Category: Exam Questions

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Exam Questions Harvard Law and Economics

Harvard. Enrollment and semester exams in law and economics. Wyman, 1903-1904

Harvard Law School, ca. 1901

To the archive of old economics exams this post adds the mid-year and final exams for the course “Principles of Law governing Industrial Relations” taught at Harvard in 1903-04 by assistant professor Bruce Wyman.

Since most undergraduate economics majors then as now do not pursue further graduate studies in economics, the Harvard economics department offered introductory courses in accounting and business law as a vocational sop in its early 20th century course offerings.

Two earlier sets of exams for this course have been transcribed and posted:  1901-02 (includes his 1921 report to the Class of 1896).; 1902-03 (includes an obituary for Bruce Wyman).

Fun fact: Wyman was alleged to offer “snapper” (i.e., easy) courses for Harvard undergraduates. Included in that post is a New York Times report of a scandal that led to his resignation from the Harvard Law School faculty.

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Course Enrollment

Economics 21. Asst. Professor Wyman. — Principles of Law governing Industrial Relations.

Total 148: 11 Graduates, 89 Seniors, 30 Juniors, 8 Sophomores, 10 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 21
Mid-Year Examination. 1903-04

Answer eight questions. Give reasons with care.

  1. The general manager of the New York Magazine resigned his position to set up a rival magazine which he called the Empire Magazine. Before and after his resignation he solicited business for his new magazine from advertisers in the old. When he left he took a copy of the list of subscribers, intending to write them just before their subscriptions expired, urging them not to renew, but to subscribe to his new magazine, as all the good features of the New York would be found in the Empire in improved form. May the owner of the New York have any injunction against the former manager?
  2. Taddy & Co., manufacturers, sold large quantities of Myrtle Grove tobacco to Nelten & Co., jobbers, upon certain conditions in the invoices headed “minimum retail prices,” and below “acceptance of the goods will be deemed a contract between the purchaser and Taddy & Co.” Stenous & Co., retailers, bought a large amount of this Myrtle Grove tobacco from Nelten & Co., which they later offered to their customers at less than the minimum retail price. Can Taddy & Co. have an injunction against Stenous & Co.?
  3. A travelling agent of the Globe Stove Works goes through the Southwest getting small dealers to sign contracts for stoves. The travelling agent of the World Stove Works crosses his track often. In several instances the agent of the World Company, acting under orders from headquarters, makes a special price to dealers that have bought from the Globe Works, and induces them to cancel their orders for Globe stoves and buy the World stoves. Has the Globe Company any remedy against the World Company?
  4. The National Harrow Company sent broadcast the following circular: “We believe that we have the patents, and we have determined henceforth to sue any dealer handling these infringing harrows wherever they are found.” The infringing harrows referred to were those of the Davison Company. During the year following these circulars the business of the Davison Company fell off 50 per cent. In the year after that the Supreme Court decided in one of the suits which the National Company had prosecuted in good faith that their principal patents were invalid. The Davison Company now sue the National Company for damages done their business by the circulars quoted above. What decision?
  5. Most of the employees in certain breweries belong to a union, most of the brewers are in an association. By an agreement between the union and the association, any brewer must discharge any employee not belonging to the union, if the employee refuses for one week to join the union after being requested to do so. An engineer is taken on at one of the breweries; he refuses to join the union at request; one week later the secretary of the union gave notice to the brewer to discharge the engineer, which was accordingly done. Has the engineer any suit for damages against the secretary of the union?
  6. By a contract between the United States Fuel Company and the Ohio Operators Association, composed of ten concerns engaged in producing coal and coke in a certain district, the company was to handle for a term of years the entire output of the mines of the association intended for the western market. The amount to be furnished by each member of the association was to be fixed by its executive committee; the fuel company was to fix a uniform price from time to time at which it should sell the products turned over. The net profits of the fuel company less its commission were to be turned back to the members of the association pro rata. Is this agreement enforceable?
  7. There are two ice manufacturing companies in Tuscalosa, Ala. The second makes a lease of all its plant to the first for ten years for a high rental; then the first leases this same plant to third parties to be used only as a store house; thereupon the first ice company increases its rate 50 per cent. according to the previous understanding with the second company. This situation lasts for a year, when a new third company constructs a new plant with modern machinery and puts its rates at 50 per cent. below the first company. The first company reduces its rates, and thereupon refuses to pay the full rental to the second company according to the terms of the lease. What rights has the second company against the first company?
  8. An act of legislature provided: “That all the proprietors of the Charles River Marshes, are hereby constituted a corporation under the name of the Marsh Company, with authority to assess and collect from each member ten per cent. upon the valuation of his land, to be expended in making and maintaining a street across the same.” Nine of the ten proprietors after giving the tenth notice of the proposed meeting, meet, organize the corporation, and vote an assessment upon all the members for the amount specified in the charter. Suit by the company against the tenth man to collect the assessment. What decision?
  9. A company was formed by A. Solomon and his two sons, each subscribing one share, the statute for incorporations requiring “three associates each subscribing at least one share.” The capital stock was fixed at $100,300 of which $300 was paid in cash for the three original shares. A. Solomon then conveyed the real estate, machinery, stock in trade and good-will of his shoe business to this corporation for $100,000, which it was all worth at a conservative valuation. He took in payment debenture bonds to the amount of $50,000, a note for $25,000 and paid up shares to the face of $25,000. The remaining 50,000 shares later were sold at 50 each by the company, a discount of 50 per cent. being allowed. A year later a financial crisis comes, and the company is put in a receiver’s hands. He finds besides what has been related that the company has incurred new floating indebtedness to the amount of $25,000, while the property left may be sold for $65,000. How should the receiver wind up this corporation?

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Mid-year examinations 1852-1943. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years, 1903-04.

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ECONOMICS 21
Year-End Examination. 1903-04

Answer any six questions. Give reasons.

