Author: Irwin Collier

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard Undergraduate

Harvard. Division Exams for the economics A.B., January 1917

 

The philosophy behind the use of division examinations for undergraduate history, government, and economics majors at Harvard was documented in an earlier post providing excerpts from relevant passages in annual reports of the President of Harvard College. This post adds to the growing stock of division exams from Harvard collected here at Economics in the Rear-view Mirror. Links to other exams are provided in the post along with the questions for four exams from the division examinations given in January 1917.

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Background

A significant event of the year [1915-16] was the inauguration by the Division of History, Government, and Economics of its new examination of candidates for the Bachelor’s degree who have concentrated in the Division. This examination was devised “not in order to place an additional burden upon candidates for the A.B., but for the purpose of securing better correlation of the student’s work, encouraging better methods of study, and furnishing a more adequate test of real power and attainment.” In their preparation students have from the beginning of the Sophomore year special tutorial instruction. The examination embraces three tests: first, a general paper, with a large number of alternative questions, treating comprehensively the subjects of the Division; second, a special paper, covering a chosen specific field; and lastly, a supplementary oral examination which may relate to either the general or the special paper, but ordinarily bears upon the specific field. The results of the first examination, taken by a comparatively small group of men graduating in three years, are in no way conclusive. The members of the examining committee, however, think them distinctly encouraging. Twenty-four candidates appeared, of whom twenty-two passed and two failed. Their selection of questions from the general paper indicated breadth of preparation and their bearing at the oral examination showed more than a little clearness and independence of thought.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1915-16, pp.75-76.

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April 1927 Division Examinations Not Included in Cole’s Volume of Exams

Handwritten note added to the Arthur H. Cole volume of collected division examinations, 1916-1927:

“This volume contains the January exams for 1916-17. The April 1917 exams are shelved separately”.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Divisional and general examinations, 1915-1975 (HUC 7000.18). Box 6, Bound Volume (stamped “Private Library Arthur H. Cole”) “Divisional Examinations 1916-1927”.

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Other Harvard division exams transcribed and posted:

Division Examinations for the Degree of A.B.
Division of History, Government and Economics.

April/May 1916

History of Economic Thought, Public Finance, Labor 1931

Economic Theory 1939
Money and Government Finance 1939
Economic History (since 1750) 1939
Labor and Social Reform 1939

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DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMICS
FOR THE DEGREE OF A.B. DIVISION EXAMINATIONS
1916-17

DIVISION OF HISTORY, GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMICS
DIVISION GENERAL EXAMINATION
[January 6, 1917]

Part I

The treatment of one of the following questions will be regarded as equivalent to one-half of the examination and should therefore occupy one and one-half hours. Write on one question only.

  1. How does the federal form of government affect the life of a nation?
  2. Discuss the arguments for and against universal manhood suffrage.
  3. What influences have been exerted by the Catholic Church on political development since 1500?
  4. Sketch the life and work of two or three of the following: (a) Calvin, (b) Cavour, (c) Hildebrand, (d) Jefferson, (e) Kant, (f) Marx, (g) J. S. Mill, (h) Sir Thomas More, (i) Theodosius.
  5. What were the political and economic effects before 1750 of the discovery of America?
  6. How has the physiography of the states of Europe influenced (a) their economic development? (b) their political organization, and (c) their present problems?
  7. What has been the influence of France in the Western hemisphere?
  8. Discuss the merits and defects of lawyers as statesmen?
  9. Explain the reasons for the differences in British foreign and colonial policy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
  10. What have been the consequences of the guarantee of freedom of contract?
  11. Do periods of internal and external national greatness tend to coincide?
  12. Discuss sectionalism in the United States since the Civil War.

 

Part II

Three questions only from the following groups, A, B, and C, are to be answered, of which not more than two may be from one group.

A

  1. What were the chief features of the economic life of New England prior to the nineteenth century?
  2. Trace and explain the development of American agriculture since 1860.
  3. What have been the causes and results of the growth of cities?
  4. State the case for and against a federal income tax in the United States.
  5. In what ways and by what means does war affect government regulation of industry?
  6. Indicate points at which British economic policy has influenced German policy.

