Category: Suggested Reading

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Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus Undergraduate

Harvard. Syllabus and assigned readings for interdisciplinary course, Social Sciences 2, 1970-71.

 

Regular followers of this blog will have noticed a recurring theme of economics education within a broader historical/social scientific curriculum. This post looks at a long-time staple of Harvard’s undergraduate General Education course offerings, Social Sciences 2 “Western Thought and Institutions” that was conceived and taught by government professor Samuel H. Beer over three decades assisted by a changing stable of “section men”[sic! Theda Skocpol was a section leader in 1970-71]. 

I am a firm believer in the virtues of building a broad interdisciplinary foundation before allowing (compelling?) economics majors and graduate students to turn their attention to the technical methods of the discipline. The former promotes the capacity to pose interesting questions and the latter creates a capacity to seek solutions to those questions. 

Following the two Harvard Crimson articles on Professor Beer and his course, Economics in the Rear-View Mirror is delighted to provide the course syllabus with its reading assignments from the academic year 1970-71. Students had to write three papers each term and according to the source for this syllabus (see below), he spend “as much work for SocSci 2 as [he] did for the other three courses combined”.

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Beer’s Soc Sci 2 Comes to A Close With Last Lecture
by Jaleh Poorooshasb
The Harvard Crimson, May 5, 1978

A chapter of Harvard history ended yesterday as Samuel H. Beer, Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, delivered his last Harvard lecture before retiring.

Beer spoke before a packed hall of about 300 students, admirers and colleagues, some of whom had come as far as a thousand miles to hear the grand finale of Social Sciences 2, “Western Thought and Institutions.”

Although Beer will take advantage of retirement regulations that allow him to teach on a half-time basis, Soc Sci 2, which Beer has taught for 30 years, will be gone from Harvard forever.

“In this case, the man made the course and we would not presume to replace him,” John H. Harvey, assistant director of General Education, said yesterday.

In the lecture, which received thunderous applause and a standing ovation, Beer discussed Nazi Germany and ended with a quote from a prison camp survivor saying good and bad people exist everywhere.

Then, before the audience realized the lecture was over, and began clapping and cheering, Beer bounded out the door. He was halfway down Divinity Ave. before Michael Walzer, professor of Government and a former sectionman for Soc Sci 2, caught up with him and invited him to the Faculty Club, where more than 20 former sectionmen attended a luncheon in Beer’s honor.

The list of former sectionmen in Soc Sci 2 includes such notables as Henry A. Kissinger ’50 and James R. Schlesinger ’50.

Old Soldiers?

“Good courses never die,” Walzer said yesterday, adding that Beer’s influence will continue through his former students.

Beer, who is best known for his work in British politics and federalism in America, will continue to study and write books in both fields, Beer said yesterday.

He will teach two government courses at Harvard next fall and will repeat them during the winter quarter at Dartmouth, he added. One course is entitled “American Federalism” and the other “Modern British Politics and Policy.”

One of a Kind

Beer, former chairman of the Government Department at Harvard and author of several major works, “is a rich scholar of the type that is not created any more,” in a world geared toward specialization,” Sidney Verba ’53, chairman of the Government Department, said yesterday.

Beer said he is “quite content to terminate Soc. Sci. 2.”

“My father took it when he was here but I didn’t sign up because he told me it’s too hard,” one freshman, who wished to remain anonymous, said yesterday.

Beer made no personal observations during the lecture. He began by saying, “I really have changed my lectures over the years. I’ve even changed the jokes. But this lecture I haven’t changed. There’s such an air of finality about it.”

Beer has long been considered one of the foremost American experts on the theory of federalism. His writings include “The Modernization of American Federalism.”

Sam Beer, Legendary Gov Prof, Dies at 97
By Huma N. Shah
The Harvard Crimson, April 14, 2009

Last year, when the Harvard government department organized a meeting for alumni, current professors were asked to give a presentation on their projects and research. One participant was former professor and department chair Samuel H. Beer, who gave a short statement about the nuances of political science during his tenure at Harvard from 1946 to 1982.

“He completely stole the show,” said government professor Stanley Hoffmann, a former student of Beer’s. “[The current professors] were all preempted by the master, who spoke without notes, remembering everyone and everything. No one believed the man was 96 years old at the time.”

Beer, a noted scholar of British and American politics, passed away on April 7, at the age of 97.

“He was a spectacularly good teacher because his classes were all in the form of questions he addressed to himself and his students, for which he had all sorts of arguments before coming to his own conclusion,” said Hoffman. “It was very different from the typical top-down sort of lecturing. It was as if he was struggling with his own opinions.”

Beer, the chair of the Harvard government department from 1954 to 1958, served as the Eaton Professor of the Science of Government for years before moving to Boston College in 1982 to be a professor of American politics.

Receiving his B.A. from the University of Michigan, Beer went to England on a Rhodes Scholarship before receiving his Ph.D. in political science from Harvard in 1943. He was later granted an honorary doctorate from the University in 1997 in recognition of “his scholarship and [the] enormous impact his teaching had on undergraduates for over three decades,” said Peter A. Hall, Beer’s former student, who is currently a European studies professor at Harvard.

Beer was most famous for his self-designed course Social Studies 2: “Western Thought and Institutions,” which he taught for 30 years. Students studied six key moments in the development of Western Civilization, and “used theoretical lenses to understand the historical process,” said former teaching fellow Judith E. Vichniac, the current director of the fellowship program at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

“Everywhere he went he was stopped on the streets by people who have taken that course,” Hall said. “It was one that inspired thousands of Harvard students.”

The teaching fellows who worked with Beer often went on to careers as academics or public service officials. Some of his famous students included Henry A. Kissinger ’50, Michael Walzer, and Charles H. Tilly ’50.

Before studying at Harvard, Beer was a staff member of the Democratic National Committee, and occasionally wrote speeches for former President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 and 1936.

Active in American politics, Beer was chairman of Americans for Democratic Action during his tenure at Harvard from 1959 to 1962. He also actively opposed student rebellions at Harvard during the late sixties.

Beer was elected president of the American Political Science Association in 1977, and was also appointed as a fellow of the British Academy in 2000.

After earning his Ph.D., Beer earned a Bronze Star fighting with the U.S. Army in Normandy. During his time at Oxford in the 1930s, he travelled to Germany, where he saw Hitlerism first hand, according to Government professor Harvey C. Mansfield ’53, another of Beer’s former students.

“He wanted to know how Germany could have fallen so far to embrace these vicious totalitarian ideas,” Mansfield said. “His courses were often directed to that subject.” Beer described the influence of these travels on his graduate work at Harvard in the Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions.

“By the time I came to Harvard in the fall of 1938, I was a fierce anti-communist, a fervent New Dealer, a devotee of Emerson, and ready to try to put it all together….[in] a defense of liberalism against the totalitarian threat,” Beer wrote. Many of his former students praised Beer’s engaging personality and dedication to teaching.

“He had a very good eye for the most important questions in politics and was intensely engaged with the thinkers over the ages who had worked with those questions,” Hall said. “When you talked to Sam Beer you were engaging in a dialogue with Marx, Weber, or Augustine. He had read an enormous amount, and he thought deeply about the big social and political questions throughout his life.”

“He would come to class wearing his military outfit and pump his fist, and tell us what to think about,” Mansfield said.

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SOCIAL SCIENCES 2
READING LIST
Fall Term 1970-71

The work of the Fall Term consists of three essays, one for each topic, and the mid-year examination. Section men will make specific assignments and suggest additional reading for these essays.

Books for Purchase

Students should own the following books, available at the Harvard Coop, or elsewhere as announced:

  1. Bunyan, John, THE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS
    Paperback: New American Library: Signet Classics
  2. DOCUMENTS FOR CLASS USE (Assize of Clarendon, Writs from the treatis called “Glanville” Magna Carta, and the Constitutions of Clarendon). Pamphlet: University Printing Office. On sale in General Education office, 1737 Cambridge St., Rm. 602.
  3. Hill, Christopher, THE CENTURY OF REVOLUTION 1603-1714
    Paperback: W. W. Norton
  4. Marx and Engels, BASIC WRITINGS ON POLITICS AND PHILOSOPHY
    Edited by Lewis S. Feuer. Paperback: Doubleday (Anchor)
  5. Marx and Engels, COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
    Edited by Samuel H. Beer. Paperback: Appleton-Century-Crofts (Crofts Classics)
  6. SOCIAL CONTRACT: ESSAYS BY LOCKE, HUME, AND ROUSSEAU
    Introduction by Ernest Barker. Paperback: Oxford (Galaxy Books)
  7. Tierney, Brian, THE CRISIS OF CHURCH AND STATE 1050-1300
    Paperback: Prentice-Hall (Spectrum)
  8. Weber, Max, THEORY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION, translated by A. Herderson and T. Parsons.
    Paperback: MacMillan Free Press.
  9. Walzer, Michael, THE REVOLUTION OF THE SAINTS
    Paperback: Atheneum

 

Attention of members of the course is directed to the new book written by former section men in Social Sciences too, Melvin Richter (Ed.), Essays in Theory and History: An Approach to Social Sciences (Harvard University Press 1970)

Assigned Reading

Everything on the following list is on “closed reserve” in Lamont and Hilles Libraries. The date suggested here will vary during the semester; lectures and section discussions should be your guides.

TOPIC 1: TRADITIONALISM AND THE MEDIEVAL POLITY

  1. Week of September 28: THE SOCIOLOGY OF AUTHORITY
    Weber, Max, THE THEORY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION, pp. 324-392.
  2. Weeks of October 5, 12, and 19: FEUDAL MONARCHY IN ENGLAND
    Bloch, Marc, FEUDAL SOCIETY, pp. 59-92, 103-120, 270-274.
    Poole, Austin Lane, FROM DOMESDAY BOOK TO MAGNA CARTA 1087-1216, chaps, I, II, V, X-XIV.
    Jolliffe, J.E.A., THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL ENGLAND, pp. 139-263.
    John of Salisbury, THE STATEMAN’ S BOOK (from the POLICRATICUS), translated by John Dickinson, Introduction, Text: IV:1, 2, 3, (pp. 9-10), 4, 11; V:1, 2, 5; VI:18, 20, 21, 24; VII:17-19; VIII:17 (pp. 335-9), 18, 20, 23, (pp. 398-9; 405-10)
    DOCUMENTS FOR CLASS USE: Assize of Clarendon, Writs from the Treatis called “Glanvill,” Magna Carta.

Optional: ENGLISH HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS 1042-1189 (Vol. II of series) edited by David C. Douglas and George W. Greenaway. Nos. 1 (years 1135-154), 10, 12, (pp. 322-4, 331-3, 335-8), 16, 19, 58-9, 268.