  1. A soap company buys the majority of the stock in a competing soap company. At the next meeting of this corporation it elects a board of directors. This new board of directors of the second company vote to enter into a five years’ contract with the first company to sell to it the whole product of the factory at a price which will barely cover the cost of production. Have the minority stockholders in the second company any relief at law?
  2. Three competing steel corporations agree to manufacture and sell rails at joint profit, accounting to each for a pro rata share upon each sale, settlements to be made semi-annually. One of these companies manufactures as much as possible, then sells all at the high prices prevailing since the arrangement, and then withdraws from the pool refusing to account to the others. Have the other two any remedy against it?
  3. An oil corporation is organized with an authorized capitalization of $500,000,000. It issues all its stocks for a variety of properties (distilleries, pipe lines, etc., etc.) which its directors value at $500,000,000, as these properties before consolidation are earning for their owners $50,000,000 per annum. As a result of this monopolization the new corporation earns $100,000,000 per annum. Is there any relief against this situation at law?
  4. A natural gas company is engaged in the supply of gas to a certain city. After about two thirds of the inhabitants have been taken on, it was discovered that by sinking more wells no more gas is gotten. The present supply is no more than enough to keep up a sufficient pressure to give the present takers proper service. In this condition of things a householder who lives upon the pipe lines of the company, in the centre of the city, applies to the company for gas. The company refuses him. Should a mandamus be granted?
  5. A telephone company in New York operates as a separate branch of its business a service of messengers on call. A messenger company applies to the telephone company for a telephone. The telephone company refuses upon the ground that the messenger company wish the telephone connection in order that people all over the city may summon messengers from it, which would be competition with the business of the telephone company. What decision?
  6. A traveller took a train on a railroad and presented to the conductor an excursion ticket which was in two parts. The conductor accidentally punched the wrong coupon; he then wrote on the back “cancelled by mistake” and signed the statement. The rules of the company also required a conductor under such circumstances to draw a circle about the hole accidentally punched. This circle not having been drawn, the conductor on the return trip refused to accept the punched ticket, and ejected the passenger upon his refusal to pay fare. Has the passenger any cause of action? If so, for what?
  7. A State passes a statute forbidding the sale of oleomargarine colored any shade of yellow. Is this constitutional?

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, pp. 40-41.

Image Source: Harvard Law School ca. 1901 from the Detroit Publishing Company photograph collection (Library of Congress).

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Exam Questions International Economics Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins. International Economics Exams. Balassa, 1968-69.

 

This post is able to match the examination questions to the corresponding reading list for one semester of Bela Balassa’s international trade theory course that he taught at Johns Hopkins in 1968-69. Alas, the archival box did not have the reading list for the second semester, but at least the exam questions for the second semester, also transcribed below, give us a good idea of the main course content during the spring of 1969.

I am also delighted to have found a picture of Bela Balassa to replace the one I had found on a webpage that, as it turns out, happens to be of an entirely different Balassa (see note at the bottom of the post for details). Professor M. Ali Khan of Johns Hopkins tipped me off about the previous picture (used in other posts) not being quite right. 

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Note: the reading list for the fall semester course was transcribed and posted earlier.

EXAMINATION
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS 18.641
Thursday, January 16, 1969

Dr. Balassa

  1. Answer two questions (80 minutes)
    1. Discuss the meaning of the expressions “labor” and “capital” in the Heckscher-Ohlin framework and indicate the implications that the recent interpretations of these concepts have for the theory of international trade.
    2. Analyze the relationship between country size and the commodity composition of exports and imports.
    3. Discuss the applicability of alternative theories of specialization to trade among industrial countries.
  2. Answer two questions (80 minutes)
    1. Examine the usefulness of a general equilibrium approach to trade theory.
    2. Consider the implications of introducing intermediate goods in trade models.
    3. Show the applicability of the theory of duopoly and bilateral monopoly to the theory of tariffs.
  3. Answer one question (40 minutes)
    1. State briefly the Stolper-Samuelson and the Rybczynski theorems and indicate the relationship between the two.
    2. What welfare consequences can be derived from the following results if subscript 2 refers to the after-trade and subscript 1 to the before-trade situation:

ΣP2Q2 < ΣP2Q1

ΣP1Q2 > ΣP1Q1

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Note: the reading list for the spring semester course was not included in the collection of course outlines for the department of political economy in the Johns Hopkins University archives.

Final Examination
International Trade Theory 18.642
May 21, 1969

Professor Balassa

Give approximately equal time to all questions.

  1. Answer two questions.
    1. It has been customary to consider separately internal and external balance and to examine the effects of the use of various policy instruments on each. How can this be reconciled with Johnson’s proposition that “the balance-of-payments is the difference between aggregate receipts and payments in the domestic economy:”
    2. Reformulate the exchange stability problem if the devaluation is regarded as a transfer.
    3. Indicate the effects of a devaluation on the non-merchandise items of the balance of payments.
  2. Answer two questions.
    1. Examine the welfare implications of alternative means for attaining balance-of-payments equilibrium, including devaluation, restrictions on trade, restrictions on capital movement, and domestic deflation.
    2. Milton Friedman has recently argued that the introduction of the two-tier gold market has placed the world on a dollar standard and thus the United States no longer has a balance-of-payments problem. Similar conclusions have been reached by Depres-Kindleberger-Salant on the grounds that the U.S. plays the role of the world banker. Discuss.
    3. Discuss the implications of fixed and flexible exchange rates for national monetary and fiscal policies under the assumption of perfect capital mobility.

Source: Johns Hopkins University. Eisenhower Library, Ferdinand Hamburger, Jr. Archives. Department of Political Economy Series 6. Box 3; Folder: “Graduate Exams, 1933-1965”.

Image Source: Portrait of Bela Balassa in the Johns Hopkins University Yearbook, Hullabaloo 1976.

 

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Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Final exam for Principles of Accounting. Cole, 1903-1904

William Morse Cole offered his principles of accounting course as a vocational non-credit course for seniors in the Harvard economics department from 1900-1905, after which time the subject received for-credit status. In 1908 Cole was appointed assistant professor of accounting in Harvard’s newly established business school.

Exam questions for 1900-01, 1901-02 and 1902-03 have been posted earlier.

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ECONOMICS 18
Course enrollment. 1903-04

Economics 18 1hf. Mr. W.M. Cole. — The Principles of Accounting.

Total 51: 2 Graduates, 33 Seniors, 12 Juniors, 1 Sophomore, 3 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 18
Mid-Year Examination. 1903-04

I.

Do not devote more than half your time to this part of the paper.

  1. (a) On which side of a balance sheet is the balance of the following accounts likely to be?
    (b) What, in each case, does the amount of such a balance indicate?

Bills Receivable.
Accounts Payable.
Plant.
Profit and Loss.
Wages.
Merchandise.

  1. If December 31 is the end of the fiscal year, and after office hours on that day the books are closed for the year, in what respects would a trial balance, taken at the opening of business on January 1, differ from one taken at the close of business December 31? Illustrate by means of specific accounts.
  2. Why, in any logical system of accounting, must there be a debit for every credit?
  3. (a) What is the function of a ledger? (b) How do items usually get into a ledger? (c) Can items in the ledger have any other origin than that referred to in (b)? If so, what?

