. Kuznets, Postwar Economic Growth, Lecture II, “Characteristics of Modern Economic Growth,” pp. 36-68.

*C. Cipolla, The Economic History of World Population, Chapters 1 and 2, pp. 15-58.

*E. Denison, The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States, Chapters 1, 2, and 3, pp. 3-22.

(Supplementary)

M. Abramovitz, “The Welfare Interpretation of Secular Trends in National Income and Product,” Abramovitz, et al. (*) The Allocation of Economic Resources, pp. 1-22.

*S. Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth.

*O. Morgenstern, On the Accuracy of Economic Observations, Chapters 1 and 2.

  1. Theories of Economic Growth

G. Winston, “The Power Growth Model,” mimeo, 18 pp.

*J. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development, Chapters 1 to 4, pp. 3-156.

*J. Meade, A Neoclassical Theory of Economic Growth, Chapters 1 and 2, pp. 1-18.

  1. The Advance of Productivity in the U.S. Economy

J. Kendrick, Productivity Trends in the United States, pp. 3-12, 59-77.

(Supplementary)

M. Abramovitz, “Resource and Output Trends in the U.S. Since 1870,” American Economic Review, 1956.

R. Solow, “Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 1957.

V. EDUCATION AND GROWTH

T. Schultz, The Economic Value of Education, pp. 1-70.

S. Strumilin, “The Economic Significance of National Education,” in J. Vaizey and E. A. G. Robinson, The Economics of Education, pp. 276-323.

B. Weisbrod, “Education and Investment in Human Capital,” Journal of Political Economy Supplement, October, 1962, pp. 106-123.

W. Bowen, Economic Aspects of Education, Essay I, “Assessing the Economic Contribution of Education,” pp. 3-38.

*E. Denison, The Sources of Economic Growth in the U.S. and the Alternatives Before Us, pp. 23-46; 66-80; 84-87.

T. Schultz, “Investing in Farm People,” in T. Schultz, (*) Transforming Traditional Agriculture, pp. 175-206.

(Supplementary)

T. Schultz, “Investment in Human Capital,” American Economic Review, December, 1961.

W. Bowman, “The Human Investment Revolution in Economic Thought,” Sociology of Education, Vol. 39, No. 2, Spring, 1966, pp. 112-137.

*B. Weisbrod, The External Benefits of Public Education.

A. Harberger, “Investment in Men vs. Investment in Machines: The Case of India,” in M. Bowman and C. A. Anderson, Education and Economic Development, pp. 11-33.

Carl Shoup, et al., The Fiscal System of Venezuela, pp. 406-409.

M. Bowman and C. Anderson, “Concerning the Role of Education in Development,” in C. Geertz, Old Societies and New States, pp. 247-279.

S. Bowles, “Sources of Growth in the Greek Economy,” mimeo.

VI. TECHNOLOGY AND GROWTH
  1. The Production of New Technologies

J. Enos, “Invention and Innovation in the Petroleum Industry,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, pp. 299-322.

H. Dickenson, “The Steam-Engine to 1830,” in Charles Singer et al. A History of Technology, Volume IV, pp. 168-198.

(Supplementary)

Articles by Peck, Mueller and Nelson, in National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity.

R. Nelson, “The Economics of Invention: A Survey of the Literature,” in Journal of Business, April, 1959, pp. 101-127.

J. Schmookler, Invention and Economic Growth, Chapters 6 and 7.

  1. The Spread of New Technologies

W. E. G. Salter, Productivity and Technical Change, Chapters 4, 5, 6 and appendix to Chapter 7, pp. 48-82, 95-99.

Z. Griliches, “Hybrid Corn and the Economics of Innovation,” Science, July 29, 1960, Vol. 132, pp. 275-280.

(Supplementary)

J. Habakkuk, American and British Technology.

  1. Technology and Growth

E. Denison, The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States, pp. 154-255.

Z. Griliches, “Research Costs and Social Returns: Hybrid Corn and Related Innovations,” Journal of Political Economy, October, 1958, pp. 419-431.

  1. Efficiency of Resource Allocation in Research and Development

R. Nelson, “The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research,” in Journal of Political Economy, June, 1959, pp. 297-306.

(Supplementary)

K. Arrow, “Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,” in National Bureau of Economic Research, The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, pp. 609-625.

VII. [ECONOMICS OF EDUCATION]
  1. The Concept of Efficiency in Education

H. Johnson, “Economics and Education,” in School Review, Autumn, 1957, pp. 260-269.

(Supplementary)

Project Talent, Studies of the American High School, Cooperative Research Project 226, U.S. Office of Education. Chapters 6, 9, and 10.

J. Coleman, Equality of Educational Opportunity, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education.

  1. The Market for Educated Labor

H. Leibenstein, “Shortages and Surpluses in Education in Underdeveloped Countries,” in M. J. Bowman and C A. Anderson, Education and Economic Development, pp. 51-62.

K. Arrow and W. Capron, “Dynamic Shortages and Price Rises, The Engineer-Scientist Case,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 1959, pp. 292-308.

  1. Market Solutions to the Problem of Efficient Resource Allocation in Education

M. Friedman, “The Role of Government in Education,” in R. Solo, Economics and the Public Interest, pp. 123-144.

A. Daniere, Higher Education in the American Economy, chapters 2 and 4-5 pp. 13-19, 33-55.

(Supplementary)

C. Jencks, “Is the Public School Obsolete?” in The Public Interest.

  1. Educational Planning

M. Blaug, “Conflicting Approaches to Educational Planning,” mimeo, 34 pp.

H. Johnson, “The Economics of the Brain Drain,” Minerva, 1965.

A. Daniere, “Rate of Return and Manpower Approach in Educational Planning” in Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, Public Policy, 1965, pp. 162-200.