TOPIC II: DYNAMICS OF MEDIEVAL DEVELOPMENT

  1. Week of October 26: THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
    Weber, Max, FROM MAX WEBER: ESSAYS IN SOCIOLOGY, edited by H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, “THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF WORLD RELIGIONS,” pp. 267-301.
    Weber, Max, THE SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION, edited by Talcott Parsons, chaps. VIII, XI, XIII.
  2. Weeks of November 2: THEORIES OF SPIRITUAL AND TEMPORAL POWER.
    Lovejoy, Arthur O., THE GREAT CHAIN OF BEING, A STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF AN IDEA, pp. 24-77.
    Tierney, Brian, THE CRISIS OF CHURCH AND STATE 1050-1300, pp. 1-95, 127-138.
    Brooke, Z. N., LAY INVESTITURE AND ITS RELATION TO THE CONFLICT OF EMPIRE AND PAPACY (article listed separately in the libraries)
    Tellenbach, Gerd, CHURCH, STATE, AND CHRISTIAN SOCIETY IN THE TIME OF THE INVESTITURE CONTEST, Introduction, chap. 1 (sections 1 and 3), chap. 2, chap. 5 (section 3) and Epilogue.
  3. Week of November 9: THE GREGORIAN REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND
    Duggan, Charles, “From the Conquest to the Death of John,” THE ENGLISH CHURCH AND THE PAPACY IN THE MIDDLE AGEs, edited by C. H. Lawrence, pp. 65-115.
    Poole, A. L., FROM DOMESDAY BOOK TO MAGNA CARTA, chaps. VI, VII.
    DOCUMENTS FOR CLASS USE: Assize of Clarendon.
    Knowles, David, THE EPISCOPAL COLLEAGUES OF ARCHBISHOP THOMAS BECKET, chap. V.

TOPIC III: RELIGIOUS REVOLT AND POLITICAL MODERNIZATION

  1. Weeks of November 16 and 23: Analytical Perspectives
    Marx and Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, edited by Louis S. Feuer, pp. 1-67, 82-111.
    Marx, Karl, CAPITAL, Modern Library edition, pp. 784-837 (chaps. 26-32). In some editions this is chap. 24, entitled, “Primary Accumulation.”
    Beer, Samuel H., Introduction to Marx and Engels, COMMUNIST MANIFESTO, pp. VII-XXIX,.
    Weber, Max, THE PROTESTANT ETHIC AND THE SPIRIT OF CAPITALISM, translated by Talcott Parsons, pp. 35-c. 62, 79-128, 144-183.
  2. Weeks of November 30, and December 7, 14: THE PURITAN REVOLUTION
    Hill, Christopher, THE CENTURY OF REVOLUTION 1603-1714, chaps. 1-11.
    Bunyan, John, THE PILGRIM’S PROGRESS, portions of the First Part: in Signet edition, pp. 17-30, 66-110, 131-148.
    Hexter, J.H., “Storm Over the Gentry,” in Hexter’s REAPPRAISALS IN HISTORY.
    Walzer, Michael, THE REVOLUTION OF THE SAINTS, chaps. I, II, IV, V (pp. 148-171), and IX.
    Walzer, Michael, “The revolutionary uses of repression,” in Richter (Ed.), ESSAYS IN THEORY AND HISTORY.
    Locke, John, AN ESSAY CONCERNING…… CIVIL GOVERNMENT, chaps. 1-9, 19. Available in SOCIAL CONTRACT: ESSAYS BY LOCKE, HUME AND ROUSSEAU.

 

SOCIAL SCIENCES 2
READING LIST
SPRING TERM 1971

Students are asked to buy the following books, which are available at the Harvard Coop, or, in the one case, at the General Education Office.

  1. BRIGGS, Asa, The Making of Modern England
    Paperback: Harper Torch books. Hardcover title: The Age of Improvement.
  2. BURKE, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France
    Paperback: Bobbs-Merrill: The Library of Liberal Arts
  3. HOBBES, Thomas, Leviathan
    Paperback: Penguin
  4. MILL, John Stuart, On Liberty
    Paperback: Appleton-Century-Crofts: Crofts Classic
  5. NIETZSCHE, Friedrich, The Genealogy of Morals
    Paperback: Vintage
  6. RUDÉ, George, Revolutionary Europe, 1783-1815
    Paperback: Harper Torchbook
  7. de TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis, The Old Regime and the French Revolution
    Paperback: Anchor Books

Everything on the following list is on “closed reserve” in Lamont and Hilles Libraries. The date suggested here will vary during the semester; lectures and sections should be your guides.

TOPIC IV: IDEOLOGY AND REVOLUTION

Weeks of February 8 & 15

HOBBES, Thomas, Leviathan, esp. Intro., Chaps. 11, 13-15, 17-21, 26, 29-30, and Review and Conclusion.
ROUSSEAU, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract, especially Book I; Book II; Book III, chaps. 1-4, 12-18; and Book IV, chaps. 1-2, 7-8 (in the Galaxy paperback edition used for Locke’s SECOND TREATISE in the Fall Term).
BEER, Samuel, “The Development of the Modern Polity,” chap. 3 (Typescript on reserve).

Weeks of February 22 & March 1

RUDÉ, George, Revolutionary Europe, pp. 65-241
de TOCQUEVILLE, Alexis, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, Forward, pp. 1-211.
RICHTER, Melvin, “The uses of theory: Tocqueville’s adaptation of Montesquieu” in Richter, Essays in Theory and History, pp. 94-102.
TILLY, Charles, The Vendee, chaps. 1, 2, 4, 9, 13.

TOPIC V: MODERNIZATION WITHOUT REVOLUTION

Week of March 8:

BURKE, Edmund, Reflections on the Revolution in France, especially 3-4, 18-129, 138-144, 169-200, 233-266, and 286-291 (Page citations to the Library of Liberal Arts paperback edition).

Weeks of March 15, 22, & 29:

BRIGGS, Asa, The Making of Modern England (Hardcover title, The Age of Improvement), chaps. I, II (sections, 2-3), III (section 5), IV-VI, VIII (sections 1-3, through p. 416), and IX (section 3).
DICEY, A. The Lectures on the Relations Between Law and Opinion in England During the 19th century, Lectures 4, 6, 9, 12 (pt. 1).
BEER, Samuel H., British Politics in the Collectivist Age, Introduction, Chaps. I-II, Epilogue (391-409).
MILL, John Stuart, On Liberty, chaps. 1-2, 4

TOPIC VI: THE CRISIS OF MODERNITY

Week of April 12:

NIETZSCHE, Friedrich, The Genealogy of Morals (trans. W. Kaufmann; Vintage paperback).

Weeks of April 19, 26, & May 3:

PINSON, Koppel S., Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization, chaps. 15-21 (First or Second Edition).
EPSTEIN, Klaus, “Three Types of Conservatism” in Richter, Essays in Theory and History, pp. 103-121.
BULLOCK, Alan, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, chaps. 1-4, 7.
REICHSTAG, Election Statistics, 1919-1933, Mimeographed. To be distributed.
PARSONS, Talcott, “Certain Primary Sources and Patterns of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World”, Mimeographed. (This essay also appears in Parsons, Essays in Sociological Theory).
VIERECK, Peter, Metapolitics: From the Romantics to Hitler (Capricorn paperback subtitle: The Roots of the Nazi Mind), Prefatory Note (or, in paperback, “New Survey,” sections 3-4, & chaps. 1-2, 5-7, 11-13).
ERIKSON, Erik H., “The Legend of Hitler’s Childhood” in Childhood and Society, chap. 9.
ECKSTEIN, Harry, A Theory of Stable Democracy.

Reading Period Extra: Nazi Films
Wednesday, May 12, at 7 p.m., Lowell Lecture Hall

FINAL EXAMINATION June 4

Source: Personal copy of course syllabus shared for transcription at Economics in the Rear-View Mirror by one my longest, dearest economics and personal chums, Robert Dohner (Harvard, 1974; M.I.T., 1980).

Image Source:  Samuel H. Beer, 1953 Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard History of Economics Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Graduate history of political economy course. Taylor, 1948-49

 

 

Overton Hume Taylor served as the Harvard economics department’s one-man show of PPE interdisciplinarity at both the undergraduate and graduate level for about two decades covering the middle of the 20th century. Materials from six of his courses have already been posted.

Econ 1. (with Leontief and Chamberlin) Honors Economic Theory, 1939-40
Econ 1b. Intellectual Background of Economic Thought, 1941, [Final Exam for the Course]
Econ 115. (with Leontief) Programs of Social and Economic Reconstruction, 1942-43
Econ 115. Economic and Political Ideas, 1948 , [Mid-year Exam for Economic and Political Ideas]
Econ 111. (with others) Economics of Socialism, 1950
Econ 111. Socialism, 1955

Here is a link to Taylor’s A History of Economic Thought (1960) that puts between two covers much, if not all, of what he had to say about the history of economics, politics and philosophy. 

Kindred spirits are to be found behind the course syllabi by Louis Putterman at Brown (1995) and Michael Piore at M.I.T (1977) posted earlier.

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Course Enrollment

[Economics] 205a (formerly Economics 105a). Main Currents of Thought in Economics and Related Studies over Recent Centuries (F). Dr. O. H. Taylor.

Total 15: 4 Graduates, 3 Seniors, 6 Public Administration, 2 Radcliffe.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1948-49, p. 77.

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Course Syllabus

Main Currents of Thought in Economics and Related Studies over Recent Centuries
Economics 205a
1948-49

  1. September 30—October 7. Introduction: Plato and the Middle Ages; Hobbes and the Mercantilists

Reading: (1) Plato Republic, Book II; (2) Hobbes, Leviathan, Chs. 1, 6, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 24; (3) One of the following: Sir T. Mun, England’s Treasure; Sir J. Child, Discourses in Trade; Sir D. North, Discourse on Trade; or Locke, Interest and Money

Thursday, September 30, Introductory lecture.

Tuesday, October 5. Plato and the ancient-medieval antecedents of modern-western culture and economic thought. Modernity vs. medievalism; 17th century England; and Hobbes vs. Plato

Thursday, October 7. 17th century English mercantilism and economic theory

  1. October 14—21. Liberalism; Locke, the Physiocrats, and Adam Smith; and Benthamism

Reading: (1) O. H. Taylor, 2 articles on natural law ideas and economics, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 44; (2) Locke, Civil Government, II, Chs. 2, 5, 7-12, inclusive; and (3) Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, Chs. 1-7.

[Tuesday, October 12, Holiday]

Thursday, October 14. Liberalism and economic thought-varieties of former and their effects on latter—from early-modern times to the present

Tuesday, October 19. Ethical natural law and early-modern liberalism. Locke vs. Hobbes. Locke, Newton, and 18th century ideas of the natural order. Philosophies and economic theories of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith

Thursday, October 21. Benthamism. Utility and natural law. Utilitarian liberalism and classical economics

  1. October 26—November 4. Malthus and Ricardo; the Romantic Reaction: Comte; Early Socialism and J. S. Mill

Reading: (1) Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy, Chs. 11-6; (2) Sabine, History of Political Theory, Chs. 28, 29, 30, 34; (3) A. Comte, Positive Philosophy (translation, Martineau), Introd. Ch. 1; Book VI, 1, 2; and (4) J. S. Mill, Logic, Book VI.