II.

  1. Suppose you are the executor of the estate of one of two partners. Suppose you are given a trial balance of the books as they stood at the time of the death of the partner whose estate you represent, and that the surviving partner swears to the correctness of that trial balance. In order to be sure of doing justice to the heirs of the deceased partner, how far do you need, in arranging settlement, to go beyond or behind the trial balance?
  2. You organize a corporation, and on January 1, 1904, the following facts are shown by the books:—

The corporation has taken over from an individual owner a business of which the assets, determined by conservative valuation of the property, are $100,000 (Bills Receivable and Accounts Receivable, $20,000; Supplies, $5,000; Real Estate and Plant, $75,000). Capital stock to the amount of $500,000 has been issued, of which $200,000 has been given the original owner for his title, $300,000 has been sold for cash at par. The corporation has bought a neighboring plant for $100,000, paying for it by Bill Payable to that amount.

Show a brief balance sheet under these conditions.

Now, you are absent from the corporation’s affairs for two years. On your return you are told that 6 per cent. dividend has been paid in each year, and you are shown the balance sheets below.

Write a brief history of the business for each of the two years of your absence.

Jan. 1, 1905.
Real Estate and Plant, $420,000 Capital Stock $500,000
Bills Rec.& Accts.Rec. 70,000 Funded Debt 100,000
Supplies 5,000 Profit and Loss 20,000
Merchandise 105,000
Cash 20,000            
$620,000 $620,000

Jan. 1, 1906.
Real Estate and Plant $400,000 Capital Stock $600,000
Deprec’n Fund Bonds 20,000 Reserve Fund 20,000
Reserve Fund Bonds 20,000 Profit and Loss 20,000
Bills Rec.& Accts.Rec. 70,000
Supplies 5,000  
Merchandise 105,000  
Cash 20,000            
$640,000 $640,000
  1. (a) What is the difference between a revenue and a capital account?
    (b) If time shows that items originally charged to revenue account should have been charged to capital account, what treatment can be given such items at the end of the year, without changing their ledger classification, so that the profit or the loss shall be correctly determined?
    (c) Reverse the conditions of (b), — i.e., assume error to have been made in charging to capital instead of to revenue, — and designate the required treatment.
  2. Conceive the balance sheet of a railroad to be exactly the same for 1904 as for 1903. Conceive the true net income to be $11,000,000, the fixed charges $3,000,000, the “other income” $2,000,000, and the road to be operated for 66 2/3 per cent.
    Construct as much as you can of the income sheet.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Mid-year examinations 1852-1943. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years, 1903-04.

 

 

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Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Public Finance

Harvard. Enrollment and final exam for U.S. Financial History. Bullock, 1903-1904

Charles Jesse Bullock first taught at Harvard as a visiting instructor in 1901-02. He returned at the rank of assistant professor of economics in 1903-04. The previous post provided the short biography from the Williams College yearbook from his last year on the faculty there together with his year-end exam for his Harvard course on the history of early economics (ancient Greeks through Adam Smith) in 1903-04.

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Course Enrollment
Economics 16, 1903-04

Economics 16 2hf. Asst. Professor Bullock. — The Financial History of the United States.

Total 27: 11 Seniors, 12 Juniors, 2 Sophomores, 2 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 162
Year-End Examination, 1903-04

  1. Discuss colonial and State tariffs prior to 1789.
  2. Discuss fully the subject of requisitions and taxation under the Confederation.
  3. What do you consider to be the real services of Hamilton from 1789-1795? At what points was his policy open to criticism?
  4. Characterize the sinking-fund laws of 1795, 1802, and 1817.
  5. Describe in outline the course of tariff legislation from 1846 to 1861.
  6. Why was the independent-treasury system established? To what extent has its original purpose been secured? At what points is it open to criticism?
  7. What were the chief defects of the financial policy followed during the Civil War?
  8. What changes were effected in the national debt between 1865 and 1871?
  9. What different methods of resuming specie payments were proposed after the Civil War? What method was finally adopted?
  10. At what times during its history has the federal government been confronted with the problem of a surplus revenue? How, at each time, has the problem been solved?

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, p. 37.

Image Source: Williams College, The Gulielmensian 1902, Vol. 45, p. 26. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

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Exam Questions Harvard History of Economics

Harvard. Enrollment and final exam for history of 19th century economics. Bullock, 1903-1904

The new assistant professor of economics at Harvard in 1903 hired from Williams College, Charles Jesse Bullock, was given responsibility for courses on the early history of economics and public finance.

I could only find the year-end examination in the collection of economics examinations at the Harvard archive for Bullock’s two semester course “History and Literature of Economics to the opening of the Nineteenth Century” offered in 1903-04. It is transcribed and posted below. 

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Short biography from the Williams College Yearbook, 1902

Charles Jesse Bullock, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Political Science

Graduated from Boston University, 1889, with commencement appointment, and received the degree of Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1895. He taught in high schools from 1889 to 1893, was Traveling Fellow in Boston University in 1893-94, and was Fellow and Assistant in the University of Wisconsin, 1894-95 From 1895 to 1899, he was Instructor in Economics at Cornell University. Dr. Bullock has written: “The Finances of the United States, 1775-1789,” (Madison, 1895); “Introduction to the Study of Economics,” (Boston, 1897, second edition, 1900); and “Essays on the Monetary History of the United States,” (New York, 1900). Editor of “Discourse Concerning the Currencies of the British Plantations in America” (Am. Economic Assoc., New York, 1897), and contributor of various articles to the economic and statistical magazines. He is a member of the American Economic Association and of the American Statistical Association, an associate  member of the National Institute of Art, Science, and Letters, and a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. Dr. Bullock is a member of the society of ΦΒΚ and of the ΘΔΧ Fraternity.

Source: Williams College, The Gulielmensian 1902, Vol. 45, p. 26.

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Bullock appointed assistant professor of economics

At a special meeting of the Board of Overseers held yesterday it was voted to concur with the President and Fellows in their votes as follows: …appointing Charles Jesse Bullock, Ph.D., assistant professor of economics for five years from September 1, 1903…

Source: The Harvard Crimson, May 21, 1903.

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Course Enrollment
Economics 15, 1903-04

Economics 15. Asst. Professor Bullock. The History and Literature of Economics to the opening of the Nineteenth Century.