(Supplementary)

F. Harbison and C. Myers, Education, Manpower and Economic Growth.

J. Tinbergen, et al., Econometric Models of Education, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1965; An Experiment in Planning by Six Countries, 1966.

H. Parnés, Forecasting Education Needs for Economic and Social Development, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, 1962.

R. Hollister, A Technical Evaluation of the First Stage of the Mediterranean Regional Project, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1966.

R. Eckaus, “Economic Criteria for Education and Training,” Review of Economics and Statistics, (May, 1964), pp. 181-190.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1967-1968, Box 9. Folder “Economics, 1967-68”.

Image Source: The Boston Globe (December 5, 1969), p. 15.

Categories
Econometrics Harvard Statistics Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Syllabus and partial reading list for graduate time-series econometrics. Sims, 1968-1969

 

Future economics Nobel laureate (2011) Christopher A. Sims was a 26 year old assistant professor at Harvard tasked in the fall term of 1968 to teach a graduate level introduction to time-series econometrics. He had been awarded a Harvard economics Ph.D. earlier that year. His dissertation supervisor was Hendrik Houthakker.

A copy of Sims’ initial list of reading assignments and topics can be found in the papers of Zvi Griliches in the Harvard Archives. Sims does appear to have offered a rather heavy dose of time-series econometrics for that time. Perhaps it was too much of a good thing, at least too much to swallow for most of the department’s graduate students. In any event Econometric Methods I was transferred to / taken over by Zvi Griliches in the following years when the topic of time series was reduced to an amuse-bouche of serial correlation.

In the previous year the course had been taught by Marc Nerlove (Yale University) with the following brief description provided in the course catalogue:  “An introduction to the construction and testing of econometric models with special emphasis on the analysis of economic time series.” 

_______________________

Course Announcement
Fall Term, 1968

Economics 224a. Econometric Methods

Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., S., at 9. Assistant Professor C. A. Sims

The theory of stochastic processes with applications to the construction and testing of dynamic economic models. Analysis in the time domain and in the frequency domain, in discrete time and in continuous time.

Prerequisite: Economics 221b [Multiple regression and the analysis of variance with economic applications] or equivalent preparation in statistics.

Source: Harvard University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Courses of Instruction, 1968-69, p. 133.

_______________________

Fall 1968
Economics 224a
Asst. Prof. C. Sims

Course Description

            The accompanying Course Outline gives a detailed description of topics 0 through III which will (hopefully) occupy the first third of the semester. These topics include most of the mathematical tools which will be given econometric application in the later sections. The list of topics in the outline, even under the main headings 0 through III, is not exhaustive; and the topics listed are not all of equivalent importance.

            Many of the references listed overlap substantially. In the first, theoretical, section of the course (except for Section 0) the references are chosen to duplicate as nearly as possible what will be covered in lectures. They should provide alternative explanations when you find the lectures obscure or, in some cases, provide more elegant and rigorous discussion when you find the lectures too pedestrian.

            The primary emphasis of this course will be on the stationarity, or linear process, approach to dynamic models. The Markov process, control theory, or state space approach which is currently prominent in the engineering literature will be discussed briefly under topics V and VII.

            The latter parts of the course will apply the theory developed in the first parts to formulating and testing dynamic economic models or hypotheses. Some background in economics is therefore essential to participation in the course. The mathematical prerequisites are a solid grasp of calculus, a course in statistics, and an ability to absorb new mathematical notions fairly quickly.

            The course text is Spectral Methods in Econometrics by Gilbert Fishman. Spectral Analysis by Gwilyn M. Jenkins and Donald G. Watts is more complete in some respects, but it is less thorough in its treatment of some points important in econometrics and it costs three times what Fishman costs. A list of other texts which may be referred to in the accompanying course outline or in future outlines and reading assignments follows. Some of these texts are at a higher mathematical level than is required for this course or cover topics we will not cover in detail. Those texts which should be on library reserve are marked with a “*”, and those which are priced below the usual high prices for technical texts are marked with a “$”.

List of Text References

* Ahlfors, Lars, Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.

Acki, Max., Optimization of Stochastic Systems, Academic Press, 1967.

* Deutsch, Ralph, Estimation Theory, Prentice Hall, 1965.

* Fellner, et.al., Ten Economic Studies in the Tradition of Irving Fisher, Wiley, 1967.

* Freeman, H., Introduction to Statistical Inference, Addison-Wesley, 1963.

Granger, C.W.J., and M. Hatanaka, Spectral Analysis of Economic Time Series, Princeton University Press, 1964.

Grenander, U., and M. Rosenblatt, Statistical Analysis of Stationary Time Series, Wiley, 1957.

Grenander, U., and G. Szego, Toeplitz Forms and Their Applications, University of California Press, 1958.

*$ Hannan, E.J., Time Series Analysis, Methuen, London, 1960.

$ Lighthill, Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Functions, Cambridge University Press.

Rozanov, Yu. A., Stationary Random Processes, Holden-Day, 1967.