B

  1. Compare the characters and careers of Philip II of Spain, Louis XIV of France, and William II of Germany.
  2. How does the history of Holland and of Portugal illustrate the principle of balance of power?
  3. Should the French Revolution be regarded as the beginning or as the end of a period?
  4. “…With the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”
    From what document is this quotation taken? Give a brief account of the subsequent applications of this principle.
  5. In how far was the navy responsible for the victory of the North in the Civil War?
  6. Give an account of the political and economic relations of Germany and the United States, since the Declaration of American Independence.

C

  1. Compare the powers exercised by the President of the United States in 1800, in 1850, and in 1916.
  2. Why should Europe dominate Africa?
  3. What are the arguments for and against centralization and decentralization of political power?
  4. Should members of cabinets sit and vote in national legislative bodies?
  5. To what causes has the expansion of the United States since 1800 been due?
  6. Why has the status of Turkey been a matter of importance in international affairs?

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

DIVISION SPECIAL EXAMINATION
ECONOMIC THEORY
[January 10, 1917]

Answer six questions.

A

Take from this group at least two and not more than four.

  1. “The difference between producer’s and consumer’s goods is at bottom only a difference of degree.” Explain. What is the essential difference between these two classes of goods?
  2. Define and analyze: (a) consumer’s surplus; (b) producer’s surplus. Under what conditions of cost does producer’s surplus arise? How is monopoly profit to be distinguished from producer’s surplus? Illustrate throughout by diagram.
  3. What is meant by “overinvestment”? “overaccumulation”? How does over-investment in particular industries “bring its own remedy”? How does a tendency toward overaccumulation?
  4. “The exchanges between different countries are analogous to the exchanges between non-competing groups within a country.” Explain.
  5. Discuss the more important difficulties in the way of socialism.
  6. What methods of investigation may be employed in economic theory? Give an illustration of the use of one of these methods.

B

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. Sketch and criticize the attitude of the English and American courts during the nineteenth century toward collective bargaining by labor.
  2. Trace the development of interest theories.
  3. To what extent were changes in the tariff policy of the United States during the nineteenth century based upon changes in the prevailing opinion concerning free trade and protection?

C

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. Contrast the concepts of justice in taxation and justice in the distribution of wealth.
  2. What is the case for and against the Single Tax?
  3. To what extent and by what means can trade-unions influence (a) the wages paid in a given occupation? (b) the general level of wages?
  4. What has been the importance of the “American frontier” in the distribution of wealth in the United States?

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

DIVISION SPECIAL EXAMINATION
MONEY AND BANKING
[January 10, 1917]

Answer six questions.

A

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. Analyze the relation of the value of gold to its cost of production. In what measure, if at all, is the indicated relation peculiar to gold?
  2. Discuss index numbers of prices with reference to (a) the purposes they may serve; (b) the various methods of construction; (c) the best index numbers for wholesale prices in the United States.
  3. Below is a combined statement of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks at a recent date.
    Explain the several items of the statement, and comment upon the more significant conditions disclosed.

RESOURCES

 LIABILITIES

(all items in thousands of dollars)
Gold coin and certificates in vaults

$283,730

 Capital paid in

$55,711
Gold settlement fund

$174,801

 Government deposits

$26,319
Gold redemption fund

$1,404

 Member bank deposits

$637,072
Legal tender notes, silver, etc.

$17,974

 Federal Reserve notes—net

$14,296
5 per cent redemption fund

$470

 Federal Reserve bank notes

$1,028
Bills discounted for members

$20, 501

 Other liabilities

$634
Bills bought

$102,092
United States bonds

$39,427
One-year Treasury notes

$11,167
Municipal warrants

$22,166
Federal Reserve notes—net

$15,414
Due from other Federal Reserve Banks—net

$43,263
Other resources

$2,651

$735,060

$735,060

B

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. What were some of the forms of primitive money? What functions were performed by each form?
  2. Describe the economic cycle culminating in the crisis of 1837.
  3. Trace and explain the inflationist movement in the United States from 1865 to 1900.
  4. What connections have existed since 1830 between the financial administration of the Federal Government and banks in the United States?

