Category: Chicago

Categories
Chicago Regulations

Chicago Economics. General Regulations for Ph.D., 1903

University of Chicago
The Regulations of the University of Chicago
(Chicago, 1903)

[p. 24]

ARTICLE VIII. INSTRUCTION.

Section 1.—Courses of instruction provided by the University are organized under the following Departments:

[p. 25]

The Schools and Colleges of Arts, Literature, and Science.

I.           Philosophy.
II.         Political Economy.
III.       Political Science.
IV.       History.
V.         The History of Art.
VI.       Sociology and Anthropology.
VII.      Comparative Religion.
VIII.     Semitic Languages and Literatures-
IX.        Biblical and Patristic Greek.
X.         Sanskrit and Indo-European Comparative Philology.
XI.       The Greek Language and Literature.
XII.      The Latin Language and Literature.
XIII.     The Romance Languages and Literatures.
XIV.     The Germanic Languages and Literatures.
XV.       The English Language and Literature, and Rhetoric.
XVI.     Literature (in English).
XVII.    Mathematics.
XVIII.   Astronomy and Astrophysics.
XIX.     Physics.
XX.      Chemistry.
XXI.     Geology.
XXIA.  Geography.
XXII.   Zoology.
XXIII.  Anatomy.
XXIV.  Physiology (including Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology).
XXV.   Neurology.
XXVI.  Palæontology.
XXVII. Botany.
XXVIII. Pathology and Bacteriology.
XXXI.  Public Speaking.
XXXIl. Physical Culture and Athletics.
XXXIII.Military Science and Tactics.

[…]

Section 2. — Courses of instruction are classified as Majors and Minors, and call for a specific number of hours per week, or the equivalent of the same, as follows: The Major course occupies four or five hours weekly for a Quarter (twelve weeks). The Minor course occupies four or five hours weekly for a Term (six weeks). The Double Major or Double Minor occupies double the [p. 26] weekly time for the Quarter or Term respectively.

  1. Major and Minor courses in the Junior Colleges uniformly occupy five hours weekly.
  2. In the Summer Quarter courses in all the Schools and Colleges occupy five hours weekly.
  3. Seminar work is estimated in Majors or Minors not according to the number of hours occupied weekly, but according to the character of the work required. Determination of the credit value of the Seminar lies within the province of the instructor, subject to the approval of the Head of the Department.

 

Section 3. — The normal work of the student is three courses for each Quarter.

  1. The student is permitted to take two Majors or their equivalent, or one Major, provided that he furnishes satisfactory evidence to his Dean that he is making the proper use of his time.
  2. A student may take four Majors of work during a Quarter. In the case of an under- graduate student this is permitted only on approval of his recent instructors and the payment of an additional fee (see Art. XIII, sec. 7, no. 8).

[…]

[p. 30]

Section 13. — The courses of instruction in the Graduate Schools are elective, except as the election is modified by the previous choice involved in candidacy for a particular degree. (See Art. XI, sees. 4, 6, 8.)

  1. Graduate work done in another institution is accepted as resident work in the University, provided that:
    1. The institution in which the work is done is of high standing; and
    2. Sufficient evidence is furnished that the particular work is satisfactorily performed.
    3. No work done in another institution is accepted in lieu of the minimum of one year of residence required for any degree.
  2. Non-resident work may be substituted for resident work for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the following conditions:
    1. The non-resident student is expected to matriculate at the University and spend the first year of the time required for the degree in residence, unless he satisfies the Head of the Department concerned that he can do the introductory work in a satisfactory manner though not in attendance.
    2. The non-resident work is performed under the general direction of the Head of the Department concerned.
    3. The final examination in all work leading to a degree is passed at the University.
  3. No non-resident work is accepted in lieu of the minimum residence of one year required for the Master’s degree.

[…]

[p. 32]

Section 17. — At the close of each course of study an examination is held by the instructor, the particular time being officially announced in the Weekly Calendar.

  1. Quarterly examinations are given in graduate courses at the discretion of the instructor. *

*(l) This does not entitle individual graduate students to exemption from the examination in courses in which the quarterly examination is held. (2) In case no examination is held in a graduate course it is understood that some paper, problem, or exercise is substituted for the examination in question.

  1. If quarterly examinations are not given in graduate courses, instruction continues to be given until the last day of the Quarter.

[…]

Section 19. — For regulations governing examinations for higher degrees, see Art. XI, sec. 6, no. 4, and sec. 9.

 

Section 20. — The following terminology is employed in recording the work of students:

 

A = 100 to 91.

B= 90 to 76.

C= 75 to 61.

D= 60 to 51.

E= 50 to 0.

  1. “C” is the passing mark.
  2. “D” requires a second examination…

[p. 33]

[…]

  1. In the Graduate Schools all grades below “C” are equivalent to “not passed.”

[…]

[p. 38]

[…]

ARTICLE XI. GRADUATION, INCLUDING CANDIDACY AND REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREES.

Section 1. — A diploma or certificate conferring a degree or a title, or testifying to the completion of a course of study, is awarded to each student completing the requirements in a School, College, or Academy as follows:

[…]

  1. The degree of Master of Arts, Philosophy, or Science and of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools.

[…]

Section 3. — A student is admitted to candidacy for a higher degree in any School on the following general conditions:

  1. If his undergraduate course is equivalent to that in the Colleges of the University (see sees. 4-6).
  2. If he has been in residence one Quarter or more in the School.
  3. On recommendation of the Department or Departments in which he wishes to work he is accepted by the Faculty of the School.
  4. Graduates of approved institutions who become candidates for a higher degree are, as a general rule, allowed to depart from the regulations of the University for the Bachelor’s degree to the extent of three Majors, but no deficiency in quantity is allowed (see sees. 5 and 6).
  5. Substitutes for the specified work required for the Bachelor’s degree of this University, to the amount of eight Majors reckoned by College standards, are granted to candidates for a higher degree:
    1. In the case of a student appointed to a Fellowship or Scholarship, when the substitution is recommended by the Department in which the principal work is done.
    2. In other cases, by a majority vote of the University Senate.