Tuesday, October 26. (1) Malthus vs. the anarchist-socialists; (2) Ricardo’s Economic theory

Thursday, October 28. The romantic reaction against rationalism, science and liberalism. Political and economic ideas of the English romanticists. Special development of this outlook in Germany

Tuesday, November 2. Romanticism, positivism, and the main 18th century outlook-interrelations. The positivism of August Comte vs. liberalism and economic science

Thursday, November 4. (1) Pre-Marxian socialism; (2) J. S. Mill’s attempted synthesis

  1. November 9—18. Marxism

Reading: (1) Burns, Handbook of Marxism, Chs. 1, 13, 14, 22, 26, 29, 30; (2) Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Part I.

Tuesday, November 9. “Utopian” socialism, Hegel, Ricardo, and Marx; and the Marxian theory of history

[Thursday, November 11, Holiday]

Tuesday, November 16. The Marxian economics—theory of capitalism

Thursday, November 18. The Marxian vision of the future beyond capitalism; and concluding remarks on Marxism

  1. November 23—December 7. Victorian Conservative Liberalism and Neo-Classical Economics

Reading: A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, Book I, Chs. 1 and 2; Appendices A, B; Book III; Book IV, Chs. 1-3 inclusive and 8-13 inclusive; Book V, Chs. 1-5 inclusive

Tuesday, November 23. How in late 19th century the classical liberalism, originally a radical, became a conservative ideology. Social Philosophy of conservative liberalism, and new developments of economic theory in this context after 1870

[Thursday, November 25, Holiday]

Tuesday, November 30. Utility economics and utilitarianism—the free price system and economic welfare. Marginal productivity and distributive justice—Clark and Carver. And neo-classical theories about capital, money, business cycles, monopoly, and economic progress.

Thursday, December 2. The development, value, and limitations of mathematical economics

Tuesday, December 7. The special views and system of Alfred Marshall

  1. December 9—16. Veblen; Chamberlin; and Keynes

Reading: Max Lerner; The Portable Veblen (Viking Library), pp. 215-297; 306-349; 377-395; 431-467

Thursday, December 9. Thorstein Veblen’s philosophy and sociology (called economics) vs. the main-tradition economics. His contributions to “institutional economics,” and to the “New Deal” and latter-day American  liberalism.”

Tuesday, December 14. Veblen vs. neo-classical theory of competition, and Chamberlin’s theory of monopolistic competition. Critique of latter as analysis, and in its bearings and problems of public policy.

Thursday, December 16. “Keynesianism” the decisive break with neo-classicism and the old economic-liberal orthodoxy. Its antecedents in the main tradition of economic theory, and relations to mercantilism, liberalism, and socialism. Its contribution to analysis and policy, and its limitations.

[Reading Period]

“Dr. Taylor will announce assignment in class.”

[Based on last examination question below, the reading period assignment would probably have been: David Wright, Democracy and Progress]

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 4, Folder “Economics, 1948-1949 (2 of 2)”.

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Final Examination

ECONOMICS 205a
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
1948-49

Write on four questions, including the first and last in the following list. Devote one hour to the first question, and one hour to one of the others, marking as such your two one-hour essays.

  1. Discuss the statements (a), (b), and (c) below—each in turn, briefly, indicating with reasons your agreement or disagreement. Then either select the one (if any) which you agree with, or otherwise state your own position on the problem; and apply (illustrate) that position through relevant comments on any two of the general patterns of political-and-economic thought considered in the course.
    1. “Historical study of the co-variation of economic with political thought refutes the scientific claims of economics. Economists have always divided into ‘schools,’ on political lines; and each ‘school’ has developed its own system of economic theory, in conflict with all others, and in a close tie-up with its own partisan, political philosophy.”
    2. “Economists have too often mingled and confused suggestions of their personal, philosophical and political opinions with their contributions to scientific, economic theory or analysis. But in reality the former have been irrelevant, the latter independent of them; and the competent economists of all political persuasions have converged to agreement in the field of the science itself.”
    3. “The political philosophies of economists have not as a rule made their economic theories by any means wholly unscientific or non-scientific, nor—however sharp the oppositions between the former—irreconcilable. But they have produced biased concentrations on the special groups of economic-scientific problems seen as important from the standpoints of the political philosophies; and made all economic theories partial analyses, disclosing means to desired ends.”
  2. “Unqualified adherence to the premise that ‘natural’ human behavior is simply rational pursuit of individual self-interest, would have logically obliged Adam Smith and the classical economists after him to follow Hobbes in supporting a ‘Totalitarian,’ despotic government as indispensable for civil peace and order; and to follow the ‘mercantilist’ writers in supporting economic controls by such a government, as indispensable for national prosperity and an orderly working of the national economy. The ‘liberal,’ political and policy views of Adam Smith and his followers required and had as their ultimate foundation, a belief—shared with Locke but not with Hobbes—that moral self-restraint in deference to the rights of others is a ‘natural,’ human disposition, capable of limiting self-interested action to what is consistent with it.” Discuss.
  3. “The entire main tradition of economic theory, in its development from the eighteenth through the nineteenth into the twentieth century, retained, in defiance of growing factual evidence, a strong optimistic bias about the free-competition market economy—identification of its equilibrium with a social-economic optimum—which had its sole origin in the eighteenth century’s optimistic, metaphysical belief in an harmonious, natural order.” Discuss.
  4. Discuss the apparent and often alleged intellectual debts or similarities of basic elements of (a) Ricardian classical economic theory, (b) the later body of ‘neo-classical’ theory emphasizing ‘marginal utility’ etc., and (c) Pigou’s and more recent theories of ‘welfare economics,’ to Bentham’s psychological, ethical, and social theories. What elements of each (a, b, and c) might appear to derive from ‘Benthamism,’ and what real similarities and significant differences do you see between them and the corresponding elements of the latter?
  5. Describe and discuss either (a) the English and German ‘romantic’ or (b) August Comte’s ‘positivistic’ line of attack upon the classical-liberal pattern of political-and-economic thought and its ‘eighteenth century philosophical foundation.’
  6. Compare and discuss Ricardo’s and Marx’s “labor theory of value”—explaining how each author developed, supported, construed, and used the theory; the points wherein you think they agreed or differed; and the points you would make in defense and/or criticism of each author’s theory.
  7. Outline, explain briefly, and discuss critically the main philosophical and economic-theoretical ingredients of the Marxian “dynamic” theory of evolving capitalism.
  8. “In the development of economic theory since its early classical period, the prevalence of a too single-minded pursuit of increasing logical precision and rigor, mistakenly conceived as the whole of scientific progress, has made theory increasingly abstract and decreasingly useful in the study of concrete, real problems.”
  9. Compare and contrast the Veblenian with the Marxian theory of the modern ‘capitalist’ culture, the ‘class’ conflict within it, why and how ‘business’ injures the economic welfare of society, and the kind of régime which should (and will or may) replace ‘capitalism’ in the future; and develop your own appraisal or critique of Veblen’s views on these matters.
  10. Write your own summary of and commentary on the central thesis of David Wright’s “Democracy and Progress,” concerning the historic method or secret of modern economic progress, and the cultural and political trends now menacing its continuance.

 

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Final Examinations, 1853-2001. Box 16, Papers Printed for Final Examinations: History, History of Religions, Government, Economics,…Military Science, Naval Science, Feb. 1949.

Image Source:  Overton Hume Taylor, Lecturer on Economics and Tutor. Harvard Class Album, 1939.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading

Harvard. Programs of Social Reconstruction. Readings and Exam. Mason, 1929

Edward S. Mason took over Thomas Nixon Carver’s course (Economics 7b Programs of Social Reconstruction) beginning in the second term of 1926-27. According to the course description, the course nominally covered the radical programmes of “socialism, communism, anarchism and the single tax”, but the memory of Henry George had faded by this time. Utopian socialism and communism together with anarchism were the focus of the course.  Thanks to the student notes of Albert Gailord Hart from 1929, we are able to sketch an outline of this relatively popular advanced undergraduate/graduate course in the Harvard economics curriculum.

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Thomas Nixon Carver on handing over his course

By bringing [John D.] Black and [Pitirim] Sorokin to Harvard I was helping to make myself unnecessary. They took over two courses which I had created and developed [for agricultural economics and sociology, respectively]. I contributed further to my own elimination by relinquishing another course which I had developed and made influential—my course on methods of social reform. The tutorial system brought into the department a number of young men who were not content to be mere tutors but were anxious to give courses of their own. Among these was a promising young man—Edward S. Mason. I yielded to the suggestion that I let him take over the above-mentioned course, while I concentrated on economic theory. I was planning a course on the economic functions of government, but before I had time to offer it the time came for me to retire. I had reached the retiring age in the year 1932.

Source:   Thomas Nixon Carver, Recollections of an Unplanned Life (1949), p. 212.

____________________

Edward S. Mason remembers…

…My doctoral dissertation had been in the field of international trade, dealing with a type of price discrimination designated by the not very attractive title of “dumping.” It was submitted in 1925 but the appearance, shortly before it was completed, of a book on the same subject, and with the same title, by Jacob Viner, precluded working over the manuscript for publication. I then interested myself in the writings of 19th century socialists and published a number of articles on them in the Quarterly Journal. This trend of thought culminated in the publication of a not very good book on the Paris Commune (of 1871) in 1930. Although I continued to be interested in this field and taught for a number of years Carver’s old course on Socialism and Social Reform, my attention shifted beginning around 1930 to the area of corporations, industrial organization, and the regulation of business….
Source:  Edward S. Mason, A Life in Development: An Autobiography (2004), p. 31. Copy in the Harvard Archive: Box 1 of Papers of Edward Sagendorph Mason.

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Course Announcement

[Economics] 7b 2hf. Programmes of Social Reconstruction

Half-course (second half-year). Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor). Fri., at 10. Asst. Professor Mason.

A comparison of the various radical programmes, such as socialism, communism, anarchism and the single tax, the theories upon which they are based, and the grounds of their attack upon the present industrial system. An examination of the various criteria of distributive justice, and of the social utility of the institution of property. A comparison of the merits of liberalism and authoritarianism, of radicalism and conservatism. An analysis also of the present tendenccies toward equality under liberalism in this country.

Source:  Official Register of Harvard University Vol. XXV, No. 29 (May 26, 1928). Division of History, Government, and Economics, 1928-29, p. 68.

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Course Enrollment

7b 2hf. Asst. Professor Mason.—Programs of Social Reconstruction.