C

Take from this group at least two and not more than four.

  1. Would universal bimetallism conduce to a stable market ratio between gold and silver? to a stable price level? What have been the chief obstacles to universal bimetallism? Are these obstacles increasing or decreasing?
  2. When prices are rising how are the following affected: (a) farmers; (b) factor operatives; (c) manufacturers; (d) stockholders; (e) owners of gold mines?
  3. Give a detailed account of silver since 1890.
  4. Wherein is the Federal Reserve System like the banking system recommended by the National Monetary Commission? Wherein is it different? Discuss the differences.
  5. Trace and explain the course of foreign exchange rates since the beginning of the European War.
  6. What is meant by “agricultural credit”? Describe briefly and criticize the existing facilities for agricultural credit in the United States.

    *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

DIVISION SPECIAL EXAMINATION
CORPORATE ORGANIZATION, INCLUDING RAILROADS
[January 10, 1917]

Answer six questions.

A

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. Define “monopoly.” In what ways, if at all, is monopoly price affected by (a) cost of production per unit? (b) potential competition? (c) an elastic demand for the product? (d) the existence of satisfactory substitutes for the product?
  2. What official statistics throw light upon industrial organization in the United States? Criticise the available statistics of this subject.
  3. Describe the general features of the uniform accounting system now prescribed for railroads by the Interstate Commerce Commission. Why was the Commission given power to prescribe and supervise such a uniform accounting system?
  4. Enumerate the principal sources of railway statistics at the present time, and show the content, importance, and deficiencies (if any) of each.

B

Take from this group at least one and not more than two.

  1. Trace any connections between the corporate form of organization and the later stages of the Industrial Revolution.
  2. Sketch the history of the Sherman Anti-Trust Law and its enforcement.
  3. Give a brief account of the Granger movement.
  4. “Railways have been the most important agents in increasing the disparities of wealth in modern times.” Explain.

C

Take from this group at least two and not more than four.

  1. If a corporation regularly earns 5 per cent on all its outstanding securities, can it be said to be overcapitalized? What constitutes overcapitalization? How, if at all, should the law attempt to deal with overcapitalization?
  2. Analyze the present policy of the Federal Government in its regulation of industrial combinations in the United States.
  3. What connections exist between banks and industrial combinations in the United States? Contrast the situation here with that in France.
  4. In railroading in the United States, what is the significance of the following: (a) large plant; (b) joint cost; (c) physical valuation; (d) competition of water routes; (e) division of powers between state and Federal governments?
  5. Discuss the forms and significance of discriminations in railway rate-making. Which of the discriminations, if any, tend to persist under government ownership?
  6. What provisions should be made for the settlement of wage disputes on interstate railroads in the United States?

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

DIVISION SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS
[not transcribed for this post]

MODERN HISTORY SINCE 1789, INCLUDING AMERICAN HISTORY
[January 10, 1917]

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
[January 10, 1917]

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Divisional and general examinations, 1915-1975 (HUC 7000.18). Box 6, Bound Volume (stamped “Private Library Arthur H. Cole”) “Divisional Examinations 1916-1927”.

Image Source:  Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library. Harvard Class Album 1920, p. 65.

 

Categories
Agricultural Economics Harvard Problem Sets

Harvard. Problem set from agricultural economics. Carver, ca. 1904

 

The problem set transcribed below was found in the Harvard University archives collection of syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003; box 1. It was (mis-)filed in the folder “Economics, 1904-05”.  The problem set is clearly identified as belonging to Economics 23. This semester course, “The Economics of Agriculture, with special reference to American conditions”, was taught by Professor Thomas Nixon Carver, but according to the annual report of the president of Harvard College, the course was not offered in 1904-05 though it was indeed offered during the immediately preceding academic year. I have assumed that the problem set was printed for the second term of the academic year 1903-1904. This is consistent with the library time stamp on the problem set (March 7, 1905), i.e. it cannot have come from later years.