[…]

[p.39]

[…]

Section 4. — The following special regulations condition admission to candidacy for the degrees in question :

[…]

  1. In the case of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in any School, the student has a reading knowledge of French and German certified to by the Departments of Romance and Germanic Languages in the University, and the subject for his dissertation is accepted by the Head of his principal Department.
  2. A graduate student holding any Bachelor’s degree and devoting himself to any Department of study is admitted to candidacy for any Master’s degree, provided that, also, he has done the work required for a corresponding Bachelor’s degree in the University.

[…]

Section 6. — Students admitted to candidacy for higher degrees obtain them on the following general conditions :

  1. Resident graduate work as follows : for the Master’s degree, three Quarters ; for the Doctor’s degree, three years, or, in the Graduate Divinity School, four years. (See special provision in sec. 7, nos. 6-8.)
  2. Registration during the Quarter in which the examination for the degree takes place.
  3. The successful completion of a course of study acceptable to the Department in which the work is done. For special curriculum requirements, see sec. 8.
  4. The passing of a final examination, written [p. 40] or oral or both, at the discretion of the examining committee. For special examination requirements see sec. 9.
  5. The preparation and presentation of a satisfactory dissertation, except in the case of the non-specialist Master’s degree (see sec. 8, no. 3). For special dissertation requirements, see sec. 10.
  6. The favorable report of the examining committee, the recommendation of Ruling Bodies concerned, and the conferring of the degree by the Board of Trustees through the President.
  7. Presence in person at the Convocation at which the degree is given.

 

Section 7. — Special regulations governing the term of residence necessary for graduation are as follows :

  1. No degree is given without at least one year (three Quarters) of full resident work.
  2. Students who have taken a degree for two years’ work in schools under the supervision of the University may take the title of Associate after a Quarter of residence at the University.

[…]

  1. Students presenting advanced credit shorten the time required for residence for certain degrees. (See Art. VI, sec. 13 ; Art. VIII, sec. 13, no. I, and sec. 14, no. 7.)
  2. Non-resident work accepted in lieu of work in residence shortens the time required for residence. (See Art. VIII, sec. 13, no. 2, sec. 14, no. 4.) Non-resident work cannot be accepted as affording any time credit in the course for the medical degree.
  3. In exceptional cases the degree of Doctor of Philosophy may be granted after one year of residence at the University of Chicago, work having been done in other institutions.

 

Section 8. — Special regulations governing the curriculum are as follows :

  1. Each Department of instruction decides what courses of instruction are accepted in its Department for higher degrees.
  2. Work done in other universities may be substituted for work in the University according to the regulations found in Art. VI, sec. 13; Art. VIII, sec. 13, no. 1, sec. 14, no. 7.
  3. If the degree of Master in the Graduate Schools be taken as a specialist degree, at least seven Majors of resident graduate work, all falling in one Department, and a dissertation, are required. If it be taken as a non-specialist degree, there are required nine Majors of resident graduate work distributed among three Departments (not more than six Majors falling in any one group of Departments), without a dissertation; but the respective Departments must approve in writing, in advance, at the time of the student’s admission to candidacy, the specific courses to be offered for the degree, and any Department is at liberty to require other courses to be taken as preliminary to those thus approved. In any case Seminar courses are counted toward the Master’s degree only by special consent of the Department concerned.

[…]

[p. 41]

[…]

  1. For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Schools the requirements are :
    1. One principal and either one or two secondary subjects are chosen, each acceptable to the head of the Department concerned.
    2. Not more than two-thirds of the work may be done in one Department, and work counting toward the degree in not more than three Departments, except when such work is accepted as equivalent to work done in the Department itself.
    3. The minimum requirement in a secondary subject taken by a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is one year (three Quarters) of full work (that is to say, work corresponding, in the judgment of the Department, to nine Majors).
    4. The candidate who has already done in another university the whole or a part of the work which would be accepted by the proposed secondary Department in this University as sufficient, takes, nevertheless, an amount of work in that Department corresponding to at least three Majors; and this work is of a strictly advanced character.
    5. If a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy takes two secondary subjects, the minimum requirement is two-thirds of a full year’s work in one of them (that is to say, work corresponding, in the judgment of the Department concerned, to six Majors), and one-third of a full year’s work in the other (that is to say, work corresponding, in the judgment of the Department concerned, to three Majors); and of these amounts at least three Majors in each subject are of a strictly advanced character.
    6. A good command of literary expression and such knowledge of subjects considered fundamental as may be prescribed by the several Departments is required.

[…]

Section 9. — Special regulations governing the examination preliminary to obtaining degrees are as follows :

  1. The public oral examination for the degree of Master or of Doctor of Philosophy is conducted by an examining committee (see no. 2), and does not exceed two hours in length in the case of the Master’s degree and three hours in the case of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Notice of the same is published in the Weekly Calendar at least one week in advance.
  2. The Examining Committee consists of all the instructors of the Departments concerned, ex officio, and one or more members appointed by the President. The President also names the chairman of the Committee. In all examinations for the Doctor’s degree in Greek and Latin the members of all Departments represented in the Classical Group are understood to be included in this regulation as “Departments concerned.”
  3. The oral examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is taken within four months after the approval of the dissertation, unless the time be extended by the Senate upon the recommendation of the Heads of the Departments concerned. (See no. 6 below.)

[p. 42]

  1. The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is admitted to final examination only when the thesis is complete and ready for the printer (see also sec. 10). By “complete ” is meant that every chapter or considerable subdivision of the document is worked out with such fulness that it is practicable to make all the necessary corrections and additions on the proof.
  2. No examination for a higher degree is held within the last week before the Convocation at which the degree is to be conferred.
  3. The candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy may present himself for examination in his secondary subject as soon as he has fulfilled the requirements of the Department concerned. The examination is conducted by a committee consisting of the members of the Department, a representative of the principal Department, and a representative of another Department, and the grade attained is reported to the Recorder.
  4. In case a candidate has already taken the examination in his secondary Department, the examination in his principal subject is conducted by an Examining Committee consisting of the members of the Department concerned, an appointed representative of the secondary Department, or each of them, by any other members of the said Department that may choose to attend, and by a member of some other Department appointed by the President.
  5. The candidate for any final examination for the higher degree prepares a typewritten or printed brief of his work, including an analysis of the dissertation, and files with the Recorder copies of the same, sufficient in number for the Examining Committee, one week before the time set for the examination. In case of an examination in the secondary Department, the brief includes the work in this Department. The brief for the final examination includes the work of both Departments.

