Author: Irwin Collier

A few posts ago Economics in the Rear-view Mirror added the programme of the Department of Political Economy at the University of Chicago for 1904-05 to its collection of artifacts. The printed copy that I transcribed for Chicago was filed with an analogous publication of the University of Wisconsin from the same year. Both rest quietly in an archival box at Harvard containing records of the Division of History, Government, and Economics (the exact archival coordinates are provided at the end of this post).

Fun Fact: the text-book used for the graduate course on modern economic theory in 1904-05 was Gustav von Schmoller’s Grundriss der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Erster Teil, (Leipzig, 1900.) Zweiter Teil (Leipzig, 1904). 

__________________

Research Tip

Lampman, Robert J. (ed.). Economists at Wisconsin: 1892-1992. (Madison: University of Wisconsin, Department of Economics) 1993. A total of 380 pages of information on a century’s worth of insruction and research in the department of political economy/economics at the University of Wisconsin.

__________________

University of Wisconsin
1904-1905

POLITICAL ECONOMY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, AND HISTORY.

Contents

Staff of Instruction
General Statement

Outline of Courses:

Political Economy
Political Science
History

Special Training Courses:

Statistics
Practical Sociology
Public Service
Journalism

__________________

Staff of Instruction.

Van Hise, Charles R., Ph.D., LL.D., President of the University.

Birge, Edward A., Ph.D., Sc. D., LL.D., Dean of the College of Letters and Science.

__________________

Commons, John R., A.M., Professor of Political Economy.

Ely, Richard T., Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Economy.

Meyer, Balthasar H., Ph.D., Professor of Institutes of Commerce.

Munro, Dana C., A.M., Professor of European History.

Parkinson, John B., A.M., Vice-President of the University. Professor of Constitutional and International Law.

Reinsch, Paul S., Ph.D., Professor of Political Science.

Scott, William A., Ph.D., Director of the Course in Commerce. Professor of Political Economy.

Turner, Frederick T., Ph.D., Professor of American History.

__________________

Adams, Thomas S., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Statistics and Economics.

Burchell, D. Earle, Assistant Professor of Accounting and Business Practice.

Coffin, Victor, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of European History.

Fish, Carl R., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of American History.

Sparling, Samuel E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science.

Blackmar, Frank W., Ph.D., Professor of Sociology and Economics in the University of Kansas. Lecturer in Economics.

Garrison, George P., Ph.D., Professor of History in Texas University. Lecturer in History.

Thwaites, Reuben G., Secretary and Superintendent of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Lecturer in History.

Woodburn, James A., Ph.D., Professor of American History in Indiana University. Lecturer in American History.

__________________

Lorenz, Max O., A.B., Instructor in Economics.

Phillips, Ulrich B., Ph.D., Instructor in History.

Sellery, George C., Ph.D., Instructor in European History.

Taylor, Henry C., Ph.D., Instructor in Commerce.

Dowd, Jerome, A.M., Resident Lecturer in Sociology.

__________________

Barnett, James D., A.B., Assistant in Political Science.

Lyle, Edith K., M.L., Assistant in History.

Putnam, James W., A.M., Assistant in History.

Tuthill, James E., A.M., Assistant in European History.

__________________

Boggess, Arthur C., A.B., Fellow in History.

Field, Arthur S., A.B., Fellow in Economics.

Gannaway, John W., A.B., Fellow in Political Science.

Scholz, Richard F., A.B., Fellow in History.

__________________

Faber, Charlotte A., A.B., Scholar in Economics.

Hockett, Homer C., B.L., Scholar in History

Lloyd-Jones, Chester, B.L., Scholar in Political Science.

Note, —The above lecturers, assistants, fellows, and scholars are members of the instructional staff for 1903-04. Appointments for 1904-05 have not been made as yet.

__________________

General Statement.

                  The departments of Political Economy, Political Science, and History, though separate in organization, have arranged their work so as to coöperate with each other in a systematic attempt to cover the field of the historical and social sciences The undergraduate and graduate courses are so arranged as to furnish a comprehensive general knowledge of political economy, political science, European and American history.

                  Advanced courses and seminaries for special investigations offer an opportunity for detailed work in these allied subjects without sacrificing any to a hard and fast system. The student is thus given an opportunity to gain a sound knowledge of historical method, to secure training and knowledge in contemporary, social and political activities, and to provide for the comparative and analytical study of institutions.

                  The purpose of the department of Political Economy is to afford superior means for systematic and thorough study in economics and social science. The courses are graded and arranged so as to meet the wants of students in the various stages of their progress, beginning with elementary and proceeding to the most advanced work. They are also designed to meet the needs of different classes of students; as, for instance, those who wish to enter the public service, the professions of law, journalism, the ministry, or teaching, and those who wish to supplement their legal, theological or other professional studies with courses in economics or social science.

                  Capable students are encouraged to undertake original investigations, and assistance is given them in the prosecution of such work through seminaries and the personal guidance of instructors. A large fund has been placed at the disposal of the senior professor of the department to defray the expenses of an exhaustive investigation of the history of labor and allied movements in the United States, and special attention will be given to this field of research for several years.

                  The fundamental purpose of the department of History is to develop in the student the power to use critically and constructively the historical method. Familiarity with history and with the historical method of study is an essential element of a liberal education, promotes more intelligent citizenship, and is important in the special training for such professions as law, journalism, and the civil service. The department offers advanced courses leading to the master’s and doctor’s degrees, and prepares students for the teaching of history and for historical investigation. Numerous elementary and advanced courses are offered in the various fields of European history. Training in original research is given by means of seminaries and by special courses in palacography, diplomatics, historiography, editorial technique, and historical bibliography and criticism. In American history the aim is to give a thoroughly continental treatment to the subject. For the study of the interior and the southern states, exceptional opportunity is at. forded by the unique collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and by special courses on western and southern history. Particular attention is given to the study of the evolution of the various sectional groupings — social, economic, and political — in the history of the United States, and to the physiographic factors in American development.

Libraries.