*$ Whittle, P., Prediction and Regulation by Linear Least-Square Methods, English Universities Press, 1963.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Preliminary Course Outline
Fall 1968

Economics 224a
Asst. Prof. C. Sims

0. Elementary Preliminaries.

Complex numbers and analytic functions, definitions and elementary facts. Manipulation of multi-dimensional probability distributions.

The material in this section will not be covered in lectures. A set of exercises aimed at testing your facility in these areas (for your information and mine) will be handed out at the first meeting.

References: Ahlfors, I.1, I.2.1-2.4, II.1; Jenkins and Watts, Chapters 3 and 4 or the sections on probability in a mathematical statistics text, e.g. Freeman, part I.

I. Stochastic Processes: Fundamental definitions and properties.
  1. Definitions:

stochastic process;
normal (stochastic) process;
stationary process;
linear process; — autoregressive and moving average processes;
covariance stationary process.
autocovariance and autocorrelation functions
stochastic convergence — in probability, almost sure, and in the (quadratic) mean or mean square;
ergodic process — n’th order ergodicity, sufficient conditions for first and second order ergodicity.
process with stationary n’th difference
Markov process

  1. Extensions to multivariate case.

References: Fishman, 2.1-2.5; Jenkins and Watts, 5.1-5.2.

II. Background from Mathematical Analysis
  1. Function spaces.
  2. Linear operator on function spaces; their interpretation as limits of sequences of ordinary weighted averages.
  3. Convolution of functions with functions, of operators with functions; discrete versus continuous time.
  4. Measure functions; Lebesgue-Stieltjes measures on the real line.
  5. Integration; the Lebesgue integral, the Cauchy-Riemann integral, and the Cauchy principal value; inverting the order of integration.
  6. Fourier transforms; of functions; of operators; continuous, discrete, and finite-discrete time parameters; the inverse transform and Parseval’s theorem.
  7. Applications to some simple deterministic models.

References: Jenkins and Watts, Chapter 2. For more rigor, see Lighthill. No reference I know of covers topics 4 and 5 in as brief and heuristic a way as we shall.

III. The spectral representation of covariance-stationary processes and its theoretical applications.
  1. Random measures; the random spectral measure of a covariance stationary process; characteristics of the random spectral measure in the normal and non-normal cases.
  2. The spectral density; relation to autocovariance function; positive definiteness.
  3. Wold’s decomposition; regular, mixed, and linearly deterministic processes; discrete and continuous component in the spectral measure; example of non-linearly deterministic process; the criterion for regularity with continuous spectral density.
  4. The moving average representation; criteria for existence of autoregressive representation.
  5. Optimal least squares forecasting and filtering.
  6. Generalized random processes.
  7. The multivariate case; cross spectra.
  8. Applications to econometric models.

References: Fishman, 2.6-2.30; Jenkins and Watts, 6.2 and 8.3: For a much more abstract approach, see Rozanov, chapters I – III.

IV. Statistical analysis using spectral and cross-spectral techniques.

V. Regression in time series.

VI. Seasonality.

VII. Estimation in distributed lag models.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Papers of Zvi Griliches, Box 123. Folder “Econometric Methods 1968-1982.”

Image Source: Christopher A. Sims ’63 in Harvard Class Album 1963. From the Harvard Crimson article “Harvard and the Atomic Bomb,” by Matt B. Hoisch and Luke W. Xu (March 22, 2018). Sims was a member of the Harvard/Radcliffe group “Tocsin” that advocated nuclear disarmament.

Categories
Agricultural Economics Chicago Suggested Reading Syllabus

Chicago. Assigned Readings for Price and Income Instability. T. W. Schultz, 1956

Beginning in 1957 Zvi Griliches took over the course at Chicago on Price and Income Instability with special reference to agriculture. The course was previously taught by T. W. Schultz. In his files for the course Griliches kept a copy of the course outline and readings for the Spring 1956 quarter taught by his predecessor.

There were 86 numbered items on Schultz’s reading list that he referenced by the item number with chapter/page selections for some of the items. You will have to jump down from the course outline to the list of course readings and back, which I find a very peculiar way to present a course outline, but it didn’t keep him from getting a Nobel prize in economics in 1979.

_________________________

T. W. Schultz
University of Chicago

Economics 355 B
Price and Income Instability

(as problems in economic organization with special reference to agriculture)

Economics 355 B will cover the following classes of problems:

      1. general characteristics of policies and programs which are related to agriculture.
      2. analysis of the price and income instability that confronts agriculture.
      3. alternative measures for reducing or accommodating price and income instability.
      4. some research proposals directed to this set of problems.
  1. General characteristics of policies and programs for agriculture by types of countries and during different periods.

(to be developed in class)

  1. Analysis of price and income instability that confronts agriculture.

38, chs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 10;
55, chs, 11 and 20.

    1. Instability of the economy as a whole.

19;
5;
23;
50;
67;
44.

    1. Particular instabilities of farm product prices during the stock period.

45: pp. 14-15, 65-66, 76-77;
31, Ch. 2;
10: pp. 42-44;
51.

      1. Producer supply schedule for stock period.

(1) Farm household activities.

55, ch. 14;
49, ch. 6.

(2) Farm-firm activities.

55, ch. 14;
68, ch. 2.

      1. Demand schedule confronting producers restricted to stock period.

55, ch. 11;
68, ch. 2.

      1. Spot and forward markets.

38, ch. 10;
27;
42;
43;
32;
37;
28;
29;
6;
14;
54;
58;
69;
70.