Total 5: 5 Graduates.

 Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 15
Year-End Examination. 1903-04

  1. What trace of the influence of Aristotle can be found in modern economic thought?
  2. What were the chief characteristics of English, French, German, and Spanish mercantilism?
  3. Give a brief account of the writings of any three of the following men: Child, Montchrétien, Forbonnais, Seckendorff, Justi, Genovesi, Ustariz.
  4. Give a critical account of the economic doctrines of Thomas Mun.
  5. Give an account of the economic opinions of Sir Dudley North.
  6. Characterize the economic doctrines of Gournay.
  7. Name and characterize the principal works that treat of the Physiocratic School.
  8. Describe the development of Adam Smith’s economic opinions prior to 1764.
  9. What is your opinion of Smith’s criticism upon the mercantilists?
  10. Describe the progress of Smith’s doctrines in France and Germany.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, pp. 36-37.

Image Source: Williams College, The Gulielmensian 1902, Vol. 45, p. 26. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

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Economist Market Exam Questions Harvard Methodology

Harvard. Final exam questions for economic methods course. Carver, 1903-04

Thomas Nixon Carver

This semester-long course on methods of economic investigation taught by Thomas Nixon Carver was listed as one being “primarily for graduates”. Only the introductory course of the department was considered “primarily for undergraduates” while the bulk of course offerings were deemed appropriate for both graduate and undergraduate students. Judging from the questions, this course appears to have been little more than a leisurely trot through John Neville Keynes, The Scope and Method of Economics (1897, 2nd ed.) along with Cairnes’ Logical Method of Political Economy (1875, 2nd ed.).

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Related previous posts

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Course Enrollment

Economics 13 1hf. Professor Carver. Methods of Economic Investigation.

Total 11: 5 Graduates, 3 Seniors, 3 Radcliffe

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 13
Mid-Year Examination. 1903-04

Discuss the following topics.

  1. The relation of economics and ethics.
  2. The departments of political economy.
  3. The fields for the observation of economic phenomena.
  4. The nature of an economic law.
  5. The use of hypotheses in economics.
  6. The relation of theoretical analysis to historical investigation.
  7. The place of diagrams and mathematical formulae in economics.
  8. The methods of investigating the causes of poverty.
  9. The methods of determining the effects of immigration on the population of the United States.
  10. The place of direct observation in economic study.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Mid-year examinations 1852-1943. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years, 1903-04.

Image Source: Harvard Classbook 1906. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-View Mirror.

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Exam Questions Harvard International Economics

Harvard. Enrollment and final exam for international trade and payments. Sprague, 1903-1904

Another of our exports: the American fortune by Samuel D. Ehrhart (1901)

Time (it’s always “time” I suppose) to get back to the feeding of the slowly growing databank of Harvard economics exams with that from the semester course on international trade and payments taught by O.M.W. Sprague during the 1903-04 academic year.

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Related Posts

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Course  Enrollment

Economics 12a 2hf. Dr. Sprague. — International Trade and International Payments.

Total 23: 5 Graduates, 6 Seniors, 7 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, 2 Others. 

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 67.

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ECONOMICS 12a
Year-End Examination. 1903-04

  1. Analyze the effects of increasing exports of commodities produced under conditions of diminishing returns upon (a) laborers and capitalists, (b) upon landlords.
  2. What significance do you attach to differences in the per capita amount of foreign trade of different countries?
  3. Sir Robert Griffin’s criticism of the young industries argument.
  4. Does the extension of our export trade to tropical countries, e.g. South America, give promise of as satisfactory results as an equal growth to other parts of the world?
  5. Indicate the more important factors which determine the localization of manufacturing industries. Have these factors the same relative importance that they had fifty years ago?
  6. Analyze the recent course of English exports, indicating the chief tendencies for the future on the assumption of an unchanged fiscal policy.
  7. Do tariff barriers exert a steadying influence upon prices?

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, p. 34.

Image Source: Samuel D. Ehrhart, “Another of our exports; the American fortune”, cover of Puck, Vol. 50, No. 1278 (1901 August 28). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.

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Economic History Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Exams for the Modern Economic History of Europe. Gay, 1903-1904

Edwin F. Gay was hired as instructor to cover the economic history field left vacant by the departure of William Ashley for the University of Birmingham in 1901. By the end of his first semester (December 1902) he was promoted to an assistant professorship. Medieval economic history proved not to be a magnet for student enrollment (I am shocked to report) so he began to give greater emphasis to “modern” European economic history.

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Getting to 1903-1904

The outstanding feature of Gay’s years of study abroad is their number. He went to Europe expecting to return within two years, but stayed twelve and a half. Instead of getting his Ph.D. after working for three or four semesters on medieval history, he spent nine in universities–three in Leipzig, five in Berlin, and one in Zurich; then for seven years he studied privately; and finally, after being registered for three more semesters in Berlin but attending no classes, he wrote a dissertation on a theme in economic history, took his examinations, and was granted his degree in the summer of 1902….[p.30]

*  *  *

…[Gay] arrived in Harvard somewhat nervous about the reception he was likely to receive. Apart from the President, the only men who knew him — Gross and Haskins — were in the history department. His position, junior and temporary, was in the economics department, yet the economists had played no part in choosing him. When he visited Cambridge for his interview, he met neither the veteran F.W. Taussig nor the recently appointed younger men, Carver and Ripley. Apart from a very brief encounter with Carver in Berlin in the summer of 1902, he was a complete stranger to all his associates….[p. 63]

*  *  *

…By Christmas, 1902, [Gay] felt confident that he was holding the attention and interest of his students. By that time he also had learned, through T. N. Carver, chairman of the department, what the students thought of his work: they said it was so stiff and heavy in its demands that “whenever you see any of us going around with circles under our eyes, you can know we are taking Gay’s course.” There were very few of them at first; the medieval story [10 students] and the German economists [4 students] did not attract much attention… [p. 61]

*  *  *

…by Christmas 1902, [Gay] was informed the department wanted him to stay and before his first year ended he was raised to the rank of assistant professor of economics with a tenure of five years. In recommending the promotion Carver wrote to [President] Eliot: “His scholarship is of the very highest type and his success as a classroom lectureer is unqualified, as shown by his work this year.” [p. 64]

Source: Herbert Heaton, A Scholar in Action: Edwin F. Gay. Cambridge (Massachusetts), Harvard University Press, 1952.

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Related posts

A brief course description for Economics 11 plus the exams from the the 1902-03 academic year have been posted earlier .