                  The libraries at Madison, all of which are at the service of members of the University, are five in number, viz., the Library of the University of Wisconsin, the Library of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, the Library of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, the State Law Library, and the Madison Free Public Library. These libraries duplicate books only to supply exceptional demands, and have an effective strength approximately equal to the total number of volumes possessed by them. The total number of bound volumes and pamphlets exceeds 400,000.

                  The first three libraries above named are all housed in the new library building of the State Historical Society on the Lower Campus of the University. This building, erected by the State of Wisconsin at a cost of $620,000, was occupied in the fall of 1900, and affords exceptional facilities in the way of convenient and commodious quarters to University students. In the planning of the building, the special needs of the University were equally consulted. In the south half of the first floor are located three department libraries of the Historical Society, viz., documents, newspaper files, and maps and manuscripts. In the north end of this floor is a series of five fine seminary rooms, allotted to American history, European history, economics, political science, and mathematics. The greater part of the second or main floor is occupied by the general reading room and the periodical room, which are used in common by the two libraries. In these two reading rooms 275 readers may find ample accommodation at one time. In open cases in the reading room are shelved several thousand reference and “reserved” books. To these, as well as to the large collection of general and engineering periodicals in the adjoining periodical room, all readers have direct access. The main portion of both libraries is stored in the stack wing adjoining the delivery room on the west. Officers of the University have direct access to the shelves in all parts of the library, and students engaged in advanced work, upon recommendation of their instructors, are allowed access to those parts of the collection dealing with their special subjects.

                  In general, the library of the University of Wisconsin aims to be uniformly developed in all fields, but appropriations and gifts in recent years have rendered it especially strong in the lines of European history, economics, political science, and in Germanic and classical philology. During the academic year 1900-1901, the library received two notable gifts, one of $2,000 from three Milwaukee citizens for the purchase of books for the Course in Commerce, and the other of $2,645, contributed by friends of the University in New York City, Milwaukee, and elsewhere, to the departments of Economics and Political Science for the development of the library in those fields. These gifts have greatly increased the library facilities of the two schools mentioned. In December, 1901, the late President Charles Kendall Adams presented to the University his fine private library of 2,000 volumes, especially rich in material on European history. A gift of $500 from Mr. Frederick Vogel, of Milwaukee, in 1902, has been expended for a collection of 600 volumes in the field of political science and modern French legislative history.

                  The library of the State Historical Society is remarkably rich in manuscript and other material for the study of the history of the Mississippi valley. The collections of the late Dr. Lyman C. Draper are included in the library. These manuscripts are particularly useful for the study of the interior of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, and of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Old Northwest. The Society files of newspapers, periodicals and the publications of historical societies are among the most complete in the United States. There is an unusually complete collection of published colonial records and the United States government documents, and the material for the study of American state and local history, western travel, the revolution, slavery, and the civil war, is abundant. Among the sources of English history, the Library possesses the Calendars of State Papers, the Rolls Series, the publications of the Records and Historical Manuscripts Commissions, as well as the journals and debates of Parliament, of almost all the important historical societies, and many works of local history. The Tank collection (Dutch) offers special resources for the study of the Netherlands.

                  More than 500 periodicals are regularly received. The University possesses complete sets of the most important historical, economic, political, and philological journals, and the current publications enable the students to follow the most recent investigations in the various sciences in Europe and America.

                  The State Law Library, of 32,500 volumes, and the especial library of the University College of Law, of 4,000 volumes, furnish an ample law library.

Graduate Work.

                  The graduate work in these departments may lead to the master’s degree in not less than one year, and to the doctor’s degree in not less than three years. Among the subjects offered, any one of the following may constitute a major in the work for a higher degree:

                  Political economy, political science, sociology, European history, or American history.

                  Any one of the following may constitute a minor:

                  Political economy, political science, sociology, statistics, jurisprudence (including public law and historical jurisprudence), administration, European history, or American history.

                  Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy are required to present in their principal subject the equivalent of at least two full graduate courses during three years; in their first subordinate the equivalent of at least one such course during two years; and in their second subordinate the equivalent of at least one such course during one year.

                  Candidates for the master’s degree must present in their principal subject the equivalent of at least two full graduate courses during one year; and in their subordinate subject the equivalent of at least one such course.

                  Special attention is here called to the fact that graduates who are pursuing the law course may prepare to take their master’s degree at the same time with the degree in law by completing the equivalent of two full studies during one year’s work. Graduates of the College of Law are encouraged to devote an additional year to broadening out their training in economics, polities, and jurisprudence.

                  The University offers each year fourteen fellowships of the annual value of $400, and honorary fellowships and scholarships whose holders are exempt from the payment of fees. One of the University fellowships is permanently assigned to American history, one to European history, and two to economics and political science; applications should be in the hands of the President of the University before May 1. There are also established by the University ten graduate scholarships, two of which are assigned to economics and political science, and one each to American and to European history. They represent an annual value of $225 each; the student pays an incidental fee of ten dollars per semester. For further information concerning the qualifications and duties of fellows see the University Catalogue for 1903-04, or the announcement of the Graduate School.

__________________

OUTLINE OF COURSES.

Department of Political Economy.

Professor Ely, Professor Scott, Professor Meyer,
Professor Commons, Assistant Professor Adams,
Assistant Professor Burchell, Dr. Brauer,
Mr. Dowd, Mr. Lorenz, and Dr. Taylor.
Special lecturers: Professor
Blackmar, Mr. Hunter,
and Dr. Rosewater.

                  The work of this department has the following distinct but related aims:

1. To provide instruction in economics and sociology for undergraduates in all the courses of the University.
2. To provide advanced and graduate work in the studies falling within its field.
3. To assist and encourage the development of these studies.
4. With the coöperation of other departments, to provide special training courses for various practical pursuits.
5. To supplement the work of the College of Law.

                  The requirements for an undergraduate major, in addition to the thesis are twenty-one semester hours as a minimum, selected in part from the introductory courses and in part from the advanced courses.

Primarily for Undergraduates.