    1. Particular instabilities of farm product prices for time intervals longer than stock period (up to and including two production periods).
      1. Planned and unplanned variations in production (supply).

55, chs. 11, 12, 13;
40;
68, ch. 2.4;
12;
11;
1;
2b;
65;
13;
16;
61;
66.

      1. Shifts in demand schedule during relatively short periods.

55, ch. 11;
12;
68, ch. 2;
71;
8;
9;
17;
18;
22;
46;
56;
57;
59;
62;
63;
64.

  1. Measures for reducing or accommodating farm product prices and income instability.

7;
44;
67;
26, pp. 247-252.

    1. Particular abrupt and large shifts in the demand schedule.

55, pp. 344-346.

    1. Large year to year changes in production.

55, ch. 19;
38, ch. 13;
2b;
3;
4;
15;
24;
25;
30;
34;
35;
36;
41;
48;
52;
53;
60.

    1. Increasing the price elasticity of the relevant schedules.

55, pp. 349-358.

    1. By way of accommodation.

55, pp. 358-366.

      1. Farms with more capacity to cope with price and income instability.
      2. Possibilities by storage.
      3. Safeguarding income during depressions.
  1. Some research proposals

(to be based on III and the research interest of the student)

_________________________

T. W. Schultz
Spring, 1956

Economics 355 B
List of Readings

  1. Barber, Lloyd, “Variability of Wheat Yields by Counties in the United States,” BAE (September, 1951).
  2. (a) Barber, E. Lloyd, “Summerfallowing to Meet Weather Risks in Wheat Farming,” Agricultural Economics Research, III (October, 1951).
  1. (b) Barton, Glen T. and Cooper, Martin R., “Relation of Agricultural Production to Inputs,” Review of Economics and Statistics, XXX (May, 1948).
  2. Barber, E. Lloyd and Thair, Philip J., “Institutional Methods of Meeting Weather Uncertainty in the Great Plains,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXII (August, 1950).
  3. Barber, E. Lloyd, Meeting Weather Risks in Kansas Wheat Farming, Kansas Agr. Ext. Sta. and BAE Agr. Report 44 (September, 1950).
  4. Bennett, M. K. and Associates, International Commodity Stockpiling as an Economic Stabilizer (Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1949).
  5. Blau, G., “Some Aspects of the Theory of Futures Trading,” The Review of Economic Studies, XI (1943-44).
  6. Brownlee, O. H. and Johnson, D. Gale, “Reducing Price Variability Confronting Primary Producers,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXII (May, 1950).
  7. Burk, Marguerite, “Recent Relationships between Income and Food Expenditure,” Agricultural Economics Research, BAE, III (July, 1951).
  8. ___________, “Changes in the Demand for Food from 1941 to 1950,” Journal of Farm Economics,” XXXIII (August, 1951).
  9. Clark, Colin, Conditions of Economic Progress, 2nd ed, (London: Macmillan, 1951).
  10. Cochrane, Willard W., An Analysis of Farm Price Behavior, Progress Report Agricultural Experinent Station, Pennsylvania State College (May, 1951)
  11. ___________, “Farm Price Gyrations — An Aggregative Hypothesis,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXIX (May, 1947).
  12. Day, Emily L. and Barber, Lloyd, Physical Risks in Farm Production, Selected References, 1930-1948. USDA Library, List 49 (August, 1949).
  13. Dow, J. C. R., “A Theoretical Account of Futures Markets,” The Review of Economic Studies, VII (1939-40).
  14. Ellickson, John C., “Hail Insurance on Growing Crops in the United States,” Agricultural Finance Review, BAE, XIII (November, 1950).
  15. Foote, Richard J. and Bean, Louis H., “Are Yearly Variations in CropYield Random?” BAE, Agricultural Economics Research, III (January, 1951).
  16. Fox, Karl A., “Factors Affecting Farm Income, Farm Prices and FoodConsumption,” Agricultural Economics Research, III (July, 1951).
  17. ___________ and Norcross, Harry C., “Agriculture and the General Economy,” Agricultural Economics Research, IV (January, 1952).
  18. Friedman, Milton, “Commodity-Reserve Currency,” Journal of Political Economy. LIX (June, 1951).
  19. Galbraith, John K., American Capitalism—The Concept of Countervailing Power (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1952).
  20. Galbraith, John K., “Economic Preconceptions and Farm Policy,” American Economic Review, XLIV (March, 1954).
  21. Girschick, M. A. and Haavelmo, T., “Statistical Analysis of the Demand forFood,” Econometrica, XV (April, 1947).
  22. Graham, Benjamin, Storage and Stability (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937).
  23. Halcrow, Harold G., “Actuarial Structure of Crop Insurance,”Journal of Farm Economics, XXXI (August, 1949).
  24. ___________, The Theory of Crop Insurance, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1948.
  25. Haley, Bernard F. (ed.), A Survey of Contemporary Economics, Vol. I (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1952).
  26. Hardy, C. O., “Recent Developments in the Theory of Speculation,” American Economic Review, XXVII (1937).
  27. ___________ and Lyon, L. S., “The Theory of Hedging,” Journal of Political Economy, XXXI (1923).
  28. Hawtrey, R. G., “Mr. Kaldor on the Forward Market,” The Review of Economic Studies, VIII (1940-41).
  29. Heisig, Carl P., “Income Instabillty in High Risk Farming Areas,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXVIII (1946).
  30. Hicks, J. R., Value and Capital (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1939).
  31. Hicks, J. R., “Theory of Uncertainty and Profit,” Economica, VI (1939).
  32. Hoos, Sidney,“Relations between Agricultural Price Policy and MarketingResearch,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXIII (August, 1951).
  33. Horton, Donald C., “Adaptation of the Farm Capital Structure to Uncertainty,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXI (February, 1949).
  34. ___________, The Pattern of Farm Financial Structure, National Bureau of Economic Research, a preliminary draft (May, 1951).
  35. ___________ and Barber, E. Lloyd, “The Problem of Farm Business Survival in Areas of Highly Variable Rainfall,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXI, Proceedings (November, 1942).
  36. Houthakker, H. S., “A Proposed Inquiry into Some Markets with Forward Trading,” Cowles Commission Discussion Paper Economics 2036 and Agricultural Economics Research Paper No. 5211, March 21, 1952. Mimeo.
  37. Johnson, D. Gale, Forward Prices for Agriculture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947).