From Carver’s autobiography, Recollections of an Unplanned Life, we know that his textbook, Principles of Rural Economics (1911) was based upon this course. For a long-form course reading list, one can consult the bibliography, pp. xi-xviii, in the textbook.

Previously transcribed and posted artifacts from Carver’s agricultural economics course:

Course enrollment and final exam for 1914-15.

Course syllabus for 1917.

Course examination from 1918.

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Trace of the 1904 problem set found in Carver’s 1911 textbook

Note:  Column (Field A) is Table A p. 180; Column (Field C) is Table B p. 181

Source: Thomas Nixon Carver, Principles of Rural Economics, (1911).

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From Thomas Nixon Carver’s Autobiography.

I have mentioned the three strenuous years 1900 to 1903, and that I served the three following years, 1903-1906, as chairman of the Division of History, Government, and Economics. Before leaving for my sabbatical year abroad in 1906, I had resigned as chairman of the Division. In the fall of 1907 I was back in Cambridge with no administrative responsibilities and ready to settle down to teaching and writing. By this time I had come to be recognized as one of the pioneers in this country in the field of agricultural economics. One of the difficulties in the teaching of that subject was the lack of written material. Textbooks were needed and I began to plan one of my own. Before I got well started Professor Liberty Hyde Bailey of Cornell asked me to write a brief historical sketch of American agriculture for his Cyclopedia of American Agriculture which he was preparing. I under took this, not realizing how much work it would require. The material, such as there was, was widely scattered and there was no guide to indicate where to look for it. However, with much toil and sweat I finished the chapter.

Then came a request for an account of the introduction of various crops and farm animals into this country. That was a still harder job but I finished it in time. I was able, later, to use a part of the material in my book, “Principles of Rural Economics,” which Ginn & Company published in 1911.

This book did a great deal to popularize agricultural economics in this country. Henry C. Taylor’s “Introduction to the Study of Agricultural Economics” had preceded it, but, while an excellent introduction, had not made much of an appeal outside the agricultural colleges. My “Principles” sold well. As I remember it, 40,000 copies were sold the first year, and it was favorably reviewed in a number of journals…

…The course on rural economics appealed to a limited number of students, but continued to be elected by enough to make a fair-sized class…

Source: Thomas Nixon Carver. Recollections of an Unplanned Life, p. 171.

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Course description

[Economics] 23 2hf. The Economics of Agriculture, with special reference to American conditions. Half-course (second half-year). Tu., Th., at 1.30. Professor Carver.

Omitted in 1904-05.

            A study of the relation of agriculture to the whole industrial system, the relative importance of rural and urban economics, the conditions of rural life in different parts of the United States, the forms of land tenure and methods of rent payment, the comparative merits of large and small holdings, the status and wages of farm labor, the influence of farm machinery, farmers’ organizations, the marketing and distribution of farm products, agricultural credit, the economic aspects of public roads, irrigation, forestry, etc., the policy of the government toward agriculture, and the probable future of American agriculture.

The course will be conducted by means of lectures, discussions and reports, with some special investigations of local conditions.

 

Source: Harvard University. Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Division of History and Political Science comprising the Departments of History and Government and Economics, 1904-05. University Publications, New Series, No. 129 (May 16, 1904), p. 47.

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Course enrollment, 1903-04

[Economics] 23 2hf. Professor Carver.—The Economics of Agriculture, with special reference to American conditions.

Total 99: 5 Graduates, 32 Seniors, 28 Juniors, 17 Sophomores, 2 Freshmen, 15 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1903-04, p. 67.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Note:  The course was indeed not offered in 1904-05, though course enrollments were reported for Carver’s courses Economic 3 “Principles of Sociology. Theories of Social Progress”; Economics 13 “Methods of Economic Investigation”; Economics 14a “The Distribution of Wealth”; Economics 14b “Methods of Social Reform. Socialism, Communism, the Single Tax, etc.”