A short bibliography for “serious students” of economic history assembled by Gay and published in 1910 has also been posted.

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ECONOMICS 11
Course Enrollment
1903-04

Economics 11. Asst. Professor Gay. — The Modern Economic History of Europe.

Total 18: 10 Graduates, 2 Seniors, 2 Juniors, 4 Sophomores.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 66.

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ECONOMICS 11
Mid-Year Examination, 1903-04

  1. Explain briefly:—

(a) convertible husbandry.
(b) bodgers.
(c) book of rates.
(d) Gutsherrschaft.
(e) lettre de maîtrise.
(f) Fondaco dei Tedeschi.

  1. Describe briefly, with indication of the bearing on wider questions:—

(a) The divergent views as to the security of copyhold tenure in the sixteenth century.
(b) The organization of the Florentine woollen industry.
(c) The rise of the Merchant Adventurers.

  1. Comment on the following passage:—

“Everie day some of us encloseth a plote of his ground to pasture; and weare it not that oure grounde lieth in the common feildes, intermingled one with a nother, I thincke also oure feildes had bene enclosed, of a common agreement of all the townshippe, longe ere this time.”

  1. Give an account of the gild system of industry in England, emphasizing the analogies and contrasts with the continent.
  2. It is estimated that the following series of figures represents the change in the average purchasing power of wages in England:

1451-1500

 100

1501-1520

 88

1521-1550

 70

1551-1570

57
1571-1602

47
1603-1652

40
1653-1702

47

(a) How would you construct such a series and what is its value?
(b) What caused the change thus indicated and what were its effects?

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Mid-year examinations 1852-1943. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, Mid-Years, 1903-04.

___________________________

ECONOMICS 11
Year-End Examination, 1903-04

I. Explain briefly:—

(1) contractus trinius.
(2) two forms of capitation.
(3) Gesellenverbände.
(4) Gulden and Thaler.
(5) the vend.
(6) Exchequer Bills
(7) the Molasses Act.
(8) roundsmen.

II. Describe briefly:—

(1) the influence of the Civil War on English economic history.
(2) the distinction between the economic views of Whigs and Tories.

III.

(1) State the chief provisions and significance of

(a) the Statute of Artificers (1563),
(b) the Navigation Act (1660), and
(c) the Corn Law of 1688.

(2) When in England was the policy embodied in each of the above statutes changed, and under what circumstances?
(3) Indicate the analogies and contrasts of this English policy in relation to industry, commerce, and agriculture with the policies of France and Holland in the seventeenth century.

IV.

When and why did indirect taxation become prominent in Western Europe?

V. Comment on the following statement:

“the domestic system existed [in England] from the earliest times till it was superseded by capitalism; … craft gilds were a form of industrial organization which was appropriate to the domestic, rather than to the capitalist system.”

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, pp. 33-34.

Image Source: Edwin F. Gay, seated in office, 1908. From Wikipedia. Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Industrial Organization Problem Sets

Harvard. Economics of Corporations. Case assignment and final exam. Ripley, 1903-1904

William Zebina Ripley

 

The course “Economics of Corporations” at Harvard taught by William Zebina Ripley would have been better described as “The Economics of Trusts“. The course number “9” was split between the first semester dedicated to the labor market institution of trade unions and the second semester dedicated to corporations and combinations of firms into trusts. What both courses had in common was the theme of market power, important exceptions to the case of perfect competition in factor and product markets.

_________________________

Course Enrollment
1903-1904

Economics 9b 2hf. Professor Ripley. — Economics of Corporations.

Total 170: 10 Graduates, 49 Seniors, 74 Juniors, 24 Sophomores, 13 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 66.

_________________________

ECONOMICS 92
1903
[sic, the second semester began in 1904]

ECONOMICS 92
ASSIGNMENT OF REPORTS

→ Exact references by title, volume, and page must be given in foot-notes for all facts cited. This condition is absolutely imperative. Failure to comply with it will vitiate the entire report.

GROUP A

Students will report upon the organization and present character of one industrial combination in the United States. This will be indicated by a number, placed against each student’s name on the enrolment slip, which number refers to the industrial combination similarly numbered on this sheet. See Directions on last page.

GROUP B

Students will compare the character and extent of industrial control in two different industries in the United States. These are indicated by numbers given below, which are posted against the student’s name on the enrolment slip. The aim should be to point out and explain any discoverable differences in the nature or extent of the industrial monopoly attained in the two industries concerned. Mere description of conditions in either case will not suffice; actual comparison is demanded. The parallel column method is suggested. See Directions on last page.

GROUP C

Students will compare industrial combinations in different countries of Europe with one another, or with corresponding ones in the United States. The assignment of industries will be made by numbers, referring to the list below, these numbers being posted against the student’s name on the enrolment slip. Mere description will not be accepted; the student will be judged by the degree of critical comparison offered. Parallel columns may be used to advantage. See Directions on last page.

→ The letters preceding the assignment number against the student’s name refer to the group in which the report is to be made. Thus, for example: “31 A” on the enrolment slip indicates that the student is to report upon the American Cotton Oil Co.; “2 & 64 B,” that a comparison of the American Bridge Co. and the United States Leather Co. in the United States is expected; while “59 & 138 C” calls for an international comparison of industrial organizations in thread manufacture as described under Group C.

INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

A star indicates that data will be found in Industrial Commission Reports, Volume I [Hearings on Trusts and Industrial Combinations] or Volume XIII [Trusts and Industrial Combinations].