  38. ___________, Trade and Agriculture: A Study of Inconsistent Policies (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1950).
  39. ___________, “The Nature of the Supply Function for American Agriculture,” American Economic Review, XL (September, 1950).
  40. Jones, Lloyd E.,“Stabilizing Farming by Shifting Wheat Land to Grass in Northern Great Plains,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXII (August, 1950).
  41. Kaldor, N., “A Note on the Theory of the Forward Market,”The Review of Economic Studies, VII (1939-40).
  42. ___________, “Speculation and Economic Stability,” The Review of Economic Studies, VII (1939-40).
  43. Keynes, J. M., “The Policy of Government Storage of Food-Stuffs and Raw Materials,” Economic Journal, XLVIII (September, 1938).
  44. Knight, Frank H., The Economic Organization (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1951).
  45. Mack, Ruth P., “The Direction of Change in Income and the Consumption Function,” Review of Economics and Statistics, XXX (1948).
  46. Mehrens, George L., “Comparative Costs of Agricultural Price Supportsin 1949,” Proceedings, American Economic Review, XLI (May, 1951).
  47. Nebraska Agr. Exp. Sta., Toward Stability in the Great Plains Economy, Proceedings of a conference held at Custer, South Dakota in 1949. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 399 (July, 1950).
  48. Reid, M. G., Food for People (New York: Wiley, 1943).
  49. Reifler, Winfield, “A Proposal for an International Buffer-Stock Agency,” Journal of Political Economy, LIV (December, 1946).
  50. Robbins, Lionel,“Elasticity of Demand for Income in Terms of Effort,” Economica (1930).
  51. Schickele, Rainer, “Farm Business Survival under Extreme Weather Risk,”Journal of Farm Economics, XXXI (November, 1949),
  52. ___________, “Farmers Adaptation to Income Uncertainty,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXII (August, 1950).
  53. Schultz, T. W., Production and Welfare of Agriculture (New York: Macmillan, 1949).
  54. ___________, The Economic Organization of Agriculture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1953).
  55. Schultz, Henry, The Theory and Measurement of Demand (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938).
  56. ___________, “The Shifting Demand for Selected Agricultural Commodities, 1875-1929,” Journal of Farm Economics, XIV (April, 1932).
  57. Stewart, Blair, An Analysis of Speculative Trading in Grain Futures, USDA Commodity Exchange Authority, Bul. No. 1001. October, 1942.
  58. Stone, J. R. K., “Analysis of Market Demand,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, CVIII (1945).
  59. Thair, Philip J., Stabilizing Farm Income against Crop Yield Fluctuations, Agr. Exp. Sta. North Dakota and BAE Bul. 362, September, 1950).
  60. Timoshenko, P., “Variability in Wheat Yields and Outputs, Part I. Cycles or Random Fluctuations,” Wheat Studies of the Food Research Institute, XVIII (Stanford, California, 1942).
  61. Tintner, Gerhard,“Multiple Regression for System of Equations,” Econometrics, XIV (January, 1946).
  62. Tobin, James,“A Statistical Demand Function for Food in the U.S.A.,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, CXIII (1950), Part II.
  63. U.S.D.A., BAE, Consumption of Food in the United States, 1909-48, Misc. Pub. 691 (August, 1949).
  64. U.S.D.A., BAE, Farm Production Practices, Costs and Returns, Stat. Bul. 83 (October, 1949).
  65. U.S.D.A., Fluctuations in Crops and Weather, 1866-1948, Stat. Bul. 101 (June, 1951).
  66. Viner, Jacob, “International Finance in the Post-War World,”Lloyds Bank Review (October, 1946).
  67. Waugh, Frederick V., Readings in Agricultural Marketing (Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1954).
  68. Williams, J. B., “Speculation and the Carryover,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, LI (1936).
  69. Working, H. “Theory of the Inverse Carrying Charge in Futures Markets,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXX (1948).
  70. Working, E. J., “Appraising the Demand for American Agricultural Output during Rearmament,” Journal of Farm Economics XXXIV, May, 1952.
Supplementary List #1
  1. Bauer, P. T., West African Trade (Cambridge: The University Press, 1954), esp. Parts 3, 5, and 6.
  2. ___________ and Paish, F. , “The Reduction of Fluctuations in the Incomes of Primary Producers,” Economic Journal, LXII (December, 1952).
  3. ___________, “The Reduction of Fluctuations in the Incomes of Primary Producers Further Considered,” Economic Journal, LXIV, (December, 1954).
  4. Friedman, Milton, “The Reduction of Fluctuations in the Incomes of Primary Producers: A Critical Comment, Economic Journal, LXIV (December 1954).
  5. Gustafson, Robert L.,Optimal Carryover Rules for Grains, The University of Chicago RMA Study (January 31, 1954). Agricultural Economics Research Paper).
  6. Heady, Earl O., Kehrberg, Earl W., and Jebe, Emil B., Economic Instability and Choices Involving Income and Risk in Primary or Crop Production, Res. Bul. 404 (January, 1954) Agric. Exp. Iowa State College.
  7. Heady, Earl, “Diversification in Resource Allocation and Minimization of Income Variability,” Journal of Farm Economics XXXIV (November, 1952).
  8. Johnson, D. Gale, “Competition in Agriculture: Fact or Fiction?”American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings XLIV (May, 1954).
  9. Kaldor, Donald R. and Heady, Earl O., An Exploratory Study of Expectations, Uncertainty and Farm Plans in Southern Iowa Agriculture, Res. Bul. 408 April, 1954) Agric. Exp. Sta. Iowa State College.
  10. Kaplan, Marshall.On Estimating Demand Parameters With Special Reference to Food, AgriculturalEconomics Research Paper No. 5415. September 24, 1954.
  11. Lee, Ivan M., “Temperature Insurance — An Alternative to Frost Insurancein Citrus,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXV (February, 1953).
  12. Nordin, J. A., Judge, George G., and Wohby, Omar, Application of Econometric Procedures to Demands for Agricultural Products, Res. Bul 410 (July, 1954) Agri. Exp. Sta. Iowa State College.
  13. Tolley, George, “Minimizing Grain Storage Costs,” Journal of Farm Economics, XXXV (November, 1953).
  14. Foreign Agricultural Service. Agricultural Market and Price Policies in Foreign Countries. Report No. 74 (September, 1953).