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1904-05, pp. 74 ff.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

Course enrollment, 1905-06

[Economics] 23 2hf. Professor Carver.—The Economics of Agriculture, with special reference to American conditions.

Total 42: 4 Graduates, 10 Seniors, 11 Juniors, 14 Sophomores, 1 Freshman, 2 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1905-06, p. 73.

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Time stamp: “Harvard College Library, MAR 7, 1905”

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 23

Amount of corn grown with varying amounts of labor on a given amount of land.

Number of days’ labor of a man and team with the appropriate tools.

 Product, in bushels, on each of four fields of ten acres each.
Field A. Field B. Field C.

Field D.

5

 50 45 40 35
10 150 140 130

120

15

 270 255 240 255 [sic]
20 380 360 300

280

25

 450 425 350 325
30 510 480 390

360

35

 560 520 420 385
40 600 550 440

400

45

 630 570 450 410
50 650 575 455

415

 

The following problems are based on the above table:—

Problem 1. Assuming that the labor of a man and team, with the appropriate tools, costs a farmer five dollars a day, and that corn is worth forty cents a bushel, how many days of such labor could he most profitably devote to the cultivation of each of the four fields?

Problem 2. Assuming that corn is worth only 33 1/3 cents a bushel, how much labor, etc., could he most profitably apply to the cultivation of each field,—the cost of labor, etc., remaining the same?

Problem 3. Assuming that a farmer has only 200 days’ labor to use, but that he can have rent free an indefinite amount of land of the grade of Field A, how much land could he most profitably use? How much land of the grade of Field C could he most profitably use?

Problem 4. How much land of each grade could he most profitably use if he had to pay five dollars an acre rent, corn being worth fifty cents a bushel, other conditions the same as in Problem 3?

Problem 5. Assuming that the two fields A and C are owned by the same farmer, and that he has but 20 days’ labor which he can devote to their cultivation, how could these 20 days be most profitably distributed among them? How could 25 days be most profitably distributed? 35 days? 50 days? 60 days? 70 days? 90 days?

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 1. Folder “Economics, 1904-05”.

Image Source: Thomas Nixon Carver in Harvard Class Album 1906.

Categories
Berkeley Bibliography Gender Socialism Suggested Reading Syllabus

Berkeley. References for contemporary theories of social reform. Peixotto, 1906

 

The topics and references for the course “Contemporary Theories of Social Reform” taught by Jessica B. Peixotto in the economics department of the University of California (Berkeley) in 1906 come from that early era when sociology and social policy were still established fields within economics departments. Peixotto was the second woman to have been awarded a Ph.D. at the University of California as well as to have become the first woman to attain the rank of full-professor there. Two short biographies have been included in this post.

The printed syllabus to her course runs 29 pages and the entire list of topics and references that make up the syllabus have been transcribed (OCR + copy/paste) for this post. I have corrected many typos I have found, but I’ll warn users that while I have tried to keep new typos from adding to the noise, I am sure that many typos remain, especially from the original typesetting. Caveat lector!

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Jessica Blanche Peixotto, Economics: Berkeley
1864-1941
Professor of Social Economics, Emeritus

Jessica Blanche Peixotto, born in New York, October 9, 1864, essentially belonged to California–to both the State and the University. She came to the state in her early childhood, and her connection with the University lasted from her enrollment in 1891 until her death, October 19, 1941, a full fifty years. Graduated in 1894, awarded the degree of Ph.D. in 1900 (the second woman to receive this distinction), made a member of the teaching staff in 1904, in 1918 given the full rank of professor (the first woman thus honored), in 1936 she received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws.

Miss Peixotto’s career covered three fields. As a writer she published French Revolution and Modern French Socialism (1901), Getting and Spending at the Professional Standard of Living (1927), and numerous reports and articles in periodicals.