1. The Elements of Economic Science. A general survey based upon the study and discussion of a text-book, supplemented by lectures, assigned reading, and exercises. Required of sophomores in the Course in Commerce and of all students beginning the subject of economies. Repeated each semester; M., W., F., at 8, 9, and 10. Mr. Lorenz.
2. The Elements of Sociology. A study of primitive man, followed by an investigation of the phenomena of civilized societies, leading up to a statement of the general principles of social evolution. First semester; M., W., F., at 10. Mr. Dowd.
3. Elements of Public Finance. An introductory study of the general principles of public expenditure, public revenue, public indebtedness, and financial administration. First semester; M., W., F., at 9. Assistant Professor Adams.
4. Agricultural Economics. This course is designed for short-course students in the College of Agriculture. Twelve lectures: December and January; Tu, Th., at Dr. Taylor.
5. The Elements of Money and Banking. An introductory course, repeated each semester. In the first semester the course will be adapted to the needs of those who expect to continue the subject. In the second semester the needs of those who do not expect to specialize in banking and finance will be chiefly consulted. First semester; M., W., F., at 8; second semester at 9. Professor Scott.
6. The Economic Functions of the State. This course has special reference to pharmacy. One lecture a week; first semester. Professor Meyer.
7. Economic Geography. A general survey of the resources, industries, and commerce of the chief countries of the world, followed by a special study of the production and distribution of the staple articles of commerce, with special reference to the foreign trade of the United States. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 8 and 9. Dr. Taylor.
8. Business Administration. In this course students are given thorough instruction in bookkeeping, accounting, auditing, and the various other branches of business administration. The work is graded and arranged in three groups, adapted respectively to the attainments of sophomores, juniors, and seniors. In each group a careful study is made of office equipment, business relations, and administrative duties by means of lectures, text-books, and outside reading in trade journals, and this is followed by laboratory practice, each student being appointed to various positions, and promoted through the various branches of administrative work in merchandizing, manufacturing, banking and transportation.
   1. Sophomore Year. The work of this year centers in business forms and correspondence, bookkeeping, and clerical duties.
   2. Junior Year. The special feature of the work of this year is the study of legal forms, credit instruments, funding operations, accounting, and executive duties.
   3. Senior Year. During this year emphasis is placed upon the work of supervision and auditing, especially in connection with passenger transportation, light and power companies, savings institutions, insurance, jobbing, the commission business, brokerage, importing and exporting. Throughout three years; two hours a week. Assistant Professor Burchell.
9. Commercial Law. The law of contracts, commercial paper, agency, partnership, corporations, sales, bailments, and insurance, treated from the point of view of the business man rather than the lawyer. Three times a week throughout the year. Dr. Brauer.

18. Senior Seminaries for Thesis Students. Professor Meyer, Professor Scott, Assistant Professor Adams, and Dr. Taylor.

For Graduates and Undergraduates.

20. Industrial Evolution and its Problems. A general survey of industrial development followed by an examination of special problems such as competition, monopolies and trusts, concentration of wealth, municipal ownership, the inheritance of property, etc. First semester; Tu., Th., at 10. Professor Ely.
21. History of Economic Thought. The principal topics will be the following: the history of economic thought in classic antiquity; its subsequent development to the time of the mercantilists; the rise and growth of economics as a distinct branch of social science, with a brief discussion of existing schools of economic thought. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 10. Professor Ely.
22. Modern Socialism. A study of the socialist movement during the nineteenth century, and an examination of the theories of those writers who are usually called socialists. First semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Mr. Lorenz.
23. Economic Problems. This course is devoted principally to the important labor problems of the day: strikes, trades-unions, employers’ associations, arbitration, immigration, child labor, etc. Second semester; M., W., F., at 9. Assistant Professor Adams.
24. Problems in Taxation. Comprehends the more concrete problems of the day: mortgage, railroad, insurance, and double taxation, the personal property and inheritance taxes, etc. May be taken by those who have not had course 3. Second semester; M., W., F., at 10. Assistant Professor Adams.
25. Labor Legislation. Comprehends a study of the labor law of the United States and foreign countries, the practical working of important statutes, and the sphere and function of the labor law in general. First semester; M., W., F., at 10. Assistant Professor Adams.
26. The Elements of Agricultural Economics. This course treats of the economic principles which underlie the prosperity of the farmer, and of all other classes so far as they are dependent upon agriculture. The subject is divided into two parts. In part one the point of view is that of the farmer, and in part two that of the nation as a whole. First semester; Tu., Th., at 12. Dr. Taylor.
27. Historical and Comparative Agriculture. This course consists of lectures and assigned readings on the agriculture of the Romans; on the development of agriculture in England and the United States, and on the present status of agriculture in the most important countries, with an attempt to find the explanation of historical changes and geographical differences. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 12. Dr. Taylor.
28. Agricultural Industries. An investigative course for seniors in the commercial and agricultural courses, and for other advanced students. Second semester; at hours to be arranged. Dr. Taylor
29. Manufacturing Industries. An investigative course for seniors in the Course in Commerce, and for other advanced students. First semester; at hours to be arranged. Dr. Taylor.
30. Social Statistics. Includes a study of vital statistics, suicide, crime, pauperism, etc. In this and the following course the laboratory method is followed. Students are required to do a thorough piece of statistical investigation under the immediate guidance of an instructor. This course is specially recommended to students taking thesis work in economics. Two lectures and two hours’ laboratory work a week, for which a credit of three-fifths is given. First semester; Tu., Th., at 12, and M. from 2 to4. Assistant Professor Adams and Mr. Lorenz.
31. Economic Statistics. Prices, wages, family budgets, labor and financial statistics will be studied. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 12, and M. from 2 to 4. Assistant Professor Adams and Mr. Lorenz.
32. Government Statistics. A course on public statistical bureaus: their organization, methods, and publications. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Assistant Professor Adams.
33. Currency History. A systematic presentation of the currency of England, France, Germany, and the United States. Special attention will be given to the history of bimetallism, to the development of the banking system of these countries, and to the chief monetary problems which have arisen in these nations, and the methods which were employed in their solution. An elementary knowledge of money and banking is needed as a preparation for this course. Second semester; M., W., F., at 8. Professor Scott.
34. Corporation Finance and Securities. A study of the methods of financiering employed in great corporations, with special reference to the various sorts of negotiable securities which they issue, and the circumstances which affect their value. The course includes a study of the stock and produce exchanges, and of their relations to the business of banking. Open to students who have had Money and Banking. Lectures and assigned reading. First semester; Tu., Th., at 12. Professor Meyer.
35. Transportation and Communication. This is a general introductory course dealing with the most important principles and facts relating to railways, waterways, and the express, telephone, telegraph, and post office services. Repeated each semester; M., W., F., at 9. Professor Meyer.
36. Special Problems in Transportation. This is an advanced course in which the more important special transportation problems are discussed in detail. Each student pursues an independent line of investigation. Lectures and reports. Open to students who have had course 35 or its equivalent. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Professor Meyer.
37. Foreign Systems of Railways. This course embraces a study of the railways of the leading countries of the world, historically and economically. Each student may select the railways of a particular country, or read systematically in connection with the lectures on railways in different countries. Open to students who have had course 35 or its equivalent. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 8. Professor Meyer.
38. This course deals with the general principles of the different forms of personal and property insurance and the main problems connected with each. Lectures and reading. Open to students who have had the Elements of Economic Science. First semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Professor Meyer.
39. Modern Sociological Thought. A survey of sociological writers, beginning with Bodin and including the principal writers down to Gumplowiez, Schäffle, Giddings, and Small. First semester; M., W., F., at 8. Mr. Dowd.
40. Charities and Corrections. This course embraces first, a study of the dependent class, with special reference to the slum conditions in London, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia; second, the defective class and the institutional treatment of this class; the delinquent class, causes and prevention of crime, prison management and discipline. Reformatories and other public institutions will be visited. First semester; M., W., F., at 11. Mr. Dowd.
41. Public and Private Charity. A comparative study of poor relief in the United States, England, and the principal continental countries. Second semester; M., W., F., at 11. (Omitted in 1905.) Mr. Dowd.
42. Charity Organizations. A study of poverty in American cities, with special reference to the work of charity organization societies. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 9. (Omitted in 1905.) Mr. Dowd.
43. Field Work. Students are encouraged to study charitable and correctional institutions in Madison and the vicinity, and opportunity is afforded for continuous work elsewhere during the summer months. During the past years students from the University have engaged in field work, and several of these students have taken up work of this kind as a career. It is believed that this method of continuous study, followed by field work, yields the best results. It is the aim of this department to furnish secretaries of charity organization societies, and other trained workers.