Source: Harvard University Archives. Papers of Zvi Griliches, Box 130, Folder “Syllabus and exams, 1955-1959”.

Image Source:  T. W. Schultz, University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-07484, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Reading list and final exam for U.S. economic and financial history. Taussig and Gay, 1905-1906

Assistant Professor Oliver Mitchell Wentworth Sprague taught the Harvard course “Economic History of the United States”/ “Economic and Financial History of the United States” in 1901-02 (with James Horace Patten), 1902-03, 1903-04, and 1904-05. The course was taken over in 1905-06 by Frank William Taussig and Edwin Francis Gay after Sprague left for a full professorship at the Imperial University of Japan.

__________________________

Course Enrollment
1905-06

Economics 6 2hf. Professor Taussig and Asst. Professor Gay. — Economic and Financial History of the United States.

Total 79: 14 Graduates, 15 Seniors, 37 Juniors, 10 Sophomores, 3 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1905-1906, p. 72.

__________________________

READING FOR ECONOMICS 6
(1905-6)

Prescribed reading is indicated by an asterisk (*).

1. COLONIAL PERIOD.

*Ashley, Commercial Legislation of England and the American Colonies, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 1-30; printed also in Surveys, pp. 309-335.

Schmoller, Mercantile System, pp. 57-80.

Beer, Commercial Policy of England, pp. 1-158.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 3-91.

Eggleston, Agriculture and Commerce in the Colonies, The Century Magazine, Jan. and June, 1884, Vol. V, pp. 431-449; Vol. VI, pp. 234-256.

2. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES, 1776-1815.

*Hill, First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the United States, Amer Econ. Assn. Pub., Vol. VIII, pp. 107-132.

Pitkin, Statistical View of the United States, ed. 1835, ch. ix, pp. 368-412.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, pp. 287-324, 95-145.

Hamilton, Report on Manufactures, in Taussig’s State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, pp. 1-108.

3. REVOLUTIONARY AND NATIONAL FINANCE – WESTWARD MOVEMENT, 1776-1815.

*Dewey, Financial History of the United States, chs. ii-vi, pp. 33-141.

Bullock, Essays on the Monetary History of the United States, pp. 60-78.

Hamilton, Reports on Public Credit, Amer. State Papers, Finance, Vol. 1, pp. 15-37, 64-67.

Turner, Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Report of Amer. Hist. Assn., 1893, pp. 199-227.

Semple, American History and its Geographical Conditions, chs. iv, v, pp. 52-92.

4. FINANCE AND BANKING, 1815-1860.

*Dewey, Financial History, pp. 223-237, 252-262.

Sumner, Andrew Jackson, ed. 1886, pp. 224-249, 257-276, 291-342.

Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States, chs. xvi-vviii, pp. 376-403, 430-452.

Conant, History of Modern Banks of Issue, ch. xiv, pp. 310-347.

White, Money and Banking, chs. ix-xii, pp. 324-361.

5. TARIFFS AND MANUFACTURES, 1815-1860.

*Taussig, Tariff History, pp. 1-154.

Taussig, State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, pp. 108-385.

Rabbeno, American Commercial Policy, 146-199, 325-383.

6. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, 1815-1860.

*Callender, Early Transportation and Banking Enterprises, Q.J.E., Vol. XVII, pp. 111-162.

Chevalier, Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States, chs. vii, xx, xxi, pp. 80-87, 209-276.

Pitkin, Statistical View (1835), Vol. XII, pp. 531-581.