 

Section 10. — Special regulations governing the dissertation in the case of the higher degrees are as follows:

  1. Students who have reached their third year of graduate study and are, in the judgment of the instructors concerned, prepared to enter upon the direct work of the thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy may, within the judgment of the Department in which the thesis is to be presented, be free for that work. In this case the usual fees are paid.
  2. The subject of the dissertation in the case of the Doctor’s degree in the Graduate Schools is submitted for approval to the Head of the Department at least twelve months before the date of the final examination.
  3. The dissertation itself is submitted in written form four months before the date of the final examination (unless postponement is authorized by the Senate upon recommendation of the Head of the Department concerned).
  4. Dissertation work may be done in collaboration with the instructor on the following conditions:
    1. The student should be given the choice of selecting a second subject on which he is allowed to publish alone.
    2. The student submits a written dissertation on such part of the joint work as was allotted to him for original investigation, on the basis of which he desires to receive the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
    3. This dissertation should be printed separately.
    4. Should the joint paper appear before the dissertation is printed, or should it be unavoidably delayed, the time allowed for the printing of the dissertation may be suitably extended at the request of the instructor.
  5. Dissertations for the degree of Master and of Doctor of Philosophy, after receiving the approval of the Departments concerned, are [p. 43] deposited in the Library at least three weeks before the date of the Convocation at which the degrees are to be conferred, and notices of the dissertations thus deposited are given to the Faculties concerned.
  6. In the title-page required for all dissertations the official name of the University is placed at the head of the title-page, and the name of the Department to which the dissertation is offered is designated in marks of parenthesis at the end of the statement that the dissertation is offered in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The proper form is as follows :

__________________

The University of Chicago
FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
_____

(Title) ______________________________________

___________________________________________

A DISSERTATION

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY
OF THE

(GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND LITERATURE)
(OGDEN GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE)
(GRADUATE DIVINITY SCHOOL)

IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

(Department of___________________)

_____

BY

(Name of Author) ______________________________________

_____

_____

_____

19—

__________________

 

  1. A brief of the dissertation accompanies the brief of work required. (See sec. 9, no. 8.)
  2. A dissertation is required for the Master’s degree in the Graduate Schools when it is taken as a specialist degree. (See sec. 8, no. 3.) In this case the subject is submitted for approval to the Head of the Department in which the principal work is done, at least six months before graduation, and the completed dissertation at least two months before graduation. The title page of the Master’s dissertation must, in form, agree with that of the Doctor’s dissertation. The paper on which the dissertation is written is of uniform size (8½ × 11 inches), and of a quality approved by the Librarian of the University, from whom samples are obtained. Five printed or typewritten copies are deposited in the University Library. A copy for preservation in the Library is bound in dark cloth and shows the title of the thesis, either stamped on the cover in gilt lettering or written out on a slip and pasted on the outside covering.

[…]

[p. 44]

[…]

  1. For the relation of the dissertation to admission to the examination and to recommendation for the degree, see sees. 9, no. 4, and 11, nos. 3 and 4.
  2. After acceptance, one hundred printed copies of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy are deposited in the Library within six months after the date of the final examinations. These copies become the property of the University. (See Art. II, sec. 14, no. 15, and Art. XV, sec. 9, no. 2.) Two copies of each thesis are offered bound in boards in a style approved by the Librarian of the University, from whom samples may be secured upon application.

[…]

[p. 45]

[…]

Section 12. — Special regulations governing recommendation for higher degrees are as follows:

  1. The Departments concerned recommend to the proper Faculties, the Faculties to the University Senate, and the Senate to the Board of Trustees.
  2. In no case is a candidate recommended for a higher degree without the consent of all the Departments concerned.
  3. The degree of Master (specialist, and in the Divinity School) is recommended only after the proper number of copies of the dissertation have been deposited with the Librarian. (See sec. 10, no. 8.)
  4. The degree of Doctor of Philosophy is recommended only on a written certificate of the principal Department concerned that the thesis is ready for the printer, and on the written evidence of some responsible journal or publisher that the required number of printed copies will be furnished the University within a reasonable time.

[…]

Section 14. — Four grades of excellence are distinguished for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, namely : (1) rite; (2) cum laude; (3) magna cum laude; (4) summa cum laude. The grading is based both upon the examination and the dissertation.

 

Categories
Chicago Courses

Chicago Economics. Courses of Instruction. 1900-01.

General
Junior College Courses
Senior College and Graduate Courses
Seminars

Source: University of Chicago. Annual Register: July, 1899-July, 1900 with Announcements for 1900-1901. 1900.

[p. 165]

The Department of Political Economy
[University of Chicago]

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.
Summer Quarter, 1900—Spring Quarter, 1901.
M=Minor course=a single course for six weeks. Mj=Major course=a single course for twelve weeks.

 

GENERAL.

The courses may be roughly classified into

Group I, Introductory: Courses 1,2,3,4.
Group II, Theoretical: Courses 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18.
Group III, Practical: Courses 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 47, 39, 40, 41.
Group IV, Seminars: Courses 50, 51, 42, 53, 54, 55.

Students are advised to begin the study of economics not later than the first year of their entrance into the Senior Colleges; and students of high standing, showing special aptitude for economic study, may properly take Course 1 in the last year of the Junior Colleges.

For admission to the courses of Groups II and III, a prerequisite is the satisfactory completion of Courses 1 and 2 or an equivalent. Those desiring only a general acquaintance with the subject are expected to take Course 2 during the second quarter. Course 1 is not open to students who do not intend to continue the work of 2.