6 Graduates, 38 Seniors, 27 Juniors, 1 Freshman, 5 Other: Total 77.

 

Source: Harvard University. Reports of the President and the Treasurer of Harvard College 1928-1929, p. 72.

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Course Assignments
[from Albert Gailord Hart’s student notes]

Texts and Links

Bober, Mandell Morton. Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1927. (2nd edition, 1948).

De Man, Hendrik.  Psychology of Socialism, London, Allen & Unwin. 1928 Translation of  Zur Psychologie des Sozialismus. Jena, E. Diederichs, 1927.

Gide, Charles and Charles Rist. A History of Economic Doctrines from the Time of the Physiocrats to the Present Day. Translation from the second revised and augmented edition of 1913 by R. Richards. London: George G. Harrap & Company, 1915.

Skelton, Oscar Douglas. Socialism: A Critical Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1911. [Chicago Ph.D. dissertation].

Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party (English translation authorized by Engels, 1908).

Report of the Liberal Industrial Inquiry, Britain’s Industrial Future, 1928.

Kropotkin. The Conquest of Bread (1907).  Modern Science & Anarchism (1908).

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain (1920).

Lenin, V. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916). The State and Revolution (1917).

Assignments as recorded in Hart’s notes

Gide & Rist II, I-III

Book II: The Antagonists.

Chapter I (Sismondi and the origins of the critical school);
Chapter II (Saint-Simon, the Saint-Simonians, and the beginnings of collectivism);
Chapter III (The associative socialists—Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Louis Blanc)]

M. M. Bober—[Karl] Marx[’s] Ec[sic] Int[erpretation of] Hist[ory]

Part I: The Material Basis of History
Part II: The Human Element in History
Part III: The Ideological Element in History]
Part IV. [The Trend of History]

De Man Psychology of Soc[ialism]  Part I;  IV  1-4. Finish De Man in April.

Communist Manifesto—Marx & Engels

Skelton’s “Socialism” I-III, VIII, IX

I: Introduction
II: The Socialist Indictment
III: The Indictment Considered
VIII: The Modern Socialist Ideal
IX: The Modern Movement

 

RP [reading period]

one [of]

  1. Report   Lib[eral] Industr[ial] Committee [sic, ]
  2. Kropotkin. Conquest of Bread  200 [pages]
    [Modern] Science & Anarchism 100 [pages]
  3. S. Webb—Plan of [“a Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Gr[eat] Br[itain]]
  4. V. Lenin—Imperialism
    The State and Revolution

Source: Columbia University Libraries. Manuscript Collections. Albert Gailord Hart Papers. Box 60, Folder “Mason Micro 1929”.

____________________

Final Examination
1928-29
Harvard University
ECONOMICS 7b2

I

Write an hour on one of the following.

  1. Discuss the nature of the state in a capitalist and in a socialist society according to Levin.
  2. What does Kropotkin mean by anarchism?
  3. [✓] To what extent is the report of the Liberal Industrial Enquiry socialist?
  4. Do the essential changes proposed in Sydney Web’s “Plan,” seem to you uneconomic? Why or why not?
  5. Discuss Shaw’s case for the equal distribution of income.

II

Answer two including the first.

  1. [✓] “Marx’s recognition of the fact that profits percent tend towards equality sounded the death knell of his theory of value.” Discuss.
  2. [✓] “In competitive advertising we have a typical waste of the system of production for profit and one which a socialist society could quickly eliminate.” Discuss.
  3. “Granted the best intelligence on the part of mass production industries as to scientific analysis of demand, it still remains true that the domestic market cannot long hope to keep up with the rapidly advancing capacity of machines and skilled management to turn out goods.” Discuss.

III

Answer two including the first.

  1. [✓] De Man maintains that, “the desire for responsible self-government in industry, essentially democratic, is fundamentally alien to Marxist thought.” Why does he think so?
  2. What do the Socialists mean by economic imperialism and how do they explain it?
  3. [✓] Discuss the significance in socialist thought one of the following: Fourier, Proudhon, Louis Blanc, Sismondi, St. Simon.

Source:  Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. Albert Gailord Hart Papers, Box 60, Folder “Exams CHI Qualifying [sic]”. Note: the checkmarks indicate which questions Hart chose to answer.

Image Source:  Edward S. Mason from the Harvard Classbook, 1934.

Categories
Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Development of Industrial Society. Course outline, readings, exam. Usher, 1933-34

 

An earlier post provides biographical information as well as links to other economic history courses taught by Abbott Payson Usher at Harvard. This post provides course enrollment data, outline and reading assignments, and the final examination questions for Usher’s course on the industrial history of western Europe up through English industrialisation.

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Course Enrollment

[Economics] 10b1 hf. Associate Professor Usher. – The Development of Modern Industrial Society, 1450-1850.

Total, 12: 10 Graduates, 2 Juniors.

 

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College 1933-34, p. 85.

__________________

Reading, Economics 10b.
1933-34.

  1. Industrial Development, 1450-1850. To be completed, Oct. 30.

Bober, M.M. Karl Marx’ Interpretation of History, pp. 192-201.

Parsons, T. Capitalism in recent German Literature, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 36, pp. 641-661; vol. 37, pp. 31-51.

Usher, A.P. History of Mechanical Inventions, pp. 1-31, 221-355.

Mantoux, P. The Industrial Revolution in the 18thCentury, pp. 47-93, 193-317, 349-452.

Nef, J.U. The Rise of the British Coal Industry, I, 19-22, 165-189; II, 319-330.

Usher, A.P. Industrial History of England, 195-224, 247-271, 314-380.

Webb, S. and B. History of Trade Unionism, pp. 57-161.

  1. The reorganization of the agrarian system. To be completed, Nov. 13.

Mantoux, P. The Industrial Revolution in the 18thCentury, pp. 140-160.

Ernle, Lord. English Farmers Past and Present, (ed. 1917, 1919, 1922.) pp. 55-102, 148-175, 290-315.

Clapham, J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany, pp. 6-52.

Renard, G. and Weulersse, G. Life and Labor in Modern Europe, pp. 205-247. (French ed. pp. 272-330.)

  1. The Rise of Economic Liberalism. To be completed, Nov. 27.

Armitage-Smith, G. Free Trade and its Results, pp. 39-61.

Marshall, Industry and Trade, (1923) 749-766. (British Move. to F.T.)

Barnes, D.G. History of the English Corn Laws, pp. 68-98, 117-156, 239-284.

Ashley, P. Modern Tariff History, (3rd. Ed.) pp. 3-132.

  1. The Beginnings of the Railroad. To be completed, Dec. 8.

Pratt, E.A. A History of Inland Transport in England, pp. 165-185, 195-257.

Usher, A.P. Industrial History of England, pp. 431-458.

Raper, C.L. Railway Transportation, pp. 61-82, 134-149, 166-177.

Clapham, J.H. Economic History of Modern Britain, I, pp. 75-97.

  1. The Rise of the Bank of England, To be completed, Dec. 22.

Richards, R.D. The Early History of Banking in England, pp. 23-64, 132-175, 189-201.

Andreades, A. History of the Bank of England, pp. 60-71, 284-294, 312-331, 370-389.

Silberling, N.J. The Financial and Monetary Policy of Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars, Q.J.E., vol. 38, pp. 214-233, 397-439.

Clapham, J.H. Economic History of Modern Britain, II, pp. 333-385.

Reading Period

Economics 10b.

Readings for the graduate members of the course will be found posted in the Graduate Economics Library.

Undergraduates are to read 350 pages from any two of the following titles:

(1) Ashton, T.A., Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution.
(2) Nef, J.U., The Rise of the British Coal Industry.
(3) Wadsworth, A.P. and J. Mann, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire.
(4) Chapman, S.J., The Lancashire Cotton Industry.
(5) Daniels, G.W., The Early English Cotton Industry.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, Course Outlines and Reading Lists, 1895-2003. Box 2, Folder “Economics 1933-34”.

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European Industry and Commerce
1450-1850
Books for review.

Moffit, Louis W. England on the eve of the Industrial Revolution.

Bowden, Witt. Industrial society in England towards the end of the eighteenth century.

Redford, Arthur. Labour migration in England, 1800-1850.

Tawney, R.H. Religion and the rise of capitalism.

Weber, Max. The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.

Warner, Wellman J. The Wesleyan movement in the Industrial Revolution.
and
Grubb, Isabel. Quakerism and Industry before 1800.

Daniels, George W. The early English cotton Industry.

Wadsworth, A.P. and Mann, Julia. The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600-1780.

Unwin, George. Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights.

Heaton, Herbert. The Yorkshire Woollen and Worsted industries.

Ashton, Thomas. Iron and Steel in the Industrial Revolution.

Ashton, T. and Sykes, J. The Coal Industry of the eighteenth century.

Roll, Erich. An experiment in Industrial organization.

Allen G.C. The Industrial development of the Black Country.

Hovell, Mark. The Chartist movement.

Pomfret, J.E. The struggle for land in Ireland.

Albion, Robert. Forests and Sea Power.

Ackworth, A.W. Financial reconstruction in England, 1815-22.

Lord, J. Capital and Steam Power.

Brady, Alexander. William Huskisson.

Ramsay, Anna. Sir Robert Peel.

Cole, G.D.H. Life of William Cobbett.

Jenks, L.H. Migration of British Capital to 1875.

Siegfried, A. La crise Britannique au XXe siècle.

Rappard, William. La révolution industrielle et les origines de la protection légale du travail en Suisse.

Lewinski, Jan de St. L’évolution industrielle de la Belgique.

Hammond, J.L. The age of the Chartists.

Hammond, J.L and B. The skilled labourer.

______________. The rise of modern industry.

Bessemer, Sir Henry. Autobiography.

Wallas, Graham. Life of Francis Place.

Berdrow, W. Krupp: a great business man seen through his letters.

Roe, J. W. British and American Toolmakers.

[handwritten additions follow]

Ballot, Charles. L’introduction du machinisme dan l’industrie française.

Sée, H. Modern Capitalism.

Sée, H. L’Évolution commerciale et industrielle de la France.

Hauser, H. Les débuts du capitalisme.

Boissonnade, G. Colbert et la dictature du travail.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, Course Outlines and Reading Lists, 1895-2003. Box 2, Folder “Economics 1933-34”.

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Final Examination

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 10b2
June 1934

I
(About one hour.)

  1. Write an essay on one of the following topics:
    1. Graduates:
      the position of Malthus in the light of historical studies of population,
      primary factors affecting the increase of population in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century,
      vital indices and the measurement of material well-being,
      biological laws of population growth,
      the processes of invention and achievement.
    2. Undergraduates:
      an episode in the history of any one of the following industries, cotton, coal, or iron,
      Sée’s concept of modern capitalism and its development, the processes of invention and achievement.