Gallatin, Plan of Internal Improvements, Amer. State Papers, Misc., Vol. I.

Tanner, Railways and Canals of the United States. See, especially, the map.

7. LAND POLICY AND AGRICULTURE, 1815-1860.

*Hart, Practical Essays on American Government, pp. 233-257.

*Hammond, Cotton Industry, ch. iii, pp. 67-119.

Donaldson, Public Domain.

Sato, History of the Land Question in the United States, Johns Hopkins University Studies, 4th series, nos. 7-9, pp. 127-181.

8. POPULATION AND SLAVERY, 1815-1860.

*Cairnes, Slave Power, chs. ii, iii, v, pp. 34-93, 120-150.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, ch. ii, pp. 34-60.

Semple, American History and its Geographic Conditions, ch. ix, pp. 150-177.

9. FINANCE, BANKING, AND CURRENCY PROBLEMS, 1860-1900.

*Dewey, Financial History, chs. xii, xiii, xx, pp. 271-330, 463-473.

*Noyes, Thirty Years of American Finance, chs. i, ii, iii, x, pp. 1-72, 234-254.

Taussig, Silver Situation, pp. 1-157.

Dunbar, National Banking System, Q.J.E., Vol. XII, pp. 1-36.

10. TRANSPORTATION; TARIFF.

*Taussig, Tariff History, pp. 155-230.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 466-481.

Johnson, American Railway Transportation, chs. ii, ii, v, pp. 13-38, 52-68.

Taussig, Contribution to the Theory of Railway Rates, Q.J.E., Vol. V, pp. 438-465.

Hadley, Railroad Transportation, pp. 24-56.

11. INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION AND TARIFF.

*Taussig, Tariff History, pp. 230-409.

Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, Vol. II, pp. 243-394.

Taussig, Iron Industry, Q.J.E., Vol. XIV, pp. 143-170, 475-508.

Industrial Commission, Vol. XIX, pp. 485-519, 544-569.

Twelfth United States Census, Vol. IX, pp. 1-16; Vol. X, pp. 723-743.

Taussig, Wool and Woolens, Q.J.E., Vol. VIII, pp. 1-39.

Wright, Wool-growing and the Tariff since 1890, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 610-647.

Willoughby, Integration of Industry in the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XVI, pp. 94-115.

12. AGRICULTURE AND OPENING OF THE FAR WEST.

*Industrial Commission, XIX, pp. 43-123, 134-168.

Hammond, Cotton Industry, Book I, chs. iv-vii, ix, pp. 120-228, 324-356.

Adams, The Granger Movement, North American Review, Vol. CLXXV, pp. 394-424.

13. COMMERCE AND SHIPPING.

*Meeker, Shipping Subsidies, Pol. Sci. Qr., Vol. XX, pp. 594-611.

*Noyes, Recent Economic History of the United States, Q.J.E., Vol. XIX, pp. 167-209.

Wells, Our Merchant Marine, chs. i-v, pp. 1-94.

14. WAGES AND THE LABOR PROBLEM.

*Levasseur, American Workman, pp. 436-509.

Mitchell, Organized Labor.

Industrial Conciliation, National Civic Federation.

Wright, Industrial History of the United States, Part III, pp. 231-322.

15. IMMIGRATION AND THE RACE QUESTION.

*Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Immigration, chs. iii, iv, pp. 33-78.

Tillinghast, Negro in Africa and America, pp. 102-227.

Hoffman, Race Traits and Tendencies of the American Negro, pp. 141-148, 170-176, 310-329.

Washington, Future of the American Negro, pp. 3-244.

Mayo-Smith, Emigration and Immigration, pp. 79-167, 227-283.

Walker, Discussions in Economics and Statistics, Vol. II, pp. 417-434.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in conomics, 1895-2003, Box 1, Folder “Economics, 1905-1906”.

__________________________

ECONOMICS 6
Year-end Examination, 1905-06

  1. Describe the history of the agitation for “cheap money” in the United States; the forms assumed both before and after 1860, its causes and the probability of its recurrence.
  2. Compare critically the financing of the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, and the Spanish War.
  3. (a) Summarize the principal features of our tariff legislation from the close of the Civil War to the Dingley Tariff.
    (b) What has been the effect of the tariffs on the iron and steel industry?
  4. Give the history of the Union Pacific Railroad and its relations to the government.
  5. Account for the changes in the character of the foreign trade of the United States in respect to the excess of imports or of exports.
    Take one of the following questions:
  6. Discuss the significance and causes of the increase of farm tenancy and the rural exodus.
  7. What can you say as to agricultural conditions in the South before and since the Civil War? What about the negro problem?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 8, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1906-07; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics,…,Music in Harvard College (June, 1906), pp. 31-32.

Image Source: Portraits of Frank William Taussig and Edwin Francis Gay from the Harvard Class Album 1906.

 

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard International Economics Suggested Reading

Harvard. Undergraduate International Economics. Book list and final exam. Caves, 1963-1964

While the memo to the libraries promises a full reading list for the course on international trade and finance to come as soon as possible, there was no copy of Richard Caves’ full reading list for the first semester of 1963-64 to be found with other economics course syllabi in the Harvard archives. Still the twenty items arranged in approximate order of use together with the final exam questions for the course give us a good idea of the course content.