  1. American Axe and Tool Co., 1889.
  2. American Bridge Co., 1900. (See No. 123.)
  3. American Iron and Steel Mfg. Co., 1899.
  4. American Steel Foundries Co., 1902.
  5. *American Radiator Co., 1899.
  6. *American Sheet Steel Co., 1900. (See No. 123.)
  7. *American Steel and Wire Co. of New Jersey, 1899. (See No. 123.)
  8. American Steel Casting Co., 1894.
  9. *American Steel Hoop Co., 1899. (See No. 123.)
  10. *American Tin Plate Co., 1898. (See No. 123.)
  11. *Federal Steel Co., 1898. (See No. 123.)
  12. International Steam Pump Co., 1899.
  13. *National Shear Co., 1898.
  14. *National Steel Co., 1899. (See No. 123.)
  15. National Tube Co., 1899. (See No. 123.)
  16. *Otis Elevator Co., 1898.
  17. Republic Iron and Steel Co., 1899.
  18. United Shoe Machinery Co., 1899.
  19. United States Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Co., 1899.
  20. American Beet Sugar Co., 1899.
  21. *American Chicle Co., 1899.
  22. Corn Products Co., 1902.
  23. *American Sugar Refining Co., 1891.
  24. *Glucose Sugar Refining Co., 1897.
  25. *National Biscuit Co., 1898.
  26. National Sugar Refining Co., 1900.
  27. *Royal Baking Powder Co., 1899.
  28. United States Flour Milling Co., 1899.
  29. *American Fisheries Co., 1899.
  30. American Agricultural Chemical Co., 1899.
  31. *American Cotton Oil Co., 1889.
  32. American Linseed Co., 1898.
  33. *Fisheries Co., The, 1900.
  34. *General Chemical Co., 1899.
  35. *National Salt Co., 1899.
  36. *National Starch Manufacturing Co., 1890.
  37. *Standard Oil Co., 1882.
  38. Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., 1895.
  39. American Shot and Lead Co., 1890.
  40. American Smelting and Refining Co., 1899.
  41. American Type Founders Co., 1892.
  42. *International Silver Co., 1898.
  43. National Lea Co., 1891.
  44. American Malting Co., 1897.
  45. American Spirits Manufacturing Co., 1895.
  46. Kentucky Distilleries and Warehouse Co., 1899.
  47. Pittsburg Brewing Co., 1899.
  48. St. Louis Brewing Association, 1889.
  49. Standard Distilling and Distributing Co., 1898.
  50. *American Bicycle Co., 1899.
  51. American Car and Foundry Co., 1899.
  52. *Pressed Steel Car Co., 1899.
  53. Pullman Co., The, 1899.
  54. American Snuff Co., 1900.
  55. *American Tobacco Co., 1890.
  56. *Continental Tobacco Co., 1898.
  57. * National Cordage Co., 1887. (See No. 62.)
  58. American Felt Co., 1899.
  59. *American Thread Co., 1898.
  60. American Woolen Co., 1899.
  61. New England Cotton Yarn Co., 1899.
  62. *Standard Rope and Twine Co., 1895. (See No. 57.)
  63. American Hide and Leather Co., 1899.
  64. * United States Leather Co., 1893.
  65. American Straw Board Co., 1889.
  66. American Writing Paper Co., 1899.
  67. * International Paper Co., 1898.
  68. * National Wall Paper Co., 1892.
  69. Union Bag and Paper Co., 1899.
  70. United States Envelope Co., 1898.
  71. American Clay Manufacturing Co., 1900.
  72. American Window Glass Co., 1899.
  73. International Pulp Co., 1893.
  74. National Fire Proofing Co., 1899.
  75. *National Glass Co., 1899.
  76. *Pittsburg Plate Glass Co. 1895.
  77. United States Glass Co., 1891.
  78. American School Furniture Co., 1899.
  79. Diamond Match Co., 1889.
  80. National Casket Co., 1890.
  81. United States Bobbin and Shuttle Co., 1899.
  82. American Glue Co., 1894.
  83. American Ice Co., 1899.
  84. American Shipbuilding Co., 1899.
  85. American Soda Fountain Co. 1891.
  86. *General Aristo Co. (Photography), 1899.
  87. Rubber Goods Manufacturing Co., 1899.
  88. United States Rubber Co., 1892.
  89. Allis-Chalmers Co., 1901.
  90. American Cigar Co., 1901.
  91. American Grass Twine Co., 1899.
  92. American Light and Traction Co., 1901.
  93. American Locomotive Co., 1901.
  94. American Machine and Ordnance Co., 1902.
  95. American Packing Co., 1902.
  96. American Plow Co., 1901.
  97. American Sewer Pipe Co., 1900.
  98. American Steel Foundries Co., 1902.
  99. Associated Merchants Co., 1901.
  100. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., 1902.
  101. Consolidated Railway Lighting and Refrig. Co., 1901.
  102. Consolidated Tobacco Co., 1901.
  103. Corn Products Co., 1902.
  104. Crucible Steel Co. of America, 1900.
  105. Eastman Kodak Co., 1901.
  106. International Harvester Co., 1902.
  107. International Salt Co., 1901.
  108. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., 1902.
  109. * National Asphalt Co., 1900.
  110. New England Consolidated Ice Co., 1902.
  111. New York Dock Co., 1901.
  112. Pacific Hardware and Steel Co., 1902.
  113. Pennsylvania Steel Co. 1901.
  114. Railway Steel Spring Co., 1902.
  115. International Mercantile Marine Co., 1902.
  116. Northern Securities Co., 1901. (See Library Catalogue.)
  117. United Box, Board and Paper Co., 1902.
  118. United Copper Co., 1902.
  119. United States Cotton Duck Corporation, 1901.
  120. United States Realty and Construction Co., 1902
  121. United States Reduction and Refining Co., 1901
  122. United States Shipbuilding Co., 1902
  123. *U.S. Steel Corporation, 1901. (See Wilgus, in Library.)

INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS IN EUROPE

[Consult: Industrial Commission, Vol. XVIII [Industrial Combinations in Europe]; U.S. Special Consular Reports, Vol. XXI, Part III; and London Economist on England since 1895.]

  1. Canadian Iron Founders’ Association. (See Canadian Commission on Trusts, 1888.)
  2. *Bleachers’ Association, England.
  3. *Iron Combination, France.
  4. *Iron Combination, Germany.
  5. *Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate.
  6. *Spirits Combination, Germany.
  7. *United Pencil Factories Company, Germany.
  8. *Portland Cement Manufacturers’ Association, England.
  9. *Bradford Dyers’ Association, England.
  10. *Brass Bedstead Association, England.
  11. *British Cotton and Wool Dyers’ Association.
  12. *British Oil and Cake Mills.
  13. *Calico Printers’ Association, England.
  14. *Wall Paper Manufacturers’ Association, England.
  15. *English Sewing Cotton Co.
  16. *Petroleum Combination, Germany.
  17. *Petroleum Combination, France.
  18. *Sugar Combination, Germany.
  19. *Sugar Combination, Austria.

DIRECTIONS

All books here referred to are reserved in Gore Hall.

First. —Secure if possible by correspondence, enclosing ten cents postage, the last or recent annual reports of the company. Unless they are “listed” on the stock exchanges, no reports will be furnished. P.O. addresses for American corporations will be found in the latest Moody’s Manual of Corporation Securities [1903; 1904]; in 12th U. S. Census, 1900, Manufactures, Part I, p. lxxxvi; in the latest Investors’ Supplement, N. Y. Commercial and Financial Chronicle [e.g., Supplement from July 28, 1900]; or in the Manual of Statistics.