After passing satisfactorily in Courses 1 and 2 the student will find a division of the courses into three general groups : Group II will be concerned chiefly with a study of economic principles, their historical development, and the various systems of economic thought; Group III, while making use of principles and economic reasoning, will be devoted mainly to the collection of facts, the weighing of evidence, and an examination of questions bearing on the immediate welfare of our people. For a proper grasp of the subject Courses 10, 11, and 13 are indispensable; and in the second year of his study of economics the student should supplement a course in Group II by a course in Group III. Group IV provides for the oversight of special investigations, particularly those undertaken by candidates for the higher degrees.

Ability to treat economic questions properly can be acquired only if the student, being possessed of some natural aptitude for the study, devotes sufficient time to it to enable him to assimilate the principles into his thinking, and to obtain certain habits of mind which are demanded for proficiency in this, as in any other important branch of study.

 

JUNIOR COLLEGE COURSES

 

  1. and 2. Principles of Political Economy.—Exposition of the laws of Political Economy in its present state.

5 hrs. a week. MJ. Summer Quarter; 8:30.
Dr. Hatfield.

2 Mjs. Autumn and Winter Quarters; 8:30 and 9:30
Professor Laughlin and
Asssistant Professor Hill.
Repeated in Spring Quarter; 12:00.
Assistant Professor Hill

Course 1 in the Autumn Quarter is open only to students who express to their deans a bona fide intention to elect 2 in the Winter Quarter.

Students should begin the study of Political Economy by taking Courses 1 and 2. Those desirous of laying the foundation for work in the advanced courses will take these two courses; those who, while giving their attention mainly to other departments, seek simply that general knowledge of economics demanded by a liberal education, and cannot devote more time to the study, will also take Courses 1 and 2. Courses 1 and 2 together are designed to give the students an acquaintance with the working principles of Political Economy.

The general drill in the principles cannot be completed in one quarter; and the department does not wish students to elect Course 1 who do not intend to continue the work in Course 2. Descriptive and practical subjects are introduced as the principles are discussed, and the field is only half-covered in Course 1. Those who do not take both 1 and 2 are not prepared to take any advanced courses.

Courses 1 and 2 form the two Majors required of all Junior College students in the College of Commerce and Administration.

 

  1. Economic and Social History.—Leading Events in the Economic History of Europe and America since the middle of the eighteenth century. Lectures and Reading.

Mi. Winter Quarter; 2:00
Professor Miller.

[p. 166] This course endeavors to present a comprehensive survey of the social, industrial, commercial and economic development of the Western world since the middle of the eighteenth century. After a preliminary study of the industrial revolution and the rise of the factory system, attention will be called to the economic and social effects of the American and French revolutions; the development of American commerce; to the introduction of steam transportation; to the adoption of free trade by England; to the new gold discoveries and their widespread effects; to the Civil War in the United States; to the French indemnity; to the crisis of 1873; and to the economic disturbances of the past twenty years. The course is conducted mainly by lectures, but a course of collateral reading will be prescribed upon which students will be expected to report from time to time.

No previous economic study is required of students entering this course, but it will be taken to best advantage by those who already have some knowledge of economic principles.

 

  1. Descriptive Economics.—Lectures and Reports.

Mj. Summer Quarter; 12:00
Mj. Autumn Quarter; 12:00
Dr. Hatfield.

This is an elementary course requiring no previous study of Political Economy and describes the industrial structure of modern society. As it thus treats of the subject-matter with which economic theory deals, it may properly precede or supplement the course in Principles of Political Economy.

The purpose of the course is to familiarize the student with the actual forms in which economic activity of today manifests itself. The treatment will be concrete and practical rather than theoretical and will include the following subjects: Raw materials and their sources; the organization and methods of leading industries showing the effects of modern inventions; the development of markets; produce exchanges; trade routes; the distribution of commerce, etc.

In connection with this course the class will visit a number of the large industrial establishments situated in Chicago.

 

SENIOR COLLEGE AND GRADUATE COURSES.

  1. History of Political Economy.—History of the Development of Economic Theories, embracing those of the Mercantilists and the Physiocrats, followed by a critical study of Adam Smith and his English and Continental Successors.—Lectures, Reading, and Reports.

Mj. Autumn Quarter, 11:00.
Assistant Professor Veblen.

This course treats of the theoretic development of Political Economy as a systematic body of doctrine; of the formation of economic conceptions and principles, policies, and systems. The subject will be treated so as to show the continuity and systematic character of Political Economy as the intelligent and scientific explanation of economic facts. Both the internal and the external aspects of the history of Political Economy will be studied, that is, the history of topics and doctrines and that of schools and leading writers. At the same time, any body of economic doctrine will always be explained and tested as the interpretation of a certain sphere of economic fact; and the student will thus be constantly drilled in economic analysis and in the sifting of economic proof, with the aim of making his hold on economic facts and problems at once exact and comprehensive. The questions that arise as to the interpretation of great writers and their systems will also form matter of discussion and study. Attention will be given, first, to what is significant for Political Economy in the early efforts of the moderns to solve economic problems. The commercial theories of the Mercantile System, the Physiocratic School, Adam Smith and his immediate predecessors, the English writers from Adam Smith to J. S. Mill, and the European and American writers of the nineteenth century will be studied. From the multiplicity of writers, selections will be made of those who have had great influence, or who have made marked contributions to Political Economy.

The student will be expected to read prescribed portions of the great authors bearing on cardinal principles, and to trace the relationship of the teaching of one author to that of another and of all authors in a scientific whole. It is hoped that in this way he will learn to see the consistency and relations of economic theories and to use the science as a whole, and not as a mere mass of arbitrary formula: or dicta. A special feature of the work will be a thorough study of Adam Smith and of Ricardo.

 

  1. Scope and Method of Political Economy.—Origin and Development of the Historical School.—Lectures and Reports.

Mj. Winter Quarter; 11:00
Assistant Professor Veblen.