II
(About two hours.)
Answer four questions.

  1. Discuss the development of the factory system in the eighteenth century.
  2. In what ways did the introduction of crop rotations furnish motives for the enclosure of arable land.
  3. What were the purposes of the Corn Laws in the period 1815 to 1840? What was the actual effect of these laws?
  4. Describe the relations between the State and the Railways in France, 1840-1883.
  5. Sketch the development of central banking in England to 1860.

Source: Harvard University. Examination Papers, Finals 1934. (HUC 7000.28) Vol. 76 of 284.

Image Source: Abott Payson Usher faculty picture in Harvard College, Class Album 1939.

Categories
Harvard Socialism Suggested Reading Syllabus Undergraduate

Harvard. Undergraduate economics syllabus. Socialism, O.H. Taylor, 1955

 

 

The economics of socialism was a regular undergraduate course offering at Harvard from the turn of the twentieth century to well into the second half of the century. Besides the syllabus with assigned readings  along with the final examination questions.

Transcriptions of related course materials at the following links:

Economics of Socialism (Ec 111) taught by Taylor in 1952-53

Economics of Socialism (Ec 111) taught by Schumpeter, Taylor with lectures by Gerschenkron and Galenson in 1949-50.

Economics of Socialism (Ec 11b) taught by Schumpeter in 1945-46

Economics of Socialism (Ec 11b) taught by Schumpeter in 1943-44

Economics of Socialism (Ec11b) taught by Sweezy in 1939-40

Economics of Socialism (Ec11b) taught by Mason and Sweezy in 1937-38

Programs of Social Reconstruction  (Ec 7c) taught by Mason  in 1933

Economics of Socialism, Anarchism and the Single Tax  (Ec 7b) taught by Carver  in 1920

Socialism and Communism (Ec 14) taught by Carver and Bushnee in 1901-02

____________________

Course enrollment

[Economics] 111. Socialism. Dr. O. H. Taylor. Half course. (Spring)

Total, 9: 1 Graduate, 3 Seniors. 1 Junior, 1 Sophomore, 3 others.

 

Source:  Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1954-55. P. 89.

   ____________________

Course Syllabus

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Department of Economics
Spring Term, 1955

Economics 111

  1. Feb. 2-11. Pre-Marxian Socialism.

Reading due Feb. 11: H. Laidler, Social-Economic Movements, chs. [8-12]

Wed., Feb. 2. Introductory Lecture, about the course.

Fri., Feb. 4. Lecture: Antecedents of Socialist thought in European culture — ancient, mediaeval, and early-modern.

Mon., Feb. 7. Lecture: Antecedents of socialist thought, II—The “enlightenment,” liberalism, and socialism; A. Smith, Bentham, Ricardo, and others.

Wed., Feb. 9. Lecture: The “utopian” socialists—St. Simon, Fourier, and R. Owen.

Fri., Feb. 11. Discussion.

  1. Feb. 14-Mar. 4. Marxian Socialism—the Doctrinal System of Karl Marx.

Reading due Feb. 18: Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto
J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Part I

Mon., Feb. 14. Lecture: “Utopian” socialism, Hegel, Ricardo, and Marx’s “scientific” socialism.

Wed., Feb. 16. Lecture: Hegel and Marx, philosophers of history; and Marx’s “science” of society and history.

Fri., Feb. 18. Discussion.

Reading due Feb. 25: P. M. Sweezy, Theory of Capitalist Development, parts I, II.

Mon., Feb. 21. Lecture: Marx’s economics. 1—Theories of value, wages, surplus value, accumulation of capital, and evolving capitalism.

Wed., Feb. 23. Lecture: Marx’s economics. 2—Theory of capitalism’s evolution and decline or life-cycle; crises (business cycle), change from competitive to monopoly capitalism, and transition to socialism.

Fri. Feb. 25. Discussion.

Reading due Mar. 4: P. M. Sweezy, Theory of Capitalist Development, Part IV.
J.A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Part II.
O. H. Taylor article, “Schumpeter and Marx,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1951.

Mon., Feb. 28. Lecture: Modern Marxist (Communist) additions to Marx’s doctrines about capitalism in decline, and the transition; theory of “imperialism,” etc.

Wed., Mar. 2. Lecture: Schumpeter and Marx—two views of capitalism and its history and destiny—a comparison and contrast, illuminating Marxism.

Fri., Mar. 4. Discussion.

  1. Mar. 7-18. Marxian Socialism in Germany and Europe—Party Histories—to World War I.

Reading due Mar. 11: Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Part V.
P. M. Sweezy, Socialism, Chs.

Mon., Mar. 7. Lecture: Marx, Lasalle, and the German Social Democratic Party, to the Gotha Program.

Wed., Mar. 9. Lecture: The Revisionist Controversy of the German Socialists.

Fri., Mar. 11. Discussion.

Reading due Mar. 18: [blank]

Mon., Mar. 14. Lecture: Histories of French and Italian Socialism.

Wed., Mar. 16. Lecture: History of Scandinavian Socialism.

Fri., Mar. 18. Discussion.

  1. Mar. 21-April 1. English Socialism—History.

Reading due Mar. 25: G.D.H. Cole, A Short History of the British Working Class Movement, Part I, chs. 5-9 incl. and Part II.
The Fabian Essays.

Mon., Mar. 21. Lecture: From Owen to the Fabians.

Wed., Mar. 233. Lecture: Fabian Socialism.

Fri., Mar. 25. Discussion.

Reading due April 1: New Fabian Essays.

Mon., Mar. 28. Lecture: Evolution (since 1900) of the English Labor Party and its Socialism.

Wed., Mar. 30. Lecture: English Socialism, 1945-50—Partial Realization, and Changing Outlook.

Fri., April 1. Discussion.

April 3-10. SPRING RECESS.

  1. April 11-22. Russian Communism and the Soviet System.

Reading due April 15: M. Dobb
A. Baykov, Dev. Soviet Econ. System

Mon., Apr. 11. Lecture: Lenin, the Russian Revolution, and Early Evolution of the Soviet System.

Wed., Apr. 13. Lecture: The Five-Year Plans; Russia’s Industrialization and Economic Policies

Fri., Apr. 15. Discussion

Reading due April 22: [blank]

Mon., Apr. 18. Lecture: The Russian Economy—Operation.

Wed., Apr. 20. Lecture: Russian Society, State, and Civilization—Extra-Economic Features of the System.

Fri., Apr. 22. Discussion.

  1. April 25-May 2. Economic Theory of Liberal Socialism—The Lange Model.

Reading due May 2: Lippincott (ed.), Economics of Socialism

Mon., Apr. 25. Lecture: History of Modern Theory of “Competitive” Socialism: Von Mises, Barone, Lange, etc.

Wed., Apr. 27. Lecture: The O. Lange Model and Argument

Fri., Apr. 29. Lecture: Problems of Full Socialism in Practice.

Mon., May 2. Discussion.

 

Reading Period

David M. Wright. Capitalism (entire book).

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 6, Folder “Economics, 1954-1955 (1 of 2)”.

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1954-55
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 111
[Final Examination. June, 1955]

Write half-hour answers to six of the following questions including no. 8

  1. (a) Explain and discuss (as to its validity) all that you think Marx meant in describing pre-Marxian socialist thought as “utopian,” and in claiming that his own new kind was “scientific.”
    (b) Briefly characterize the outlook and program either of Fourier or of Robert Owen, and discuss the questions whether, how far, and wherein it was “utopian” in Marx’s sense.
  2. Summarize briefly, and discuss critically, Marx’s general theory of the process and pattern of all human history, or social evolution.
  3. Give a general account and criticism of the main ideas in Marx’s critical analysis of capitalism and its prospects—the main things that he claimed to see and/or foresee as the economic system’s destined-to-become-fatal flaws, and the way in which they would develop and bring on its doom and the advent of socialism.
  4. Discuss what have tended to be the chief problems or difficulties of Marxian socialist parties, endeavoring to adhere closely to the teachings of Marx and at the same time to cope with the practical exigencies arising in their careers as political parties. Illustrate your points from the history of the German Social Democratic Party.
  5. Give a general account of English Fabian socialism—its main distinctive characteristics, ideas, aims, and tactics—in comparison and contrast with Marxian socialism.
  6. Explain and discuss what you think are the main attractions and disattractions of present-day Communism for the world’s economically backward countries.
  7. State and explain your opinions about (a) the theoretically possible and (b) the likely actual success of a (realized) socialism that would do its best to carry out Oscar Lange’s proposals, in serving the economic welfare of the people better than it could be served by private capitalism.
  8. Write a critical review of or commentary on Pigou’s essay “Socialism vs. Capitalism.”

Source: Harvard University Archives. Papers Printed for Final Examinations [in] History, History of Religions, … , Economics, … , Naval Science, Air Science, June, 1955. Included in bound volume Final Exams, Social Sciences, June, 1955 (HUC 7000.28, Vol. 110).

Image Source: O.H. Taylor in Harvard College, Class Album 1952.

Categories
LSE Suggested Reading

LSE. Literature list for Economic Analysis. Hayek, 1942.

 

From today’s perspective one doesn’t usually think of Friedrich von Hayek as someone who would be seen swimming in contemporary conventional economic theory. Thus some visitors will be surprised to learn that in the Hayek Papers at the Hoover Institution Archives, one finds a year’s worth of handwritten lecture notes for Hayek’s three term sequence Economic Analysis I (Michaelmas term, 1942), Economic Analysis II (Lent Term, 1943), Economic Analysis III (Summer Term 1943) at LSE that covered conventional consumer and producer theory along with the apparatus of indifference curves, cost curves, Edgeworth-Bowley boxes and imperfect competition theory à la Joan Robinson. There was a war on, and I presume someone just had to cover the core theory course after all.

Hayek’s courses in 1942 were taught to a joint LSE/Cambridge class at Cambridge University. Pigou and Lewis also taught combined LSE/Cambridge courses during the war. [Tip of the hat to Tweetster @FriedrichHayek for this paragraph]

Perhaps someday, some kind person will transcribe those lecture notes for us. For now, I think it suffices to pluck the two pages of literature that would appear to have been discussed in Hayek’s second lecture of the first term. Links to all items have been included (warning: the links to Hicks-Allen Economica, 1934 are to jstor.org) .

__________________

Literature

Assume that you are all familiar with an introductory text like

F. Benham, Economics 1939 [3rd edition 1943]
now also J. R. Hicks, The Social Framework 1942

Shall confine myself to literature on general theory and for non-specialists—specialists will have to master at least this in their first year.

Circulate more comprehensive mimeographed list.

__________

Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics 1890! Though fifty years old still the only comprehensive system and in parts still indispensable[,] particularly books III, V, and VI  [8th edition, 1920]

No similar modern survey—of the recent textbooks of the required standard

Relatively the best the American

A. L. Meyers, Elements of Modern Economics 1937—though not quite high enough. [3rd edition, 1948]

The best English work[.]