Primarily for Graduates.

50. Economic History. A study of the development of economic institutions and economic doctrines, and of their influence upon each other and upon the other phases of social life. The period 1776 to 1850 will be studied in 1904-05. An investigative course for advanced students and graduates. Two sessions a week, at hours to be arranged. Credited as a full study. Professor Scott.
51. Modern Economic Theory. Designed to give students some acquaintance with recent movements in economic theory, and practice in reading German texts. As a point of departure and contrast Schmoller’s Grundriss der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre will be used as a text. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Assistant Professor Adams.
52. The Distribution of Wealth. Part I. This course deals chiefly with the fundamental institutions in the existing social order and their relation to the present distribution of wealth. The principal topics discussed are: private property, contract and its conditions, vested interests, custom, competition, monopoly, authority, and the caritative principle. First semester; M., W., Th., from 2:30 to 4:00. Professor Ely.
53. Distribution of Wealth. Part II. This course deals with the shares of the various factors in distribution, viz.: rent[,] interests, profits, and wages. May be taken by those who have not had Part I, course 52. First semester; M., W., Th., from 2:30 to 4:00. (Omitted in 1904-05) Professor Ely.
54. Public Finance. This course deals first with the nature of public finance as a science, and with its history, with the development and working of the public economy, and then proceeds to a discussion of public expenditures and a brief examination of public revenues. Second semester Tu., Th., from2:30 to 4:00. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Ely.
55. American Public Finance. Part I. The financial history of the United States. A critical and historical discussion of the finances of the federal government. Second semester; Tu., Th., 2:30 to 4:00. Professor Ely.
56. American Public Finance. Part II. An historical and critical account of the finances of the American commonwealths and local political units. Second semester; Tu., Th., 2:30 to 4:00. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Ely.
57. The Theory of Taxation. This course covers the general theoretical problems of taxation, equality and uniformity, shifting and incidence, etc. First semester; Tu., Th., at 10. Assistant Professor Adams.
58. Monopolies and Trusts. This course deals with the theories of monopoly, historically and critically; and examines the tendencies of large-scale business with reference to competition and monopoly. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Ely.
59. Principles of Transportation. This is a lecture course designed exclusively for graduates who do not desire to specialize in transportation. An endeavor will be made to present the most important facts and principles of railway development as illustrated in the leading countries of the world. Second semester; two-fifths study. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Meyer.
60. The Psychological Sociologist. This course deals with that group of sociologists who approach sociology from a psychological point of view. First semester; Tu., Th., at 8. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Mr. Dowd.
61. Seminary in Sociology. Topics in theoretical and practical sociology, selected with reference to the needs and interests of the students, will be investigated. Two hours a week. Mr. Dowd.
62. Race Elements in American Industry. The unique feature of American industrial and labor problems is the variety of races and nationalities that have participated. In order to prepare a way for the proper understanding of labor history in the United States, this course will include an examination of the industrial qualities of the several races, their capacities as producers, their part in promoting American industrial supremacy, their standards of living, the relative influence of climate, civilization, and heredity on industrial capacities, the sources of immigration, the distribution of races in industries and localities, the competition of races, the influence of industry and labor organizations in the assimilation of races, legislation regulating immigration, etc. The course will be divided into two parts: Part I consisting of lectures, three hours a week; Part II consisting of reports and discussions, two hours a week. First semester; M., Tu., W., Th., F., at 8. Professor Commons.
63. The History of Labor and Industrial Organization Prior to the Civil War. A survey of labor conditions in colonial times, the beginnings of labor agitations, the origins of labor unions, the communistic, sentimental, and utopian programs and experiments, free labor and slavery, political and civil rights of wage-earners, the rise of manufactures and rapid transportation. This course is divided into two parts like the foregoing. First semester; M., Tu., W., Th., F., at 8. (1905-06.) Professor Commons.
64. The History of Labor and Industrial Organization since the Civil War. The effects of the Civil War on capital and labor, the rise of the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, the effects of machinery, inventions, divisions of labor, and large-scale production, the changes in wages, hours of labor, and working conditions, the policies of trade unions, the influence of socialism, radicalism, and conservatism in labor unions, the beginnings of employers’ associations, the concentration of capital, growth of arbitration and trade agreements, and their practical results, labor legislation and judicial decisions, labor and public employment, women’s and children’s work and wages, etc. This course is divided into two parts like the foregoing. First semester; M., Tu., W., Th., F., at 8, (1906-07.) Professor Commons.
65. Research Course in Labor Problems. This is designed especially for students electing thesis on these subjects. Special attention will be given to thesis work by way of personal and seminary conferences, in which the student will be associated with the instructor in the special investigations of the labor history on which he is engaged. First semester; F., from 2:15 to 4:00. Professor Commons.