This course attempts to define the province, postulates, and character of Political Economy; to determine [p. 167] its method and to examine the nature of economic truth. The methods of proof and the processes of reasoning involved in the analysis of economic phenomena and the investigation of economic problems, and the position of Political Economy in the circle of the Moral Sciences—its relation to Ethics, Political Science. and Sociology—will be studied. In view of the controversies which have arisen on these fundamental topics, a critical estimate will be made of the views of leading writers on Methodology, such as Mill, Cairnes, Schmoller, Wagner, Menger, Sax, Keynes, and others. Seeing that the controversy about method arose in connection with the contentions of members of the Historical School of Political Economy in Germany, the opinions and writings of prominent representatives of that school will be studied.

Students will be required to prepare critical studies on books or subjects selected by the instructor.

 

  1. Economic Theory.—Critical Discussion of Theories of Value. Lectures and Reports.

Mj. Summer Quarter; 9:30.
Mj. Autumn Quarter; 2:00.
Professor Miller.

An opportunity will be given to students who, having completed Courses 1 and 2, should have a further study of theory, both as a means of general training and as a prerequisite for advanced courses in constructive work in the field of theory. Those who are especially interested in questions of value. socialism and the like, should take advantage of this course to strengthen their powers of reasoning on economic theory. Especial attention will be given to the discussion of value and such other controverted parts of economic theory as are not taken up in Course 13.

 

  1. Unsettled Problems of Economic Theory.—Questions of Exchange and Distribution. Critical examination of selections from leading writers.

Mj. Spring Quarter; 12:00.
Professor Laughlin.

Little use will be made of text-books or lectures in this course, it being intended to take up certain topics in economic theory and to follow out their treatment by various writers. The more abstruse questions of exchange and distribution will be considered. No student, therefore, can undertake the work of this course with profit who has not already become familiar with the fundamental principles. The course is open only to those who have passed satisfactorily in Courses 1 and 2, or who can clearly show that they have had an equivalent training.

The subjects to be considered in 1900-1901 will be as follows: The wages-fund and other theories of wages, the interest problem, managers’ profits and allied topics. The discussion will be based upon selected passages of important writers. The study of wages, for example, will include reading from Adam Smith, Ricardo, J. S. Mill, Longe, Thornton, Cairnes, F. A. Walker, Marshall, George, Böhm-Bawerk and others. Students will also be expected to discuss recent important contributions to these subjects in current books or journals; and they will be practiced in the exposition of special points before their fellow students.

 

  1. Social Economics. Attempts to Improve the Economic Condition of Workingmen.—Lectures and Reading, Practical Investigations and Reports.

Mj. Autumn Quarter; 8:30.
Dr. Hatfield.

The main purposes of the course are: (1) to discover the economic value of the various efforts that have been made and are being made to improve the condition of the workingmen, to learn why some succeed and others fail; and (2) to familiarize the students with the methods of such of these undertakings as have demonstrated their right to live, so that. if called upon, the students may themselves be able to take the lead in organizing similar undertakings.

In addition to the three great classes of cooperative effort in which workingmen take part, typified respectively by the trade union, the coöperative store and the profit-sharing business, and including also such enterprises as associations of producers. building and loan associations, labor exchanges, fraternal insurance, etc., the course will embrace the consideration of the various miscellaneous efforts for the improvement of the laboring classes, such as the activities of the social settlement, the penny provident bank, manual training and industrial education.

As Chicago and its vicinity afford abundant material for the kinds of study called for by this course, each student will be expected to investigate and report on some particular undertaking.

 

  1. Practical Economics. Relation of the State to Industrial Organization and Action—Detailed investigation of industrial combinations or [p. 168] trusts as a leading type in the existing industrial organization. Lectures, Reading and Reports.

Mj. Summer Quarter; 11:00.
Professor Miller.

The province of government in regard to industrial operations will be given especial attention; and there will be a treatment of such topics as immigration, factory legislation, insurance of the laboring classes by the state, and the relation of government to monopolies and corporations.

 

  1. Socialism.—History of Socialistic Theories. Recent Socialistic Developments. Critical Review of Theoretical Writers, Programmes and Criticisms.—Lectures, Reading, and Reports.

Mj. Winter Quarter; 4:00
Assistant Professor Veblen.

The course is in part historical and descriptive, in part theoretical and critical. It comprises a review of the development of socialistic theory from the early years of the nineteenth century, and of modern socialistic movements down to the present. The theoretical writings of Marx, Rodbertus, and Lassalle will be taken up in detail; as also the criticisms offered by such writers as Schaeffle, Adler, and Spencer. Some attention will also be given to living popular writers, such as Gronlund, Bellamy, Bebel, Kautsky, and others. Practical work will be done with the platforms and programmes of socialistic organizations.

Attention will then be given to the alleged socialistic trend of development, to the economic factors in operation, and to the ethical aspect of the economic questions involved.

Students will be expected to make written reports and critical studies from time to time, in addition to selected reading. Those who have not carefully examined questions of value and distribution will be at a disadvantage in this course.

 

  1. Economic Factors in Civilization. — A general study of some phases of present Industrial Conditions.—Lectures and Reports.

Mj. Spring Quarter; 11:00.
Assistant Professor Veblen.

The course is intended to present a structural account of the modern economic system by the study of its roots in the past. To this end it undertakes a survey of the cultural development as affected by economic motives and exigencies. The work will be largely one of research, in which the instructor will constantly direct the reading of the student.

Salient points in the history of mankind will be examined with the purpose of detecting the operation of economic causes and showing how these causes have acted to shape the growth of civilization and produce the existing industrial situation. With this in view, such phenomena as the Teutonic invasion of Europe, the Feudal system, the rise of commerce, the organization of trade and industry, the history of the condition of laborers, processes of production, and changes in consumption, will be treated.

 

  1. Finance.—Public Expenditures. Theories and Methods of Taxation. Public Debts. Financial Administration.

Mj. Autumn Quarter; 3:00.
Professor Miller.

In this course it is intended to make a comprehensive survey of the whole field of public finance. The course is primarily planned to meet the wants of those students who do not propose to extend their studies in finance beyond one course. It is, at the same time, intended to form an introduction to the seminary work in finance.