L. Robbins, The Nature and Significance of Economic Science 2nd ed. 1935.
J. R. Hicks, Value and Capital, 1939, chapters 1-VIII (at least I, II, VI)

Absolutely indispensable [Value and Capital]—the later parts probably too difficult except for specialists some may find the first part of the article by J.R. Hicks and R.G.D. Allen, A re-consideration of the theory of value[,] Economica [1934, Part I ; Part II] an easier exposition of the same subject as in[replaced with a short, illegible word] the first chapters of the book although different terminology may be confusing.

__________

Not absolutely essential, but very strongly to be recommended in general theory are

K. Wicksell, Lectures on Political Economy, vol. I. 1934 One of the most intelligent modern books, combining the Austrian and Walrasian approach.
F. H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit 1921 (L.S.E. Reprints) Chapters I-VI

For those who find these difficult and want something easier to introduction to modern theory

Wicksteed, The Common Sense of Political Economy, vol. I
Which I hope some of you have read in their first year.

__________

To return to the essential books.

J. Robinson, The Economics of Imperfect Competition 1933 at least chapters II, IV, XV

The theoretical parts of

G. Haberler, The Theory of International Trade 1936 (not only for the special topics of International Trade but as one of the best exercises in applying the instruments of theory—and for the same reason, if you can spare the time, also the theoretical chapters of

J. Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade 1939)

__________

For Money, Fluctuations, and the whole applied side refer to printed list
Remember bibliographies in old School Calendar
[I] shall give references on special topics as I proceed.

__________

Those I have called “essential” you had better read as the course proceeds—the “recommended” ones you might save for next year

Also Pigou, Economics of Welfare 4th ed. 1932 at least parts II & III

Those who have a taste for a very rigorous treatment of central problem also his Economics of Stationary States

Gloss on mathematics [I] shall confine myself to geometry

Those who like algebraic treatment will find R.G.D. Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economists, 1938 useful.

 

Source:  Hoover Institution Archives.  Papers of Friedrich A. von Hayek. Box 112, Folder 11 (Lectures, LSE, 1942. Economic Analysis I).

Image Source: Mises Institute Website. “Tribute to F.A. von Hayek ” by Ludwig von Mises (May 24, 1962).

Categories
Chicago Suggested Reading

Chicago. Reading list for second core price theory. D. Gale Johnson, 1955.

 

This post adds a reading list from 1955 to ten previous postings of material for University of Chicago core graduate price theory following the second World War. The course was taught by D. Gale Johnson during the Winter Quarter. The copy of the reading list was found in Milton Friedman’s papers.

Chapters on interest rates from Keynes’ General Theory make a brief appearance in this course that focused on functional income distribution (theories of wages, interest, and profits).

___________________

Previous postings for Chicago core price theory.

Econ 300A, Milton Friedman. 1946.

Econ 300 A&B. Milton Friedman ca 1947.

Econ 300 A&B, Milton Friedman, Winter Quarter, 1947.

Econ 300 A&B, Milton Friedman. 1948.

Econ 300 A&B, Lloyd A. Metzler. 1948-49.

Econ 300 A&B, Milton Friedman, 1951-52.

Econ 300 A&B, Lloyd A. Metzler, 1952.

Econ 300A, Arnold Harberger, 1955.

Econ 300A. Gary Becker, 1956.

Econ 300 A&B, Milton Friedman 1958.

___________________

D. Gale Johnson
Winter Quarter 1955

Economics 300B
Reading Assignments

  1. P. H. Douglas, “Are There Laws of Production?” A. E. R., XXXVIII (1948), 1-41.
  2. D. G. Johnson, “The Functional Distribution of Income in the United States, 1850-1952,” R. E. & S., XXXVI (1954), 175-82.
  3. E. J. Working, “What Do Statistical ‘Demand Curves’ Show?” XLI (1927), 212-35. Reprinted in Readings in Price Theory.
  4. F. H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Ch. IV.
  5. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, 8th, Book IV, Chs. 1, 2, 3 and Book V, Ch. 6.
  6. A. E. A. Readings in The Theory of Income Distribution. Articles by J. M. Cassels, George Stigler, E. H. Chamberlin and Fritz Machlup.
  7. G. Stigler, Production and Distribution Theories, Chs. IV and XII.
  8. Philip H. Wicksteed, The Co-ordination of the Laws of Distribution.
  9. R. G. D. Allen, Mathematical Analysis for Economists, 11.8; 12.7; 12.8; 12.9; 13.7.
  10. Paul A. Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis. Ch. IV.
  11. J. R. Hicks, The Theory of Wages. Chs. 1-6.
  12. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, Book VI, Ch. I-V.
  13. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Ch. X.
  14. D. H. Robertson, “Wage Grumbles,” in 6.
  15. M. Friedman and S. Kuznets, Income from Independent Professional Practice, pp. v-x, 81-95, 118-37, 142-61.
  16. George Stigler, Domestic Servants in the United States, 1900-1940. (N.B.E.R. Occ. Paper No. 24).
  17. A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, Book VI, Ch. IX. See Index on quasi-rent.
  18. F. H. Knight, “Capital and Interest,” in 6.
  19. J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Chs. 11-14.
  20. R. W. Clower, “Productivity, Thrift and the Rate of Interest,” Economic Journal, March, 1954, 107-15.
  21. R. W. Clower, “An Investigation into the Dynamics of Investment,” American Economic Review, XLIV (1954), 64-81.
  22. A. P. Lerner, “On the Marginal Product of Capital and the Marginal Efficiency of Investment,” J. P. E. LXI (1953), 64-81.
  23. H. Makower and J. Marschak, “Assets, Prices and Monetary Theory,” Economics, 1938, 261-88. Reprinted in Readings in Price Theory.
  24. J. F. Weston, “A Generalized Uncertainty Theory of Profit,” A. E. R., March, 1950, 40-60.
  25. J. F. Weston, “The Profit Concept and Theory: A Restatement,” J. P. E., April, 1954, 152-170.

 

Source:  The Hoover Institution Archives. Papers of Milton Friedman.Box 77. Folder 77.1 “University of Chicago Econ. 300A & B”.

Source: David Gale Johnson portrait from the University of Chicago Photographic Archive,  apf1-10169, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library

Categories
Harvard Sociology Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. Principles of Sociology, Syllabus and Exams. Carver and Ripley, 1902-1903

 

The discipline of sociology was only a subfield of economics at Harvard long after the University of Chicago had  established an independent department of sociology upon the founding of that university in 1892. William Z. Ripley and Thomas N. Carver were jointly teaching the course at Harvard at the turn of the twentieth century. This course was taught for nearly three decades by Carver, e.g. an earlier post with materials for Economics 8, Principles of Sociology taught by Thomas Nixon Carver in 1917-18.

Note: Updated 31 Jan 2023 with links to all the items on the reading list along with the semester examination questions. Colorized portraits of Carver and Ripley have also been added.

Cf. A few years later Thomas Nixon Carver compiled a book of course readings (over 800 pages!): Sociology and Social Progress: A Handbook for Students of Sociology. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1905.

________________

Course Announcement and Description

[Economics] 3. Principles of Sociology. — Theories of Social Progress. Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 1.30. Professors Carver and Ripley.

The work of the first term will consist of an outline of the structure and development of social and political institutions, based upon a comparative study of primitive, barbarous, and civilized peoples. Among the topics considered will be the following, viz.: the physical and environmental factors in mental and social evolution, the racial elements in nationality and other social phenomena, with a discussion of modern racial problems in the United States and Europe, the interaction of mental and social evolution, the history and development of the family, and of religious, legal, and political institutions, and the relation of custom to religion and law. The principal authors discussed will be Tylor, Maine, Westermarck, and Spencer. The treatment will in the main be historical and comparative; aiming to afford data for the analytical and critical work of the second term.

In the second term this is followed by an analysis of the factors and forces which have produced modifications of the social structure and secured a greater degree of adaptation between man and his physical and social surroundings. The relation of property, the family, the competitive system, religion, and legal control to social well-being and progress are studied with reference to the problem of social improvement. Bagehot’s Physics and Politics, Ward’s Dynamical Sociology, Giddings’s Principles of Sociology, Patten’s Theory of Social Forces, and Kidd’s Social Evolution are each read in part. Lectures are given at intervals, and students are expected to take part in the discussion of the authors read and the lectures delivered.

Course 3 is open to students who have passed satisfactorily in Course 1 [Outlines of Economics].

 

Source:  Harvard University, The University Publications (New Series, No 55). Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of History and Political Science Comprising the Departments of History and Government and Economics, 1902-03 (June 14, 1902), p. 41.

________________

Course enrollment

[Economics] Professors CARVER and RIPLEY. — Principles of Sociology. Theories of Social Progress.

Total 44: 8 Graduates, 17 Seniors, 11 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, 5 Special.

 

Source: Harvard University. Annual Report of the President 1902-03, p. 67.

________________

Economics 3

To be read in full

  1. Herbert Spencer. Principles of Sociology. [3 vols., 3rd rev. ed., 1898]
  2. Walter Bagehot. Physics and Politics.
  3. Benjamin Kidd. Social Evolution.
  4. F. H. Giddings. Principles of Sociology.

Collateral Reading.
Starred references are prescribed.