70. Economic Seminary. This is designed for graduate students who wish to carry on special investigations under the guidance which the department affords. A subordinate feature of the seminary work is a review of recent books and important articles published in the periodicals. Tuesday evening, throughout the year, from 7:30 to 9:30. Professor Ely, Professor Commons, Professor Meyer, Assistant Professor Adams, Mr. Dowd, Mr. Lorenz, and Dr. Taylor.

__________________

Department of Political Science.

Professor Parkinson, Professor Reinsch,
Assistant Professor Sparling, and Mr. Barnett.

Arrangement of Courses.

                  The introductory courses are open for election in the sophomore and junior years. As a rule, at least five semester hours of this work should be done before electing any of the advanced courses. The advanced courses are open for election by juniors, seniors, and graduates. Sophomores of advanced standing may make arrangements to take some of these courses (courses 12, 15, and 20). The requirements for an undergraduate major in political science, in addition to the thesis are twenty-one semester hours as a minimum.

Primarily for Undergraduates.

1. Elements of Political Science. A general survey of the field of political science. First semester; M., W., F., at 8. Assistant Professor Sparling.
2. Elementary Law. The nature and sources of law, and the methods of its application. First semester; Tu, Th., at 8; M., at 3. Mr. Barnett.
3. Elements of Administration. The theory of administration, and a survey of the administrative systems of the chief states of modern Europe, and of the United States. First semester; Tu., Th., at 8. Assistant Professor Sparling.
4. The Constitution of the United States. An outline course of lectures designed, primarily for those who cannot give more time to this subject, but which may be taken with profit in connection with any of the longer courses in constitutional law. Second semester; F., at 10. Professor Parkinson.

6. Administrative Problems. A survey of the primary administrative activities of the chief states of Europe and the United States. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 8. Assistant Professor Sparling.
7. Government and Politics in the United States. A general study of the American system of government in its local, state, and federal organs, and their relations to each other, as well as of the methods of political action. Second semester; M., W., F., at 8. Professor Reinsch.

For Undergraduates and Graduates.

9. Roman Law. a. History of the development of Roman law from the Twelve Tables to the Corpus Juris of Justinian. b. Institutes of Roman law. These divisions are given alternately. First semester; M., W., at 12. Professor Reinsch.
10. History of English and American Law. Second semester; M., W., at 12. (Omitted in 1905.) Professor Reinsch.
11. Jurisprudence. Analysis of the main concepts of the science of law on the basis of the juristic classics. Open to students who have had an elementary course in law. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 12. Mr. Barnett.
12. Constitutional Law. A short course of lectures on the English constitution, followed by a detailed study of the constitution of the United States. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 9. Professor Parkinson.
13. Constitutional Law. Designed to follow, or at least to supplement, course 12, with emphasis upon the study of cases; may be taken independently by those of suitable preparation. Open only to graduates and other advanced students. Throughout the year; Tu., Th., at 9. Professor Parkinson.
14. Seminary in Constitutional Law. A comparative study of the essential features of the leading constitutions of the world. Open to graduates, and to seniors who have had courses 12 and 13, or their equivalent. Second semester; M., W., at 10. Professor Parkinson.
15. Municipal Government in Europe and the United States. Second semester; M., W., F., at 8. Assistant Professor Sparling.
16. State Administration. A study of the local and state administrative systems of the United States. First semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Assistant Professor Sparling.
17. American Administrative Law. This course has in view the needs of the legal profession. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Assistant Professor Sparling.
18. International Law. First semester; M., W., F., at 10. Professor Parkinson.
19. Seminary in International Law. Emphasis will be placed upon diplomatic relations, treaties, the rights and obligations of neutrals, and the methods of settling international disputes without resort to war. Open to graduates, and also to others who have had course 18. Second semester; M., W., at 10. (Omitted in 1905.) Professor Parkinson.
20. Contemporary International Politics. In 1905 the oriental situation will be the special subject of this course. Second semester; M., W., F., at 10. Professor Reinsch.
    In connection with the above course a series of public lectures on problems of international politics will be given.
21. Colonial Politics. A study of the principal systems of colonial government. First semester; M., W., F., at 10. Professor Reinsch.
22. Party Government. Special attention will be given to party organization and the methods of legislative bodies. First semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Assistant Professor Sparling.
23. Federal Administration. A study of the organization and functions of the different branches of our federal service. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Assistant Professor Sparling.

25. The Law of the Press. The law of copyright, literary property, libel, privileged publications, and other topics relating to the publication of books and newspapers. Designed especially for students preparing for journalism and the law. Second semester; M., at 3. (Omitted in 1905.) Professor Reinsch.

Primarily for Graduates.*

35. History of Political Thought. The development of political philosophy from the Greeks to the present time, and its connection with political history. (May be taken by seniors of suitable preparation.) First semester; M., W., F., at 11. Professor Reinsch.
36. Philosophy of the State. A critical study of contemporary political thought and terminology. May be elected by seniors who take their major in political science. Second semester; M., W., at 11. Professor Reinsch.
37. Juristic Classics. In 1906: Reading of Gaius, with commentaries. Second semester; M., W., at 11. Professor Reinsch.

39. Seminary in Administration. Some important phases of state administration will be studied. Two hours throughout the year. Assistant Professor Sparling.
40. Seminary in Politics. For 1904-05: Parliamentary institutions of the present time. A study of parliamentary procedure, legislation, and party development in Germany and Italy during the last quarter century. Throughout the year; W., 7:30 to 9:30. Professor Reinsch.