In the field of public service she was a member of the Berkeley Commission of Public Charities (1910-1913), and of the State Board of Charities and Corrections (1912-1924). On the latter board she served as chairman of the Committee on Children, and of the Committee on Research. During the first World War she served with the Council of National Defense as a member of a subcommittee of Women in Industry, and of the Committee on Child Welfare of the General Medical Board. In 1918 she received the more important appointment as Executive Chairman of the Committee on Child Welfare of the Women’s Committee of the Council, and later in the same year she was Chief of the Child Conservation Section.

But most to be remembered is her distinguished service in the University of California. The courses she offered included Contemporary Socialism, Control of Poverty, The Child and the State, the Household as an Economic Agent, and Crime as a Social Problem. In the later years of her teaching her interest shifted somewhat to problems of the consumer and general economic theory, culminating in a graduate seminar on the History of Economic Thought. Unstinting in the time and attention given to the advanced courses, she stimulated and inspired her students, proof of which is given in their contributions to the memorial volume, Essays in Social Economics, published in her honor in 1935 by the University of California Press.

In addition to formal instruction, Miss Peixotto served both the University and the community by organizing the first training in California for social work. This developed, in 1917, into a professional and graduate curriculum in the Department of Economics, later to become the Department of Social Welfare.

In 1923, under her chairmanship, the Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics was established at the University. This chairmanship she held until she was made Professor Emeritus in 1935.

The University as a whole, and more especially those in the Department of Economics, have been enriched by association with Dr. Peixotto. She was primarily an economist and insisted on laying a firm basis of economics for all her social work. But, as Professor Wesley Mitchell said in the memorial volume, her interests were so wideranging that her instruction has given intellectual stimulus not only to social workers and sociologists but also to psychologists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, economists, statisticians, and lawyers.

Fitly was she characterized in the citation when given the honorary degree of LL.D.: “Chosen counselor of the State in matters concerning the protection of children and the care of the unfortunate; social economist marshaling stubborn facts in the service of mankind; comrade among students, inspiring teacher, true lover of humanity.”

Source:  University of California. In Memoriam, 1941. pp. 24-25.

Image Source: University of California archive picture of Jessica Blanche Peixotto (UARC PIC 1300:004) from webpage “Women at CAL: When California Passed the Woman Suffrage Amendment, 1910-1914/Room 3“.

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JESSICA BLANCHE PEIXOTTO
1864 – 1941
by Judith R. Baskin

Jessica Blanche Peixotto, a member of a prominent Sephardic family distinguished for its long history of intellectual, philanthropic, and cultural contributions to the United States, broke gender boundaries throughout her career as a social economist and university professor. She was born in 1864 in New York City, the only daughter and oldest child of Raphael Peixotto, a prosperous Ohioan involved in trade with the South, and Myrtilla Jessica (Davis) Peixotto, originally of Virginia. In 1870, Raphael Peixotto moved his family and business to San Francisco. Jessica Peixotto’s four brothers were Edgar, a San Francisco attorney; Ernest Clifford, an artist and author; Eustace, director of public school athletics in San Francisco; and Sidney Salzado, a social worker.

After high school graduation in 1880, Peixotto acquiesced to family disapproval of her ambitions for higher education, continuing her studies at home through private instruction. In 1891, however, she enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley, receiving a bachelor’s degree in 1894, and continued on to graduate study in political science and economics. She received a Ph.D. in 1900, the second given to a woman at the University of California. Peixotto’s thesis The French Revolution and Modern French Socialism, published in 1901, was based on independent research undertaken at the Sorbonne in 1896–1897.

In 1904, Jessica Peixotto joined the faculty of the University of California at Berkeley as a lecturer in sociology. Her appointment was soon transferred to the economics department, where she taught until her retirement in 1935. In 1918, Peixotto was the first woman to earn the rank of full professor at Berkeley. Her service as head of her department was also a first for a woman there. National honors include her election as vice president of the American Economic Association in 1928. Following her retirement, Peixotto received honorary doctorates in law from Mills College in 1935 and from the University of California in 1936.