The treatment is both theoretical and practical, and the method of presentation historical as well as systematic. A brief review will be made of the growth and present state of the public expenditures of leading modern nations and the methods used for defraying them. Taxation, holding the place of first importance among the resources of the modern state, will be the principal subject of the course. A critical estimate of the theories of leading writers will be made with a view to discovering a tenable basis of taxation. Principles are discussed, the various kinds of taxes examined, and their complementary functions in a system of taxes determined; and the practical success which has attended the methods employed in different countries will be investigated. This part of the course will be, therefore, very largely a comparative study of the tax systems of the principal modern states. In this connection special attention will be given to the problems of state and local taxation in America. All questions will be discussed from the twofold standpoint of justice and expediency.

The remaining parts of the course treat of the organization and methods of financial administration, the formal control of public expenditures by means of the budget, the growth of public debts and their economic and social effects. The various problems involved in the management of public debts, such as methods of borrowing, conversion and reduction will [p. 169] be considered; and the methods practiced in our own and other countries will be described.

 

  1. 26. Oral Debates. — Selected Economic Topics. Briefs. Debates-Criticism.

3 hrs. a week; Mon., 3:00.
2Ms. Autumn and Winter Quarters.
Assistant Professors Hill
and Lovett.

The object of the course is to afford practice in the oral presentation of arguments. The work consists of the preparation of briefs, the delivery of fifteen-minute speeches as principal disputant, and the delivery of five-minute speeches. Each student will appear as principal three times in the quarter. Course 26 is designed to be taken in connection with English 9, but may be elected separately by permission of the instructors. 

 

  1. 28. Argumentation.—To be taken in connection with English 9.

3 hrs. a week; Wed.,3:00.
2Ms. Autumn and Winter Quarters.
Assistant Professor Lovett.

 

  1. Railway Transportation. —History and Development of Railways. Theories of Rates. Combination. Investments. Speculative Management. State Ownership or Control. —Lectures, Reports, Discussions. and Reading.

Mj. Autumn Quarter; 9:30.
Assistant Professor Hill.

The economic, financial and social influences arising from the growth of modern railway transportation, especially as concerns the United States, will be discussed. An account of the means of transportation developed in Europe and America during the early part of this century; the experiments of the states in constructing and operating canals and railways; national, state and municipal aid to private companies; the rapid and irregular extension of the United States railway system in recent years, with some attention to railway building in other countries, will form the historical part of the work. A discussion of various theories of rates; competition, combination, discrimination, investments, speculation, abuse of fiduciary powers; state legislation and commissions, and the Inter-State Commerce Act, with decisions under it; and the various relations of the state, the public, the investors, the managers and the employés, will form the most important part of the Work. This course gives a general view of the subject. Students who wish to continue the work by investigating special problems will have an opportunity to do so under Courses 31, 32, 51 and 52.

 

  1. Comparative Railway Legislation. — Lectures, Reading, and Reports.

Mj. Winter Quarter; 8:30.
Assistant Professor Hill.

It is the aim of this course to give the student, who has already passed satisfactorily in Course 30, a study of the development and present nature of the railway systems of Great Britain. France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Brazil, and Australia. From this comparative examination it will be learned what light the experience of other countries will throw upon our own railway problems.

Open only to those students who have taken Course 30.

 

  1. Technique of Trade and Commerce.—Weights and measures; customs regulations; exchange and price quotations; commercial documents; foreign and domestic exchange; arbitrage; accounts; investment securities ; insurance, etc.

Mj. Spring Quarter.
Dr. Hatfield.

An attempt to familiarize the student with the actual forms and methods used in modern exchange. Especial attention will be given to the interpretation of railway and other corporation accounts, and to the use and construction of exchange and conversion tables, cambists, bond values, annuity tables, etc.

 

 

  1. Industrial Development of the United States. Reading, Reports, and Lectures.

Mj. Winter Quarter.
Assistant Professor Hill.

A study is made of the distribution of population among the important industries at different periods of our development, and a comparison is made of the wages and profits secured by the different groups. The effects of changing from extractive industries to manufactures are traced, and an attempt is made to test by our experience the view that manufactures are introduced in a new country only as extractive industries become less profitable. The influence of legislation in shaping the industrial development of the nation is sought. The forces which determine the location and prosperity of industries are studied, with [p. 170] special attention to transportation facilities, and the effect upon our exports and imports of the changes in our industries will be dwelt upon.

 

 

  1. Problems of American Agriculture.—Movements of Prices. Foreign Competition. Changing Conditions of Agriculture. Land Tenure—Lectures, Reading, and Reports.

Mj. Spring Quarter; 4:00.
Assistant Professor Veblen.

Special attention will be given to the extension and changes of the cultivated area of the United States; the methods of farming; the influence of railways and population, and of cheapened transportation ; the fall in values of Eastern farm-lands; movements of prices of agricultural products; European markets; competition of other countries; intensive farming; diminishing returns; farm mortgages; and the comparison of American with European systems of culture. Reports will be prepared by students on topics assigned.

 

 

  1. Financial History of the United States.—Rapid Survey of the Financial Experiences of the Colonies and the Confederation. Detailed Study of the Course of American Legislation on Currency, Debts. and Banking since 1789.—Lectures and Reports.

Mj. Winter Quarter; 3:00.
Professor Miller.

Without excluding the history of taxation, this course concerns itself chiefly with the history of our national legislation on currency, loans and banking. The study will be based upon a careful examination at first hand of the leading provisions of the Acts of Congress and other materials important in our financial history. These will be reviewed from the political as well as from the financial standpoints, it being one of the objects of the course to develop the relation between finance and politics in our history. Special attention will be given to Hamilton’s system of finance and the changes introduced by Gallatin, to the financial policy of the War of 1812, to the establishment of the Second United States Bank and the struggles over its re-charter, to the crisis of 1837-1839 and the establishment of the independent Treasury, to the financial problems and management of the Civil War; to the establishment of the national banking system, the refunding and reduction of the debt and the resumption of specie payments.

 

 

  1. Money and Practical Economics. — Training in the Theoretical and Historical Investigation of Important Questions of the Day.—Lectures and Theses.