*Studies given under the heading, “For Undergraduates and Graduates,” may also be taken as graduate work, but in this case special reading will be assigned by the instructor in addition to that required of undergraduate students.

__________________

Department of History.

Professor Turner, Professor Munro,
Assistant Professor Coffin, Assistant Professor Fish,
Dr. Tilton, Dr. Sellery, Dr. Phillips, and Assistants.

Arrangement of Courses.

                  The courses in history are divided into three groups, as follows:

A. Introductory courses 1 to 9 are primarily for undergraduates, and are planned to afford a comprehensive survey of the general field of history. They cannot be counted toward advanced degrees, and graduates are required to have completed an equivalent of sixteen semester hours of these studies as a preparation for graduate work for a degree. It will be noted that a substantial historical basis can be laid for advanced work by such an election as the following: freshman year, Medieval (course 1) and Colonial (course 3) or English (course 6); sophomore year, Modern (course 2) and United States (course 4). The study of Greek and Roman history (courses 8 and 9) is particularly recommended to those who may intend to teach history. It is not recommended that students shall cover all of the introductory courses to the neglect of advanced work.

B. Advanced courses 11 to 45 are designed to continue the work begun in the preliminary courses in the direction of greater specialization. These courses are open to undergraduates and graduates who have taken the necessary preliminary work.

C. Graduate courses 51 to 60 are not open to undergraduates. They consist of courses in the technique of history, and seminaries in American, Medieval, and Modern history, in which the subject of study changes from year to year.

History Major.

                  The requirements for an undergraduate major in history, in addition to the thesis, are twenty-six semester hours as a minimum, selected as follows:

I. One or more introductory courses in both European and American history.

II. Advanced courses to the amount of at least ten semester hours.

For Undergraduates.

1. Medieval History. A general survey of the history of continental Europe from the barbarian invasions to the close of the fifteenth century. Advanced students will be given special quiz sections and more advanced work. Throughout the year; M., W., at 11, for lectures, and a third hour in sections. Professor Munro, Dr. Tilton, Dr. Sellery, and assistants.
2. Modern European History. A general survey extending from the close of the fifteenth century to the present day. Not open to freshmen. Throughout the year; Tu., Th., at 11, and a third hour in sections. First semester, Dr. Sellery; second semester, Assistant Professor Coffin.
3. American Colonial and Revolutionary History. An introduction to the history of the United States, designed to acquaint the student with the beginnings of American institutions. Text-book, lectures, and topics. The class meets in divisions. Throughout the year; Tu., Th., at 9 and 10. Assistant Professor Fish and Dr. Phillips.
4. History of the United States. A general survey from the Revolutionary era to the present, with emphasis upon political history. Lectures, text-book, collateral reading, and topics. Not open to first year students. This course, or an equivalent, must precede all advanced courses in American history.
   4a. To the presidency of Jackson. First semester; M., W., F., at 11. Assistant Professor Fish.
   4b. From the presidency of Jackson to the present. Second semester; M., W., F., at 11. Assistant Professor Fish.
5. English History. A general survey with especial reference to economic and social conditions. Text-book, lectures, and topics. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 9 and 11. Dr. Tilton and Dr. Sellery.
6. English History. A course with especial reference to social and political conditions, useful for students of English literature, and recommended to those who expect to teach history. Students are not permitted to elect both courses 5 and 6. Throughout the year; Tu, Th., at 9. Assistant Professor Coffin, Dr. Tilton, Dr. Sellery, and Dr. Phillips.
7. History of Europe in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1900. Designed for freshmen in the Course in Commerce. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 11. Assistant Professor Coffin.
8. Ancient and Greek History. A brief outline of primitive and oriental history and a general course in Greek history. Recommended to all who expect to teach history. First semester; Tu., Th., F., at 11. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Munro and Dr. Tilton.
9. Roman History. A general survey with especial emphasis on the period of the later Republic and Early Empire. Recommended to all who expect to teach history. Second semester; Tu., Th., F., at 11. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Munro and assistants.

For Undergraduates and Graduates.

11. The History of the West. Particular attention is paid to the conditions of westward migration and to the economic, political and social aspects of the occupation of the various physiographic provinces of the United States, together with the results upon national development. Lectures, collateral reading, and topics. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 12. Professor Turner.
12. History of the South. The course deals with the period since the Revolution, and especial attention is given to the economic and social forces involved in the plantation system, slavery, and the occupation of the Gulf Plains, as a basis for understanding the political history of the South and its place in national history. Throughout the year; Tu., Th. at 3. Dr. Phillips.
13. History of New England. Special attention will be paid to the colonial period, and to New England expansion. Second semester; M., W., F., at 2. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Assistant Professor Fish.
14. Economic and Social History of the United States. Designed to treat economic topics in relation to the general movement of national history. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 12. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Turner.
15. Diplomatic History of the United States. An historical survey of our foreign relations from the Revolution to the present time. Throughout the year; Tu., Th., at 10. Assistant Professor Fish.
16. Constitutional and Political History of the United States from the Confederation to the Presidency of Jefferson. First semester; M., W., at 2:15. (Omitted in 1904-05.)
17. Undergraduate Seminary in American History. Designed to train undergraduates in the use of sources, by studying different problems in different years. The period since the Civil War will probably furnish the field for 1904-05. Elective by semesters to students who have had course 4 or its equivalent. M., W., at 2:15. Assistant Professor Fish.

29. Roman Imperial Institutions. A study of the organization and government of the Empire, especially in the second century A.D. First semester; Tu., Th, at 10. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Munro.

31. Medieval Civilization. Designed to supplement course 1 by a more special study of the social and intellectual life of the Middle Ages. First semester; Tu., Th., at 10. Professor Munro.
32. Feudal Institutions. Tu., Th., at 10. Open to graduate students and seniors of suitable preparation. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Munro.
33. Constitutional History of the Middle Ages. A comparative study of the governments in Germany and France, especially during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Open to graduate students and seniors of suitable preparation. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 10. Professor Munro.