Second. —In all cases where possible (starred on list) consult Vols. I, XIII, or XVIII. U.S. Industrial Commission Reports. Read appropriate testimony in full, consulting lists of witnesses, Vol. I, p. 1263, and Vol. XIII, p. 979; and also using the index and digests freely. Always follow up all cross references in foot-notes in the digests. Duplicate sets of these Reports are in Gore and Harvard Halls.

Third. —For companies organized prior to 1900 look through the bibliography and index in Halle or Jenks for references; and also in Griffin’s Library of Congress List [Relating to Trusts].

Fourth. —Work back carefully through the file of the Investors’ Supplement, N. Y. Commercial and Financial Chronicle [e.g., Supplement from July 28, 1900]. These Supplements, prior to 1902, are bound in with the regular issues of the Chronicle, one number in each volume. Since 1901 they are separately bound for each year. The Investors’ Supplement will be recognized by its gray paper cover, and must be carefully distinguished from other supplements of the Chronicle. Market prices of securities are given in a distinct Bank and Quotation Supplement [e.g. for 1903], also bound up with the Chronicle. Having found the company in the Investors’ Supplement, follow up all references to articles in the Commercial and Financial Chronicle as given by volume and page. Also use the general index of the latter, separately, for each year since the company was organized [e.g., Index for Jan-June 1903 and for July-December 1903].

The files of Bradstreet’s should also be used, noting carefully that the index in each volume is in three separate divisions, “Editorials” being the most important. The course of prices is summarized at the end of each year in January Bradstreet’s, and also in Bulletin U.S. Dept. of Labor, No. 29.

Fifth. —The files of trade publications may also be profitably used. Among these are Bulletin of the National Wool Manufacturers’ Association, The Iron Age, Dry Goods Economist, etc.

The course of prices of securities in detail for many companies is given in Industrial Commission Reports, Vol. XIII, p. 918, et seq.

As for the form of the reports all pertinent matter may be introduced, proper references to authorities being given. Particular attention is directed to the extent of control, nature and value of physical plant, mode of selling products and fixing prices, amount and character of capitalization, with the purpose for which it was issued, relative market prices of different securities as well as of dividends paid through a series of years, degree of publicity in reports, etc. Mere history is of minor importance, unless it be used to explain some features of the existing situation.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 1, Folder: “Economics 1903-04”.

_________________________

ECONOMICS 9b
Year-End Examination. 1903-04

Questions should be arranged in regular order as numbered.

  1. In what three ways may legislation attempt to minimize the speculative management of corporations?
  2. Outline the nature, purpose, and results of the U. S. Steel Bond Conversion operation.
  3. What is the attitude of “Trusts” toward labor? What experiments in financial participation have been tried?
  4. What was the gist of the testimony of Messrs. Schwab or Gates [according as you read one or the other] before the U.S. Industrial Commission on the subject of “Trusts”?
  5. Are the decisions under English common law in harmony or not with the statutory enactments of most of our American states on the subject of monopoly?
  6. Outline the nature of the recent changes in Massachusetts Corporation Law, especially with reference to stock watering.
  7. What are three main characteristics of the so-called “Smith Combination Movement” in England?
  8. What is the main issue involved in recent attempts to amend English Company law? Illustrate fully.
  9. What remedy (if any) do you consider most effective for future control of monopoly in the United States? Discuss it with reference to its financial, constitutional, and moral aspects.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, p. 33.

Image Source: Harvard University Archives.  William Zebina Ripley [photographic portrait, ca. 1910], J. E. Purdy & Co., J. E. P. & C. (1910). Colorized by Economics in the Rear-view Mirror.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Labor Problem Sets

Harvard. Problems of Labor. Assignment of Reports and Final Exam. Ripley, 1903-1904

Young William Zebina Ripley

The course “Problems of Labor” at Harvard taught by William Zebina Ripley would have been better described as “Problems of Organized Labor”. The course number “9” was split between the first semester dedicated to the labor market institution of trade unions and the second semester dedicated to corporations and combinations of firms into trusts.

_____________________

Course Enrollment
First Semester, 1903-04

Economics 9a 1hf. Professor Ripley. — Problems of Labor.

Total 97: 8 Graduates, 33 Seniors, 34 Juniors, 14 Sophomores, 8 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-1904, p. 66.

_____________________

ECONOMICS 9
ASSIGNMENT OF REPORTS

GROUP A

Students will report upon the comparative conditions respecting Trade Union organization, functions, and efficiency in corresponding industries in the United States and Great Britain. The particular, industry assigned to each man is indicated by a number on the enrolment slip, which refers to the Trade Union number on the appended list of National Labor Organizations.

GROUP B

Students will report upon the comparative efficiency of Trade Union organization in two distinct lines of industry in the United States. Numbers against the names on the enrolment slip refer to the numbered Trade Union list, appended hereto.

GROUP C

Students will report upon the nature of Trade Union organization in two distinct lines of industry in Great Britain. Names on the enrolment slip as numbered refer to the industries concerned in the appended list of Trade Unions.

→ The letters preceding the assignment number against the student’s name refer to the group in which the report is to be made. Thus, for example: “8A” on the enrolment slip indicates that the student is to report upon the Cotton Spinners’ Unions in the United States and Great Britain; “1 & 8B,” that a comparison of the Spinners’ and of the Boot and Shoe Workers’ Organizations in the United States is expected: while “1 & 8C” calls for the same comparison for the two industries in Great Britain.

NATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

A star indicates that the Trade Union journal is in the Library. [Loeb Fund.]