Mj. Autumn Quarter; 12:00.
Professor Laughlin.

Preliminary training for investigation is combined in this course with the acquisition of desirable statistical information on practical questions of the day. The student is instructed in the bibliography of the subject, taught how to collect his data, and expected to weigh carefully the evidence on both sides of a mooted question. The short theses form a connected series and give practice in written exposition as well as in the graphic representation of statistics. Mere compilation is objected to, and the student is urged to reach his conclusions independently and solely on the facts before him. Fresh and independent judgments are encouraged. The work of writing theses is so adjusted that it corresponds to the work of other courses counting for the same number of hours. The instructor criticises the theses before the class, and members of the class are called upon to lecture on the subjects of their theses and to answer questions from their fellow-students.

The subjects taken up will be chosen from the following: money, prices, bimetallism, note-issues, shipping, and commercial crises.

 

 

  1. Banking.—Comparison of Modern Systems. Study of Principles—Lectures, Reports, and Discussion.

Mj. Spring Quarter; 9:30.
Assistant Professor Hill.

A comparison of the banking systems of the United States, England, France, Germany, Switzerland, and other countries will be made, with special attention to the manner in which each meets the problems of currency (coin, note, and deposit), reserves, discount, and exchange. The relations of the banks to the public, their influence on speculation, their management in financial crises, special dangers, and most efficient safe-guards will be discussed. Relative advantages and different fields of action for national banks, state banks, deposit and trust companies, and savings banks will be noted. A few lectures will be given on the history of banking.

Each student will present a thesis upon some subject connected with the course.

 

 

  1. Statistics

M. Winter Quarter.
Mr. Worthington C. Ford.

The purpose of this course is to familiarize students with the use of statistics as an instrument of investi-[p. 171] gation and exposition in social, political, and economic science; to qualify them to judge of the value of results obtained by statistical methods ; and to enable them to use such methods themselves intelligently and with some degree of skill.

Together with the necessity for uniformity of method in systematic statistics and comparability of data, graphical methods and cartography, attention will be drawn to the technique of statistics. Demonstrations with actual statistical material being the most satisfactory method of statistical instruction, particular stress will be laid on this feature of the course. The course, therefore, will be practical and not historical or descriptive.

 

  1. Commercial Statistics.

M. Winter Quarter.
Mr. Worthington C. Ford.

A statistical treatment of modern commercial questions. Contributions of a more advanced character than in Course 40 will be made to recent problems arising from the commercial development of the United States.

 

THE SEMINARS.

 

Under this head are placed the arrangements for Fellows, graduates, and suitably prepared persons, who wish to carry on special researches under the guidance of the instructors. Candidates for the higher degrees will find in the seminar 8. means of regularly obtaining criticism and suggestion. It is hoped that each member of the seminar will steadily produce from time to time finished work suitable for publication. Emphasis will be placed on accurate and detailed work upon obscure or untouched points.

Students may carry on an independent study upon some special subject, making regular reports to the instructor; or several students may be grouped for the study of a series of connected subjects. But, in general, the work of the student engaged in investigations will receive direct personal supervision from the instructor, appointments being made with individual students.

 

 

  1. Seminar in Finance.

Mj. Winter Quarter.
Professor Miller.

The Seminar is organized for such students as wish to undertake work of the investigative order in finance. Each student will be expected to present to the seminar a carefully prepared thesis embodying the results of independent research on some topic relating to the particular subject chosen by the members of the seminar‘ for joint investigation. Stated meetings will be held, at which questions will be proposed for discussion and lectures given by the instructor on the common work of the seminar. Separate meetings will also be arranged for with the individual members of the seminar, and the work of each student personally supervised.

Two seminars will be organized, each extending over two quarters, students being grouped according to the subject selected. For the year 1900-1901 the two following subjects are proposed :

  1. Special Problems in Taxation: Comparative study of systems of local taxation.
  2. Financial Administration: Comparative study of the budgetary systems of different countries.

 

  1. and 52. Seminar in Railways.

2Mjs. Winter and Spring Quarters.
Assistant Professor Hill.

 

  1. 54. and 55. Economic Seminar

3Mjs. Autumn, Winter, and Spring Quarters.
Professor Laughlin.

Provision is here made for special investigation, either by groups of students or by individuals, on selected topics. Constructive work on theory, or studies on practical questions, will be guided by the instructor. Candidates for the higher degrees will receive personal attention.

Categories
Chicago Harvard

Harvard Graduate Alumnus, Hugo Richard Meyer in 1912

 

HUGO RICHARD MEYER

Attended Harvard 1884-85, 1888-92, A.B. 1892 (’93); Graduate School 1892-97, A.M. 1894.

Was instructor in economics at Harvard from 1896 to 1903; lecturer on economics, 1903-04.

Meyer does not reply to the Secretary’s letters. The following information is kindly supplied by a member of the class: “After leaving Harvard, Meyer spent six months at the University of Chicago. He then went to Denver, and is now (August, 1907) going to Australia to be gone from four to six years. He expects to be in Melbourne for a year and a half and an equal length of time in Sydney. He will return to the States via Europe. He will spend his time in Australia in research work, looking up such subjects as state ownership of railways, wage scales, and kindred subjects.”

Has published ” The British State Telegraphs,” sub-title: “A Story of the Problem of a Large Body of Civil Servants in a Democracy,” Macmillan.

Source: Secretary’s Report Harvard Class of 1892, No. V. Boston, Fort Hill Press, 1912, p. 113.

____________________

H. R. Meyer, ’92, sometime instructor in Economics at Harvard, now assistant professor at the University of Chicago, has published an important book on “Government Regulation of Railroad Rates.”

Source: The Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, vol. 14, (December 1905), p. 337.

____________________

MEYER, Hugo Richard, American author and economist: b. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 April 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1892, and attended the Harvard Graduate School in 1892-96. He was instructor in political economy at Harvard in 1897-1903, and was assistant professor in that subject at the University of Chicago in 1904-05. Since 1907 he has been engaged at Melbourne in writing a history of State Ownership in Victoria, Australia. Author of ‘Government Regulation of Railroad Rates’ (1905); ‘Municipal Ownership in Great Britain’ (1906); ‘The British State Telegraphs’ (1907); ‘Public Ownership and the Telephone in Great Britain’ (1907).