35. Period of the Renaissance. An investigation of the chief political problems in the epoch of the foundation of the great European states, 1300-1500. Open to juniors and seniors who have had course 1 or an equivalent. First semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Dr. Sellery.
36. Age of Louis XIV. A study of the development of the absolute monarchy in continental Europe. Open to juniors and seniors who have had course 1 or 2, or an equivalent. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 11. Dr Sellery.

38. The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Periods, 1789-1814. Open to those who have had course 2 or its equivalent. Throughout the year; M., W., F., at 10. (Not offered in 1904-05.) Assistant Professor Coffin.
39. History of Europe in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1900. Open to those who have had course 2 or its equivalent. The work will be devoted especially to tracing in this period the influence of the French revolutionary ideas in the development of social and political institutions. First semester; M., W., F., at 10. Assistant Professor Coffin.

41. Constitutional History of England. A study of the growth of English institutions. Throughout the year; Tu., Th., at 12. Open to juniors and seniors who have had course 5 or 6. First semester, Dr. Tilton; second semester, Assistant Professor Coffin.
42. Economic and Social History of England, 1300-1600. A summary of English civilization in the thirteenth century and a view of the chief economic and intellectual changes from medieval to modern civilization. Open only to students who have had course 1, 5, or 6. Second semester; Tu., Th., at 9. Dr. Tilton.

45. The Development of Modern Prussia, 1640-1871. This course is intended to explain the development of the Prussian state and trace the Prussianizing of modern Germany. Open to those who have had course 2. First semester; Tu., Th., at 12. Assistant Professor Coffin.

50. Methods of History Teaching, with special reference to the work of secondary schools. For seniors of suitable preparation and graduates. Throughout the year; F., at 3. Professors Turner and Munro.

For Graduates.

51. Historical Bibliography. An account of the present state of the materials for historical research, and an examination of the bibliographical tools most essential to the special study of history. First semester; W., at 10. (Omitted in 1904-05.) Professor Munro.
52. Historical Criticism. An introductory survey of the principal problems of historical method, accompanied by practical exercises. Second semester; W., at 10. Given in alternate years. Professor Munro.
53. Paleography and Diplomatics. (a) Elements of paleography, with practical exercises in the reading of manuscript facsimiles; (b) Elementary exercises in diplomatics. The first part of the course is identical with the first part of course 18 in Latin, and is arranged for the benefit of advanced students of language as well as for students of history. Second semester; F., 9 to 11. Given in alternate years. Professor Munro.

56. Seminary in Medieval History. In 1904-05 the First Crusade is studied by special topics, illustrating the causes, the relations of the chiefs with the Greek emperor, and the social conditions in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Th., 4 to 6. Professor Munro.
57. Seminary in Modern European History. The work will center about the diplomatic revolution of 1756. Throughout the year; S., 11 to 1. Assistant Professor Coffin.
58. Seminary in American History. For 1904-05, the seminary will study the history of Monroe’s administration. Throughout the year; three hours a week in two sessions. Professor Turner.

60. Historical Conference. A fortnightly meeting of the instructors and graduate students of the school for conference and consideration of papers. A considerable portion of the time of the conference is devoted to a coöperative study of the work of important historians, so planned as to give in successive years a general view of modern historiography. Throughout the year; alternate Fridays, 4 to 6.

Special Lectures.

                  Besides the regular courses of class instruction described above, two series of lectures were given each year by scholars from without the University. In 1903-04, the following were delivered:

                  Transcontinental Explorations, with especial reference to Lewis and Clark. Four lectures by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

                  The Causes of the Civil War. Four lectures by Professor James A. Woodburn, of Indiana University.

Summer Courses.

                  Elementary and advanced courses in history are offered each year in the Summer Session of the University. For a fuller description see the Summer Session circular, which may be obtained by application to the Registrar of the University.

__________________

Special Training Courses.

Statistics, Practical Sociology, Public Service
and Journalism.

                  In order to offer opportunity for careful and systematic training in practical pursuits, the studies offered by the departments of Political Economy, Political Science, and History, together with a number of allied subjects, have been arranged so as to form four special courses, viz.: in statistics, in practical sociology, in preparation for public service, and in preparation for journalism.

                  The course in statistics will give special training in the use and collection of statistical material, with a view of fitting the student for practical statistical work in connection with public administration or with the business of railway and insurance companies.

                  The course in practical sociology consists of studies in modern social and economics problems, social theory, and practical charity and reform. The class work of the student is to be supplemented by the direct study of social conditions, and reformatory and charitable institutions. The course is primarily intended as a preparation for pastoral work, and the activities connected with organized charity and other ameliorative agencies.

                  The course in public service covers the subjects of politics, administration, diplomacy and modern history. A thorough knowledge of the mechanism and workings of contemporary government is becoming increasingly important with the constantly expanding sphere of political activities. To the training in the general principles of politics and methods of government, there will added in this course specific instruction in the work of the various governmental departments, and the students will be kept informed concerning the various openings for a career in the public service, as well as the requirements and examinations that form a condition for entering thereupon.

                  The course in preparation for journalism does not aim to offer technical instruction in the methods of practical journalism, but to provide a fund of information on social, economic, political, and historical questions, which is indispensable in journalistic work of a high grade.

                  The special training courses cover a period of three years, beginning with the junior year. At the end of the second year the bachelor’s degree is conferred. At the end of the third year the master’s degree. No thesis is required with the latter. Any students in the above courses will be under the special supervision and advice of that member of the instructional force under whom the major part of their work is done. The faculty will keep in close touch with men of experience and representative position in the branches to which these courses relate, and will make use of their aid and suggestions to render the instruction most helpful to the students.

                  Upon the completion of the course of three years the graduate will receive a certificate, stating that he has taken a special course, and indicating to what group of studies he has devoted his attention. No rigid uniformity is required of the students in the matter of selection of their studies. They must, however, select at least ten-fifths a semester from the work recommended, and this work must be taken in the sequence indicated, unless exceptions are made for special cause. Some studies which are absolutely indispensable in a certain course are italicized, and others will be indicated by the special adviser of the student, according to the work for which the latter is pre-paring. Beyond this the students are left free to take electives in other departments.