*The Knights of Labor
*The American Federation of Labor

  1. Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union.
  2. The United Hatters of North America.
  3. The United Garment Workers of America.
  4. *The Journeymen Tailors’ Union of America.
  5. Custom Clothing Makers’ Union of America.
  6. International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union.
  7. The Shirt, Waist and Laundry Workers’ International Union.
  8. National Spinners’ Association of America.
  9. The Elastic Goring Weavers’ Amalgamated Association of the United States of America.
  10. International Union of Textile Workers.
  11. Trunk and Bag Workers’ International Union of America.
  12. *International Typographical Union of North America.
  13. German-American Typographia.
  14. International Printing Pressmen and Assistants’ Union of North America.
  15. International Brotherhood of Bookbinders.
  16. Lithographers’ International Protective and Beneficial Association.
  17. International Steel and Copperplate Printers’ Union of the United States of America.
  18. Bricklayers and Masons’ International Union of America.
  19. *United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
  20. Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners.
  21. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
  22. *Granite Cutters’ National Union of the United States of America.
  23. Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators, and Paper Hangers of America.
  24. Operative Plasterers’ International Association.
  25. United Association of Journeymen Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Steam Fitters, and Steam Fitters’ Helpers.
  26. National Association of Steam and Hot-Water Fitters and Helpers.
  27. Journeymen Stone Cutters’ Association of North America.
  28. Mosaic and Encaustic Tile Layers and Helpers’ International Union.
  29. Glass Bottle Blowers’ Association.
  30. American Flint Glassworkers’ Union.
  31. *Amalgamated Glassworkers’ International Association.
  32. National Brotherhood of Operative Potters.
  33. *United Mine Workers of America.
  34. Northern Mineral Mine Workers’ Progressive Union.
  35. Amalgamated Woodworkers’ International Union.
  36. United Order of Box Makers and Sawyers.
  37. *Piano and Organ Workers’ International Union.
  38. International Wood Carvers’ Association.
  39. Coopers’ International Union.
  40. Carriage and Wagon Workers’ International Union.
  41. National Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers.
  42. *International Association of Machinists.
  43. Amalgamated Society of Engineers.
  44. *Brotherhood of Boiler Makers and Iron Ship Builders.
  45. International Association of Allied Metal Mechanics.
  46. Metal Polishers, Buffers, Platers, and Brass Workers’ International Union.
  47. Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers’ International Association.
  48. *Iron Molders’ Union.
  49. Pattern Makers’ League.
  50. Core Makers’ International Union.
  51. Grand Union of the International Brotherhood of Blacksmiths.
  52. Chain Makers’ National Union.
  53. Stove Mounters and Steel Range Workers’ International Union.
  54. Tin Plate Workers’ International Protective Association.
  55. American Wire Weavers’ Protective Association.
  56. Metal Trades’ Federation of North America.
  57. *International Seamen’s Union.
  58. National Marine Engineers’ Beneficial Association.
  59. International Longshoremen’s Association.
  60. Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees.
  61. Switchmen’s Union.
  62. Journeymen Bakers’ and Confectioners’ International Union.
  63. Journeymen Barbers’ International Union.
  64. National Union of the United Brewery Workmen.
  65. *National Brickmaker’s Alliance.
  66. International Broom Makers’ Union.
  67. *Cigar Makers’ International Union.
  68. Retail Clerks’ International Protective Association.
  69. Team Drivers’ International Union.
  70. International Union of Steam Engineers.
  71. National Brotherhood of Coal Hoisting Engineers.
  72. Watch Case Engravers’ International Association.
  73. International Brotherhood of Stationary Firemen.
  74. International Union of Journeymen Horseshoers.
  75. Hotel and Restaurant Employees’ International Alliance and Bartenders’ International League.
  76. International Jewelry Workers.
  77. The United Brotherhood of Leather Workers on Horse Goods.
  78. National Association of Letter Carriers.
  79. *Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen.
  80. American Federation of Musicians.
  81. International Brotherhood of Oil and Gas Well Workers.
  82. United Brotherhood of Paper Makers.
  83. National Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees.
  84. National Stogie Makers’ League.
  85. *Tobacco Workers’ International League.
  86. Upholsterers’ International Union.
  87. *Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers.
  88. *Order of Railway Conductors of America.
  89. *Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen.
  90. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen.
  91. *Order of Railroad Telegraphers.
  92. Brotherhood of Railway Truckmen.
  93. Switchmen’s Union of North America.

The constitutions of most of the Trades Unions for the United States will be found in Vol. XVII, Reports, U. S. Industrial Commission. Similar data for Great Britain is in the Appendix to “Foreign Reports, Vols. 1-2,”Royal Commission on Labour, pp. 15-324. [Volume I, United States; Volume II, Colonies and Indian Empire] [Both reserved in Gore Hall.] Additional evidence as to labor conditions in each industry will be found in Vols. VII, VIII, XII, XIV, and XVII, U. S. Industrial Commission (consult Digest and Index in each volume); and in the Reports of the British Royal Commission. The student should also consult Charles Booth’s Life and Labor of the People;

[(Original) Volume I, East London; (Original) Volume II, London; (Original) Appendix to Volume II; Note: the previous three original volumes were re-printed as four volumes that then were followed by Volume V, Population Classified by Trades; Volume VI, Population Classified by Trades (cont.); Volume VII, Population Classified by Trades; Volume VIII, Population Classified by Trades (cont.); Volume IX, Comparisons, Survey and Conclusions];

Webbs, Industrial Democracy; and other books reserved in Gore Hall.

Data respecting the various unions among railroad employees in the United States will be found in a separate section on Railway Labor, in Vol. XVII, U. S. Industrial Commission: as also in Vols. IV and IX. (See Digests and Indexes.)

In cases where the American Trade Union journal is not in the library, the student will be expected to procure at least one copy from the Secretary of the Union. [See list of post office addresses posted with the enrolment slip.] These are to be filed with the report.

→ Exact references by title, volume and page must be given in foot notes for all facts cited. This condition is absolutely imperative. Failure to comply with it will vitiate the entire report.

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in Economics, 1895-2003. Box 1, Folder “Economics, 1903-1904”.

_____________________

ECONOMICS 9a
Mid-Year Examination. 1903-04

  1. What is the most successful instance of Collective Bargaining in England? What is the status of the same industry in the United States, and why?
  2. What is the difference between an Employers’ Liability Act and a Workman’s Compensation Act? On what grounds may the latter be advocated?
  3. What is the English Device of the Common Rule? What are some of its economic effects?
  4. State two important peculiarities of American trades unions as contrasted with Great Britain.
  5. Outline the main features of the industrial arbitration legislation of Australasian colonies.
  6. What is the economic defence for restriction of the number of apprentices in a trade? Is it valid?
  7. What were the three most important strikes in the United States since 1850, and why?
  8. Criticise the recent recommendations of the Massachusetts Commission on Relation of Employer and Employed.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University, Examination Papers 1873-1915. Box 7, Bound volume: Examination Papers, 1904-05; Papers Set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, … in Harvard College, p. 32.

Image Source: MIT Museum website. William Zebina Ripley. Image colorized by Economics in the Rear-View Mirror.