I. Scope and Method of Sociology
  1. August Comte. Positive Philosophy. Book VI. Chs. 2—4.
  2. Herbert Spencer. Classification of the Sciences, in Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative. Vol. II.
  3. _______*. The Study of Sociology. Chs. 1—3.
  4. J. S. Mill. System of Logic. Book VI.
  5. W. S. Jevons. Principles of Science. Ch. 31. Sec. 11.
  6. Lester F. Ward. Outlines of Sociology. Pt. I.
  7. J. W. H. Stuckenberg. Introduction to the Study of Sociology. Chs. 2 and 3.
  8. Émile Durkheim. Les Regles de la Méthode Sociologique.
  9. Guillaume de Greef. Les Lois Sociologiques.
  10. Arthur Fairbanks. Introduction to Sociology. Introduction.
II. The Factors of Social Progress
A. Physical and Biological Factors
  1. Herbert Spencer. The Factors of Organic Evolution, in Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative. Vol. I.
  2. _______. Progress, its Law and Cause, in Essays: Scientific, Political, and Speculative. Vol. I.
  3. Auguste Comte. Positive Philosophy. Book VI. Ch. 6.
  4. Lester F. Ward. Dynamical Sociology. Ch. 7.
  5. Simon N. Patten*. The Theory of Social Forces. Ch. 1.
  6. Geddes and Thompson. The Evolution of Sex. Chs. 1, 2, 19, 21.
  7. Robert Mackintosh. From Comte to Benjamin Kidd.
  8. G. de LaPouge. Les Sélections Sociales. Chs. 1—6.
  9. August Weismann. The Germ Plasm: a Theory of Heredity.
  10. George John Romanes. An Examination of Weismannism.
  11. Alfred Russell Wallace. Studies: Scientific and Social. [Volume 1; Volume 2]
  12. R. L. Dugdale. The Jukes.
  13. Oscar C. McCulloch. The Tribe of Ishmael.
  14. Francis Galton. Hereditary Genius.
  15. Arthur Fairbanks. Introduction to Sociology. Pt. III.
B. Psychic
  1. Auguste Comte. Positive Philosophy. Book VI. Ch. 5.
  2. Jeremy Bentham*. Principles of Morals and Legislation. Chs. 1 and 2.
  3. Lester F. Ward. The Psychic Factors of Civilization.
  4. G. Tarde. Social Laws.
  5. _______. Les Lois de l’Imitation.
  6. _______. La Logique Sociale.
  7. Gustav Le Bon. The Crowd.
  8. _______. The Psychology of Peoples.
  9. J. Mark Baldwin. Social and Ethical Interpretations.
  10. _______. Mental Development in the Child and the Race.
  11. John Fisk. The Destiny of Man.
  12. Henry Drummond. The Ascent of Man.
  13. Simon N. Patten*. The Theory of Social Forces. Chs. 2—5.
C. Social and Economic
  1. Lester F. Ward. Outlines of Sociology. Pt. II.
  2. _______*. Dynamical Sociology. Ch. 10.
  3. Brooks Adams. The Law of Civilization and Decay.
  4. D. G. Ritchie. Darwinism and Politics.
  5. A. G. Warner*. American Charities. Pt. I. Ch. 5.
  6. G. de LaPouge. Les Sélections Sociales. Chs. 7—15.
  7. T. R. Malthus. Principle of Population.
  8. Bosanquet. The Standard of Life.
  9. W. H. Mallock. Aristocracy and Evolution.
  10. T. V. Veblen. The Theory of the Leisure Class.
  11. W. S. Jevons. Methods of Social Reform.
  12. Jane Addams and Others. Philanthropy and Social Progress.
  13. E. Demolins. Anglo-Saxon Superiority.
  14. Thomas H. Huxley. Evolution and Ethics.
  15. Georg Simmel. Ueber Sociale Differencierung.
  16. Émile Durkheim. De la Division du Travail Social.
  17. J. H. W. Stuckenberg. Introduction to the Study of Sociology. Ch. 6.
  18. Achille Loria. The Economic Foundations of Society.
  19. _______. Problems Sociaux Contemporains. Ch. 6. [English translation (1911)]
  20. E. A. Ross. Social Control.
D. Political and Legal
  1. Jeremy Bentham. Principles of Morals and Legislation. Chs. 12—17.
  2. F. M. Taylor. The Right of the State to Be.
  3. W. W. Willoughby*. Social Justice. Chs. 5—9.
  4. D. G. Ritchie. Principles of State Interference.
  5. W. S. Jevons. The State in Relation to Labor.
  6. Henry C. Adams. The Relation of the State to Industrial Action, in Publications Am. Econ. Assoc. Vol. I. No. 6.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003.Box 1, Folder “Economics, 1902-1903”.

________________

Economics 3
Mid-Year Examination
1902-1903

  1. Contrast the status of marriage in the later Roman period, with that in the United States at present, distinguishing causes, direct and indirect results.
  2. What is the primary end of primitive law, and why?
  3. Criticise Spencer’s statement that “political organization is to be understood as that part of social organization which consciously carries on directive and restraining functions for public ends.”
  4. What is the significance of ceremonial in social life? Illustrate by a concrete example.
  5. Need customs be reasonable or logical to be necessarily defensible? Why?
  6. How does Giddings account for the change from metronymic to patronymic societies?
  7. What was the character of Morgan’s contribution to the study of domestic origins? What were its limitations?
  8. Discuss, with illustrations, some of the connections of religious belief and ceremonial with primitive society.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Mid-year Examinations 1852-1943. Box 6. Papers (in the bound volume Examination Papers Mid-years 1902-1903).

________________

Economics 3
Year-End Examination
1902-1903

Discuss eight of the following topics: –

  1. The forms of primitive marriage.
  2. Spencer’s contrast of the industrial with the militant type of society.
  3. Gidding’s elementary social fact.
  4. Kidd’s position as to the function of religion in social development.
  5. The antagonism of interests among the members of society.
  6. Density of population as a condition of a high state of civilization.
  7. The sanctions for conduct.
  8. Social stratification.
  9. The storing of the surplus energy of society.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 6. Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, History of Religions, Philosophy, Education, Fine Arts, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Music in Harvard College, June 1903 (in the bound volume Examination Papers 1902-1903).

Image Source: Thomas Nixon Carver (left). The World’s Work. Vol. XXVI (May-October 1913) p. 127.  William Z. Ripley (right) Harvard Library, Hollis Images. Portrait of William Z. Ripley, ca. 1920. Both images have been colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

 

 

 

Categories
Economic History Harvard Suggested Reading

Harvard. Economic Aspects of Western Civilization. Cunningham, 1899.

 

 

William Cunningham (1849-1919) was appointed lecturer on economic history at Harvard September 27, 1898 in order to cover economic history for Professor Ashley who was on leave during the second semester of the 1898-99 academic year.

___________________

During the second half year of 1898-99, the place of Professor Ashley, who is absent on leave, is taken by Dr. Wm. Cunningham, of Trinity College (Cambridge, England). Dr. Cunningham and Professor Ashley are easily the leaders among English-speaking scholars on their subject, economic history; and the Department has cordially welcomed the arrangement by which the scholar from the Cambridge of England fills the place, for the time being, of the scholar of the American Cambridge. Dr. Cunningham gives two courses in the current half year, — one on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects, Mediaeval and Modern, the other on the Industrial Revolution in England.

Source:  F. W. Taussig’s report on the activities of the economics department in 1898-99 in The Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, vol. 7 (1898-99), p. 427.

___________________

Course Announcement

82 hf. Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects. (Mediaeval and Modern.) Half-course (second half-year). Mon., Wed., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Fri., at 12.Dr. Cunningham (Trinity College, Cambridge, England).

Source:   Harvard University, Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Provided by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences for the Academic Year 1898-1899.Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1898, p. 41.

___________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 82 hf. Dr. Cunnningham.— Western Civilization, mediaeval and modern, in its Economic Aspects. Lectures (3 hours). 4 reports.

Total 105:  13 Graduates, 41 Seniors, 15 Juniors, 23 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 12 Others

Source: Harvard University. Annual Report of the President of Harvard College, 1898-99, p. 72.

___________________

ECONOMICS 8.
WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

For Reading: —

Andrews, C. M. Old English Manor, p. 202 to end.
M. Dormer Harris. Life in an Old English Town.
H. Beazley. Prince Henry the Navigator;
Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England, edited by E. Lamond.
Thorold Rogers. Holland.

 

For Consultation: —

Duke of Argyll. Unseen Foundations of Society.
Maitland, S. R. The Dark Ages.
Montalembert. Monks of the West, II.
Levasseur, E. Histoire des Class ouvrières en France jusqu’a la Révolution [Volume I (1859);  Volume  II (1859);
Walter of Henley’s Husbandry, edited by E. Lamond.
Pigeonneau. Histoire du Commerce de la France. [Volume I; Volume II]
von Inama-Sternegg. Deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte. [Volume 1 ; Volume 2]
Heyd, W. Geschichte des Levantehandels. [Volume 1 ; Volume 2]
[de] Mas Latrie. Relations et Commerce de l’Afrique Septentrionale.
Ehrenberg, R. Das Zeitalter der Fugger.[Volume 1 ; Volume 2]
Gottlob, A. Aus der Camera.
S. Thomas Aquinas. De regimine Principum.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003.Box 1, Folder “Economics 1898-1899”.

Image Source:  Trinity College Chapel website.

Categories
Exam Questions M.I.T. Principles Suggested Reading Undergraduate

M.I.T. Principles of Macroeconomics. 1995-2006

 

An earlier post provided links to assorted course materials for Principles of Microeconomics (14.01) taught at M.I.T. from 1994 to 2005.

Perhaps my productivity as an internet archive scavenger has simply improved with practice, but I suspect that the instructors and their teaching assistants for Principles of Macroeconomics (14.02) from 1995 through 2006 at M.I.T. were simply better organized in keeping copies of their syllabi, problem sets, exams etc. available for later cohorts. Anyhow, today I provide the results of several days of trolling (in a good way) the Wayback Machine internet archive for a decade long window spanning the most recent turn of a century.

Below you will find syllabi, class schedules, problem sets and solutions, exams and solutions plus links to lecture slides and supplementary readings where found. 

Fall 1995
Professor Olivier Blanchard

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1  (Solutions)

Problem Set 2  (Solutions)

Problem Set 3  (Solutions)

Problem Set 4  (Solutions)

Problem Set 5  (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions )

Problem Set 7 (Solutions )

Problem Set 8  (Solutions )

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1   (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions not found)

Spring 1996
Professor Ricardo Cabellero

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions) [neither questions nor solutions found]

Fall 1996

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions) [neither questions nor solutions found]

Spring 1997
Professor Ricardo Caballero

Home page

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions) [neither questions nor solutions found]

Fall 1997
Professor Paul Krugman

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 2 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 3 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 4 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 5 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 6 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 7 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 8 (Solutions) [questions not found]

Problem Set 9 (Solutions) [neither questions nor solutions found]

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions)

Spring 1998
Professor Ricardo Caballero

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 with Solutions

Exam 2, Parts I and II with Solutions

Exam 2, Part III (Solutions)

Final Exam with Solutions

Fall 1998
Professor Paul Krugman

For this term we have a cornucopia of material that includes lecture slides and handouts along with syllabus, reading assignments, problem sets and examination questions with solutions. This material has been put together for an earlier post.