                  Admission. Students who have completed the sophomore year in any college or university of approved standing are admitted to the special courses, but all such students will be subject to the same conditions as students entering other courses in the junior year. The graduates of any such college or university may arrange to complete any one of the courses in two years. It is presumed that students entering the school have studied ancient, medieval and modern history, as well as the elements of economics and political science. In the absence of such preparation students will be expected to make up their deficiency during the junior year. The language requirements will be adapted to individual needs, but the minimum requirement will be that of the regular course in the College of Letters and Science.

__________________

The Course in Statistics.

[The first numeral following the name of the course indicates the number of hours per week, the Roman numeral the semester.]

Junior.

                  Economic Statistics, 3-II; Social Statistics, 3-I; Analytical Geometry and Calculus, 3; Commercial Geography, 4; Agricultural Industries, 2-II; Economic Problems, 3-II; Money and Banking, 3-I; Elements of Administration, 2-1.

Senior.

                  Railway and Insurance Statistics, 2-I; Government Statistics, 2-II; Theory of Probabilities, 2-II; Expert Accounting, 2-II; Insurance, 2-I; Railways, 2-II; Social and Economic Legislation, 3; State and Federal Administration, 2-II; Markets and Securities, 2-II.

Graduate.

                  Distribution of Wealth, 5-I; Public Finance, 5-II; Economic Seminary; Seminary Administration, 2; Laboratory Work in Statistics, 2; Railway Economies, 2-I; Public Accounting, 2-II.

__________________

The Course in Practical Sociology.

Junior.

                  Charities and Correction, 3-I; Field Work; Elements of Sociology, 3-I; History of Education, 3-I; Municipal Government, 3-II; Physiology, 3-I, 2-II; Psychology, 3-I; Ethics, 3-II; Moral Education, 1-II.

Senior.

                  Social Ethics, 2-I; Social Statistics, 3-I; Psychology and Sociology, 3-I; Modern Sociological Thought, 3-II; Field Work in Charities; Charity Organization, 2-II; Communicable Diseases, 1; Biology of Water Supplies, 5-I; American History, 2.

Graduate.

                  Seminary in Sociology, 2; Advanced Ethics, 3-I; Anthropology, 2-1; Abnormal Psychology, alternating with Comparative Psychology, 2-II; Distribution of Wealth, 5-I; History of Political Thought, 2-I; Labor Legislation, 3-I; Economic and Social History, 3; Laboratory Work in Statistics, 2.

__________________

The Course in Preparation for Public Service.

Junior.

                  Elements of Administration, 2-I; State and Federal Administration, 2-II; Constitutional Law, 3; American History, 2; Elements of Finance, 3-I; Colonial Politics, 2-I; Elementary Law, 3-I; Advanced English, 3; Social and Economic Statistics, 3.

Senior.

                  Federal Services, 2-I (a study of the organization of the various departments of the federal government with methods of work and conditions of entry); International Law, 3-II; Diplomacy, 3-II; Municipal Government, 3-II; Nineteenth Century History, 3; Administrative Law, 2-I; Contemporary Politics, 2; Political Thought, 3; English Constitutional History, 2; Social and Economic History, 3.

Graduate.

                  Seminary in Administration, 2; Administrative Services (relating to state and municipal services), 2-II; Public Finance, 5-II; Seminary in Political Philosophy, 2; American Constitution and Political History, 3; Seminary in Modern European History, 2; Seminary in Public Law, 2; Social Ethics, 2-I; Roman Law, 2-II; Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 2-I.

                  In order to adapt the course to the special needs in individual cases, the students will be advised to devote a part of the senior and graduate year to more special preparation for some branch of the public service, and will be encouraged to take a group of electives with that end in view. Every student is, moreover, required to take as part of his senior and graduate work one of the following groups of obligatory studies, or one of other groups hereafter to be arranged, intended to form the basis of more special preparation.

a) Financial: Public Finance, 5-II, first half of semester; American Federal Finance, 5-II, second half of semester; Public accounting, 2-II; Money and Banking, 3.

(b) Internal Governments: Agricultural Industries, 2-II; Social and Economic Legislation, 3; Social and Economic Statistics, 3; American Social and Economic History, 3.

(c) State and Municipal Governments: Municipal Government, 3-II; Public Securities, 2; Municipal and Sanitary Engineering 2-I; Public Accounting, 2-II; American State and Municipal Finance, 3-II.

(d) Diplomacy: Diplomacy, 3-II; International Law, 3-I; Contemporary Politics, 2; Nineteenth Century History, 2; Advanced French and a thorough study of another European language (German, Spanish, Italian, Russian or Norse).

__________________

The Course in Preparation for Journalism.

Junior.

                  Economic Problems, 3-II; American History, 2; Constitutional Law, 3; Modern Systems of Education, 2-I; Agricultural Industries; 2-II; Municipal Government, 3-II; Moral Progress and Moral Education, 1-Il; Advanced English, 3; General survey of English Literature (with special reference to the great prose writers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries), 3; American Literature, 2.

Senior.

                  English Constitutional History, 2; Nineteenth Century History, 2; Political Thought, 2-I; Contemporary Polities, 2; History of the West, alternating with Economic and Social History, 3; Colonial Politics, 2-I; Social Ethics, 2-II; Press Laws, 1; State and Federal Administration, 2-II; International Law, 3-I; Advanced English, 2; English Literature (Courses 32, 33, 36, 39, and 43).

Graduate.

                  Advanced English, 2; Seminary in American History, 2; Distribution of Wealth, 5-I; Public Finance, 5-II; Modern Sociological Thought, 2-II; Seminary in Political Philosophy, 2; Seminary in Economics; Diplomacy, 3-II; History of Institutions, 2.
Seminary work in some line will be required.

Source: “University of Wisconsin, Departments of Political Economy, Political Science, and History.” Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, no. 89 (Madison, Wisconsin: May 1904). Transcription from a copy in the Harvard University Archives, Division of History, Government, and Economics. Ph.D. exams and records of candidates, study plans, lists, etc. pre-1911-1942. Box 2, Unlabeled Folder.

Image Sources: Collage of cropped portraits of Richard T. Ely (left, ca. 1910) and John R. Commons (1904) from University of Wisconsin-Madison Archives and Commons’ autobiography Myself (after p. 94), respectively.