________________________

Course Announcement

Economics 148. International Trade: Basic Facts and Policies

Half course (fall term). Tu., Th., (S.), at 12. Professor Caves

Treats such problems as the balance of payments, the dollar market, capital movements, exchange rates, exchange control, European integration and the relation of domestic and international policies.

Source: Harvard University. Faculty of Arts and Science. Courses of Instruction for Harvard and Radcliffe. Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. LX, No. 21 (September 4, 1963) p. 104.

________________________

Book list for Economics 148

September 11, 1963

To: Lamont, Radcliffe, Littauer Libraries
From: Richard E. Caves
Subject: book list for Economics 148, Fall Semester, 1963-64

The following books and other special materials which I plan to assign for Economics 148 (“International Trade: Basic Facts and Policies”) are arranged in the approximate order of use during the term. Heavy assignments will be made in those titles preceded by an asterisk; in general, only relatively short passages will be assigned from other titles.

Students will be urged to purchase as a basic text Charles P. Kindleberger, International Economics, 3rd ed. (Homewood, Ill.: Richard 3 D. Irwin, 1963). I expect an enrollment in the course about the same as last year, 90 to 100.

A full reading list will follow as soon as possible.

Lary, Hal B. Problems of the United States as World Trader and Banker. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1963.

Allen, W. R., and Allen, C. L., eds. Foreign Trade and Finance: Essays in International Economic Equilibrium and Adjustment. New York: Macmillan, 1959.

Meier, Gerald M. International Trade and Development. New York: Harper and Row, 1963.

Kenen, Peter B. Giant Among Nations: Problems in United States Foreign Economic Policy. Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1963.

Daedalus, Summer and Fall numbers, 1962.

Vaccara, Beatrice N. Employment and Output in Protected Manufacturing Industries. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1960.

Myrdal, Gunnar. An International Economy: Problems and Prospects. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956.

Triffin, Robert. Europe and the Money Muddle. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957.

*Salant, Walter S. et al. The United States Balance of Payments in 1968, Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution, 1963.
[Note: Chapters 2-9 were the Reading Period assignments]

Harris, Seymour E., ed. The Dollar in Crisis. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961.

*Factors Affecting the United States Balance of Payments, Compilation of Studies, U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Subcommittee on International Exchange and Payments, 87th Congress, 2nd session. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1962.

Tew, Brian. International Monetary Cooperation, 1945-1956. London: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1956.

Tew, Brian, The International Monetary Fund: Its Present Role and Future Prospects. Essays in International Finance, No. 36. Princeton, N.J.: International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1961.

Machlup, Fritz. Plans for Reform of the International Monetary System, Special Papers in International Economics, No. 3. Princeton, N.J.: International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1962.

Tinbergen, Jan. Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1962.

Asher, Robert E. Grants, Loans, and Local Currencies: Their Role In Foreign Aid. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1961.

Millikan, M. F., and W. W. Rostow. A Proposal: Key To An Effective Foreign Policy. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.

Mikesell, R. F. Promoting United States Private Investment Abroad. Washington, D.C. National Planning Association, 1957.

*Balassa, Bela. The Theory of Economic Integration. Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1961.

Sannwald, Rolf F., and Jacques Stohler. Economic Integration: Theoretical Assumptions and Consequences of European Integration. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1959.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 8, Folder “Economics, 1963-1964”.

________________________

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Department of Economics

Economics 148
Final Examination
January 21, 1964

Answer question No. 1 and three of the remaining five. The answers to all questions will be weighted equally.

  1. Describe the basic model used in the Brookings report (The United States Balance of Payments in 1968) to forecast the balance of payments and evaluate its completeness and correctness in terms of international trade theory.
    (Note: Make sure that you distinguish between the structure of the model and the assumptions made about independent variables used in the model.)
  2. Do underdeveloped countries face a conflict between the “gains from trade” and the “gains from growth”?
    Discuss critically the arguments which have been advanced for the restriction of imports by developing countries, distinguishing between arguments for across-the-board restrictions and those for restricting the inflow of particular types of commodities.
  3. A country devalues its currency. Show how the price and income adjustment mechanisms respond to affect the balance of payments. Would you normally expect the balance to improve? Is it possible for no net improvement to occur, although the price effect is favorable?
  4. Discuss the elements of the “international liquidity problem.” Would the problem disappear if the United States balance of payments (miraculously) returned to equilibrium? Appraise the extent to which at least two of the proposals for dealing with the liquidity problem would solve the essential elements of that problem, as you see them.
  5. A country forms a customs union with another. Illustrate the following effects for any one traded commodity, using diagrams, and assuming that the world’s and the partner country’s supply functions are perfectly elastic, while the domestic supply and demand functions are neither perfectly elastic nor perfectly inelastic:
    1. Tariff revenue foregone
    2. Transfer from the government to the consumers
    3. Transfer from domestic producers to consumers
    4. Change in consumers’ surplus
    5. Trade creation
    6. Trade diversion
      Briefly, how might the net effect (gain or loss) of the union on the country’s welfare be measured?
  6. Can industrialized countries increase their rates of economic growth by forming customs unions? Appraise the possible gains from faster growth in the setting of Western European economies. Could some of the effects of a customs union hamper growth, either among members or in excluded countries?

Source: Harvard University Archives. Social Sciences. Final Examinations January 1964 (HUC 7000.28, vol. 150).

Image Source: Harvard Square Snowstorm, February 1964. Boston Public Library, Boston Herald-Traveler Photo Morgue Collection. Copy downloaded from the Digital Commonwealth website.