 

Spring 1999
Roger Brinner

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics

Syllabus and schedule

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4  (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam [neither questions nor solutions found]

Fall 1999
Professor Ricardo Caballero

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics

Course home page

Syllabus

Schedule

Lecture Slides

September 8 — Chapter 1: Tour of the World

September 13 — Chapter 2: Economic Data

September 15 — Chapter 2 and 3: Economic Data and the Goods Market

September 20 — Chapter 3 and 4: The Goods Market and Dynamics

September 22 — Chapter 5: The Financial Market

September 27 — Chapter 5: The Financial Market and the Role of Banks

September 29 — Chapter 6: The Role of Banks and the IS-LM Model

October 4 — Chapter 6: The IS-LM Model

October 6 — Chapter 6 : Review of the IS-LM Model

October 13 — Chapter 11: Openness in Goods and Financial Markets

October 18 — Chapters 11 and 12: Openness in Goods and Financial Markets

October 20 — Chapter 12: Openness in the Goods Market

October 25 — Chapters 12 and 13: Open Economy IS-LM

October 27 — Chapter 13: Open Economy IS-LM

November 1 — Chapters 13, 14.4 and 14.5: Fixed Exchange Rates and Crises

November 3 — Review: a collection of old transparencies, not posted

November 8 — Chapter 15: The Labor Market

November 10 — Chapters 15 and 16: Aggregate Supply and Demand

November 15 — Chapter 16: Aggregate Supply and Demand

November 17 — Chapter 16: Shifting the AS-AD

November 22 — Chapter 17: The Phillips Curve

November 24 — Chapters 18 and 19: Disinflation and Real Interest Rates

November 29 — Chapter 19: Inflation, Real Interest Rates and Exchange Rates

December 1 — Chapters 19, 22 and 23: AS-AD with Fixed Exchange Rates; Growth

December 6 — Chapters 22 and 23: Growth; Review I

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 with solutions

Final Exam  (Solutions)

Spring 2000
Professor Roger Brinner

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics(2nded).

Syllabus

Schedule

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Final Exam (Solutions not found)

Fall 2000
Professor Ricardo Caballero

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics

Course home page

Syllabus

Schedule

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions) (Graphs)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions)

Exams

Exam 1 (Solutions)

Exam 2 (Solutions)

Exam 2, conflict (Solutions)

Exam 3 (Solutions)

Exam 3, conflict (Solutions)

Spring 2001
Professor Roger Brinner

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics(2nd edition)

Course home page

Syllabus

Schedule

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions not found)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions not found)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions not found)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #1 Conflict (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions, htm; Solutions, pdf)

Final Exam:  Book One (.doc); Book Two (.doc)

Fall 2001
Professor Ricardo Caballero

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics (2nded)

Syllabus

Schedule

Lecture slides

September 5 — Chapter 1: Tour of the World

September 10 — Chapter 2: Tour of the Book

September 12 — Chapter 3: The Goods Market

September 19 — Chapter 3: The Goods Market (continued)

September 24 — Chapter 4: Financial Markets

September 26 — Chapter 4: Financial Markets (continued)

October 1 — Chapter 5: The IS-LM Model

October 3 — Review Session

October 10 — Chapter 18: The Open Economy

October 15 — Chapter 19: The Goods Market in an Open Economy

October 17 — Chapter 20: Output, the Interest Rate and the Exchange Rate

October 22 — Chapter 20: Output, the Interest Rate and the Exchange Rate (continued)

October 24 — Chapter 21.2: Exchange Rate Crises

October 29 — Chapter 6.3-6.4: Building the Aggregate Supply: The Labor Market

October 31 — Chapter 6.5-7.1: Building the Aggregate Supply (continued)

November 5 — Chapter 7.1-7.3: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply

November 7 — Review Session

November 14 — Chapter 7.4-7.7: AD-AS, Canonical Policy Shocks

November 19 — Chapter 8: The Phillips Curve

November 21 — Chapter 9: The Phillips Curve and the Natural Rate

November 26 — Chapter 14.1, 14.3-14.4: Nominal and Real Interest Rates
Chapter 21.1: Open Economy AS-AD

November 28 — Chapter 13.1-13.2: Productivity Growth in AD-AS.  Chapter 10: Growth – The Facts

December 3 — Chapter 11.1-11.2: Growth – Saving, Capital Accumulation and Output

December 5 — Review

Problem Sets (best seven of nine for 25% of grade)

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions) (Graphs)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions) (Graphs)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Problem Set 9 (Solutions) (Graphs)

Exams (note no final exam, three quizzes for 75% of grade)

Quiz 1 (Solutions)

Quiz 2 (Solutions)

Quiz 3 (Solutions)

Spring 2002
Professor Roger Brinner

Lectures

February 06: Course Objectives and Introductions

February 11: The Policy Tradeoff: Unemployment vs. Changes in Inflation

February 13: The Fiscal Policy

February 19: National Income Accounts and the Government Budget

February 20: Core Growth Theory

February 25;&27: Basic Econometric Tools Used in Macroeconomics

March 1: Basic Econometric Tools Used in Macroeconomics- Handout

March 06: IS-LM Introduction

March 08: Aggregate Supply and Demand

March 11: Review

March 13: Review

March 18: Consumer Spending & House Demand

March 20: Business Investment

April 01: Foreign Trade & Exchange Rates

April 03: Inflation

April 08: Money Demand

April 10: Review by Prof. Brinner

April 17: Growth

April 22: Integrating IS-LM and the Modern Phillips

April 24: Fiscal Policy in the 1990s

April 29: International Growth & Crises

May 01: Stock & Bond Markets

May 06: Monetary Policy in the 1990s

May 08: Social Security and the National Debt

May 13: US Business Cycles: Experience vs. Theory

May 15: Review

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

Fall 2002
Professor Huntley Schaller

Syllabus

Schedule

Readings

Recitations

Recitations by Samer HajYehia (PDF)
“Consumption and Housing” Recitation (PDF)
Class Notes Part 1 (PDF)
Class Notes Part 2 (PDF)

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Problem Set 8 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Questions and Solutions)

Spring 2003
Professor Olivier Blanchard

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard’s Macroeconomics, 3rd ed.

Course Home Page

Syllabus

Schedule

 REQUIRED READINGS:

 REVIEW ARTICLES:

 ADDITIONAL READINGS:

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

Fall 2003
Professor Ricardo Cabllero

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard’s Macroeconomics.

Course Home Page

Syllabus

Schedule

Ha Yan Notes (zip)

Lectures

Lecture 1. Introduction

Lecture 2. Basic Definitions

Lecture 3. Basic Aggregate Demand Model

Lecture 4. Goods/Financial Markets

Lecture 5. Financial Markets (Cont.)

Lecture 6. IS-LM

Lecture 7. IS-LM (Cont.)

Lecture 8 (review)

Lecture 9. Open Economy

Lecture 10. Goods Market in the Open Economy

Lecture 11. Goods Market and the Exchange Rate

Lecture 12. The Open Economy IS-LM (II)

Lecture 13. Exchange Rate Systems

Lecture 14. Building Aggregate Supply

Lecture 15. Aggregate Supply–Aggregate Demand

Lecture 16. Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand (cont.)

Lecture 17. AD-AS + The Phillips Curve

Lecture 18. Inflation and Unemployment

Lecture 19. Devaluations in an AD-AS framework (.ppt)

Lecture 20. Productivity growth (.ppt)

Lecture 21. Growth (.ppt)

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Questions and Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Questions and Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Questions and Solutions)

Spring 2004
Professor Olivier Blanchard

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard’s Macroeconomics, 3rd edition.

Syllabus

Schedule

Readings

Week of 2/9:

Article 1:  “Easy Money”  (The Fed and inflation)

Article 2: “Competitive Sport in Boca Raton”  (Questions about the strength of the dollar)

Week of 2/16:

Article 3: “Irrational Exuberance”

Article 4:  Insanity in the Japanese stock market?

Article 5:  The Unemployment Rate and Economic Health

Article 6: Soaring stocks in Southeast Asia

Article 7:  Are the tech stocks back?

Week of 2/23:

Article 8: Macroeconomic performance in Germany

Week of 3/15:

Article 9: Unemployment rates in Spain and Portugal

Week of 4/5:

Article 10:  Economic Recovery in the U.S.

Week of 4/19:

Article 11:  Chinese economic outlook

Article 12:  U.S. economic outlook

Article 13:  Interest rates in the US

International Monetary Fund’s semi-annual report

Week of 5/3:

Reading (not required): Overview of Argentina

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions) [note: dated 3/17/03, but not same as problem 3 of Spring 2003]

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions) (Graphs)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

Fall 2004
Professor Richard Caballero

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard’s Macroeconomics, 3rd edition.

Course home page

Syllabus

Schedule

All course materials as zip file

Lectures

Lecture 1. Introduction

Lecture 2. Definitions and First Model

Lecture 3. Basic Aggregate Demand Model

Lecture 4. Financial Markets

Lecture 5. IS-LM (1)

Lecture 6. IS-LM (2)

Lecture 7. Open Economy

Lecture 8. Goods Market and Exchange Rate

Lecture 9. Review

Lecture 10. Open Economy IS-LM

Lecture 11. Mundell-Fleming

Lecture 12. Aggregate Supply

Lecture 13. Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand

Lecture 14. AD-AS and the Phillips Curve

Lecture 15. Phillips Curve

Lecture 16. Review

Lecture 17. Real Interest Rates/Open economy AD-AS framework

Lecture 18. Growth

Lectures 19 and 20. Solow model (apparently available in zipped files above)

Lecture 21. Technological Progress and Unemployment

Lecture 22. Expected Present Discounted Values

Lecture 23. Bond Prices and Yields

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

Spring 2005
Professor Olivier Blanchard

Textbook:  Olivier Blanchard, Macroeconomics, 3rd edition.

Course Home Page

Syllabus

Schedule

Lectures (only seven found)

Lecture 1 (Feb 2): Introduction and a Tour of the World (Ch 1)

Lecture 6 (Feb 22): The 2001 Recession

Lecture 20 (Apr 20): Open Economy (Ch 18)

Lecture 21 (Apr 25): Open Economy–The Goods Market (Ch 19)

Lecture 22 (Apr 27): Open Economy–The Goods Market (Ch 19)

Lecture 23/24 (May 2/4): Output, Interest Rate, and the Exchange Rate (Ch 20)

Lecture 25/26 (May 9/11): Exchange Rate Regimes (Ch 21)

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Problem Set 7 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Questions and Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Questions and Solutions)

Fall 2005
Professor Francesco Giavazzi

Textbook:  Olivier Blanchard. Macroeconomics, 4th ed.

Course Material Folder

Syllabus

Schedule

Lectures. (Only last lecture found)

December 14. Using the book to understand the state of the U.S. economy

Problem Sets

Problem Set 1 (Solutions)

Problem Set 2 (Solutions)

Problem Set 3 (Solutions)

Problem Set 4 (Solutions)

Problem Set 5 (Solutions)

Problem Set 6 (Solutions)

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

Spring 2006
Olivier Blanchard

Textbook: Olivier Blanchard. Macroeconomics 4/E (2006)

Course home page

Syllabus

Schedule

Problem Sets with Solutions

Problem set 1

Problem set 2

Report of the President (B4)

Report of the President (B5)

Fed. Funds Rates

Japan (OECD)

Problem set 3

Problem set 4

Spreadsheet for SQ.1

Problem set 5

Problem set 6

ps6sq3.xls

Practice exercise for Chapter 20

Exams

Quiz #1 (Solutions)

Quiz #2 (Solutions)

Quiz #3 (Solutions)

 

Image:  Mr. Peabody (dog) and Sherman (boy) activating the original WABAC Machine.