Source:  The Encyclopedia Americana (1920).

____________________

APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION–NATIVE CITIZEN

I, Hugo R. Meyer, hereby apply to the Consulate of the United States at Melbourne for registration as an American citizen.

I was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, on April 1, 1866.

My father, Henry Meyer, was born in Schotmar Germany and [is] deceased. He emigrated to the United States on or about 1851; resided 23 years, uninterruptedly, in the United States, from 1882 to 1905, at Denver, Colo., and was naturalized as a citizen of the United States before the District Court of Hamilton County at Cincinnati, Ohio on March 22, 1867 as shown by the Certificat of Naturalization presented herewith.

I last left the United States on July 1907, arriving at Melbourne, Australia on Aug. 1907, where I am now residing for the purpose of Historical work, on behalf of myself.

I have resided outside the United States at the following places for the following periods. Germany, from 1878 to 1882. Australia from 1907 to date.

My legal domicile is in Denver, Colorado, my permanent residence being at [blank]; my temporary local address is Melbourne.

I desire to remain a citizen of the United States and intend to return thereto permanently to reside and perform the duties of citizenship within— years, or when my researches are completed.

I do pay the American Income Tax at Baltimore, Maryland.

I last applied for registration at the Consulate of the United States at Melbourne on Nov. 21 1916.

…

I am married to Udona Beard, who was born in Illinois (Peoria) on Sept 3, 1877, and is now residing at Melbourne [no children]

[Signed and sworn]

19th day of December, 1907-

The applicant’s physical description:

Age, 61, height, 5 feet 9 1/2 inches; blue eyes, gray hair, ruddy complexion.

[Re-registration on Jan. 16, 1922.]

____________________

REPORT OF THE DEATH OF AN AMERICAN CITIZEN

Consular Service, U.S.A.
Melbourne, Australia, July 2, 1923.

Name: Hugo Richard Meyer

Native or naturalized: Native

Date of death: June 15, 1923

Place of death: 146 Orrong Road, Toorak. Victoria, Australia

Cause of death: Angina Pectoris

Disposition of remains: Interred in Brighton Cemetery, Brighton, Victoria

Disposition of Effects: Bequeathed by will to his wife, Udona Beard Meyer.

Categories
Chicago Harvard

Harvard Graduate Alumnus, Carlos Carleton Closson in 1896 and 1912

CARLOS CARLETON CLOSSON.

Studied in Harvard Graduate School, and received A.M. in 1893. Travelled and studied abroad. Now instructor in Political Economy, Univ. of Chicago. Married, Aug. 20, 1895, to Sophie Merz, at Boston.

Secretary’s Report Harvard Class of 1892, No. II. Andover Press, 1896, p. 25.

 

******************************************

CARLOS CARLETON CLOSSON

Son of Carlos Carleton and Charlotte Ann Judson (Holt) Closson. Born October 8, 1869. Attended Harvard 1888-92, A.B.; Graduate School 1892-95; A.M. 1893. Married Sophie Mere, at Boston, Mass., August 20, 1895.

Was formerly located in Los Angeles, Cal. Later removed to Seattle, Wash., where he “is secretary of the Port of Seattle, a separate municipality, co-extensive with the boundaries of King County, Washington, organized to acquire, construct, maintain, operate, and regulate a system of harbor improvements and rail and water transfer and terminal facilities for Seattle and King County.”

Source: Secretary’s Report Harvard Class of 1892, No. V. Boston, Fort Hill Press, 1912, p. 41.

 

Categories
Chicago Harvard

Harvard Graduate Alumnus, George Ole Virtue in 1896 and 1912

GEORGE OLE VIRTUE.

“1892-94, Harvard Graduate School. 1894-95, instructor in Political Economy in Harvard. At present [1895-] tutor in Political Economy in the University Extension Department of the University of Chicago.” Received Harvard A. M. in 1893.

Is a member of the American Economic Association. Author of “Gold Shipments,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, July, 1892; “Public Control of Mineral Lands in the U. S.,” Journal of Political Economy, March, 1895.

Present address, 5724 Madison Ave., Chicago, Ill.

Source: Secretary’s Report Harvard Class of 1892, No. II. Andover Press, 1896, p. 69.

__________________________________

GEORGE OLIEN VIRTUE

Son of John Freeborn and Cynthia (Jackson) Virtue. Born at Abingdon, Ill., November 4, 1862. Prepared for college at the Bedford, la., High School. Was a member of the class of 1892 in the University of Kansas, from which he received the degree of A.B. in 1892. Attended Harvard 1891-92, A.B.; Graduate School 1892-95, A.M. 1893; Ph.D. 1897. Married Meta Vogel, daughter of Bernhardt and Auguste Vogel, at Green Island, N. Y., September 14, 1897. Children: John Bernhardt, born at Winona, Minn., September 25, 1901; Ruth Vogel, born August 31, 1904.

From 1892 to 1894 was in Harvard Graduate School. From 1894 to 1895 instructor in political economy in Harvard. From 1895 to 1896 tutor in political economy in the University Extension Department of the University of Chicago. From 1896 to 1897 instructor in political economy in Harvard (second appointment). In 1897 became instructor in political science in the State Normal School at Winona, Minn., where he remained till 1909.

 

“In 1909 was elected professor of political economy and public finance at the University of Nebraska. Published a little book on the civil government of Minnesota in 1910 (Scribner’s) and a study of the labor conditions on the Minnesota iron ranges in the Bulletin of the Department of Labor, Washington, 1910. In 1911 was appointed special agent of the census, with headquarters at Lincoln. Am a member of the National Tax Association and serving as an advisory member of the Nebraska Rural Life Commission.”

Home address: Lincoln, Neb.

Source: Secretary’s Report Harvard Class of 1892, No. V. Boston, Fort Hill Press, 1912, p. 163.