Peixotto’s published works include Getting and Spending at the Professional Standard of Living: A Study of the Costs of Living an Academic Life (1927), and Cost of Living Studies. II. How Workers Spend a Living Wage: A Study of the Incomes and Expenditures of Eighty-Two Typographers’ Families in San Francisco (1929). A collection of papers and comments Essays in Social Economics in Honor of Jessica Blanche Peixotto (1935) provides full details of her life and published writings.

Throughout her career, Peixotto was deeply committed to social causes, serving for twelve years on the California State Board of Charities and Correction. During World War I, she worked in Washington, first as executive chairperson of the child welfare department of the Women’s Committee of the Council of National Defense, and then as chief of the council’s child conservation section. She was also a member of the Consumers’ Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration in 1933. At the University of California, Peixotto founded a program within the economics department that ultimately led to a professional school of social work.

Jessica Peixotto died in October 1941. While proud of her Jewish background, she was not involved in the Jewish community or any Jewish causes. Her funeral service, followed by cremation, was conducted by a representative of the Unitarian Society, together with the vice president and provost of the University of California.

Source:  Jessica Blanche Peixotto webpage at the Encyclopedia of Jewish Women.

____________________

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

TOPICS AND REFERENCES FOR
ECONOMICS 42
CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF SOCIAL REFORM

BERKELEY: THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1906

 

PLAN OF THE COURSE:

    1. — The Subject in General.
    2. — Contemporary Political Socialism.
    3. — Critical Discussion of the Doctrines of Marxism.
    4. — Communism and Anarchism.
    5. — Social Reform Movements with Less Extensive Programs.
    6. — Utopianism.

PART I.— THE SUBJECT IN GENERAL.

  1. Nature and Scope of the Subject.
  2. Definition.
  3. Classification,—its Difficulties, its Necessity.

General Bibliography:

Bibliographies:

Stammhammer: Bibliographie des Socialismus u. Communismus. Jena, Fischer, Bd. I, 1898; Bd. II, 1900.

Documente des Sozialismus, edited by Ed. Bernstein. Berlin, 1901 and succeeding years.

Encyclopedias:

Bliss: Encyclopedia of Social Reform. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1897.

Stegman and Hugo: Handbuch des Socialismus. Zürich, Verlags-Magazin, 1897.

General Studies:

Biederman, Karl: Vorlesungen über Sozialismus und Sozialpolitik. Breslau, Schottlander, 1900.

Bourguin, Maurice: Les systèmes socialistes et l’évolution économique. Paris, Colin, 1904.

Brooks, John Graham: The Social Unrest. Macmillan, N. Y., 1903.

Diehl, Karl: Über Sozialismus, Kommunismus u. Anarchismus. Jena, Fischer, 1906.

Ely, Richard T.: The Labor Movement in America. N. Y., Crowell & Co., 1886.

Ely, Richard T.: French and German Socialism in Modern Times. N. Y., Harper & Bros., 1883.

Socialism and Social Reform. N. Y., T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1894.

Graham, W.: Socialism, New and Old. London, Kegan Paul, 1891.

Herkner, Heinrich: Die Arbeiterfrage. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1902.

Kirkup, T.: History of Socialism. London, Black, 1900.

Laveleye, Emile de: Le Socialisme Contemporain. Alcan, Paris, 1886. (Eng. trans.: The Socialism of To-day, by G. H. Orpen, London, Field & Tuer, 1885.)

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul: Le Collectivisme, examen critique du nouveau socialisme. Paris, Guillaumin, 1885.

Essais sur la Répartition des Richesses et sur la Tendance à une moindre Inégalité des Conditions. Paris, Guillaumin, 1888.

La Question Ouvrier aux XIX Siècle. Paris, Charpentier, 1882.

Menger, Anton: Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag. Stuttgart, Cotta, 1886. (Eng. trans.: The Right to the Whole Product of Labor, Macmillan, 1899.)

Pareto, V.: Les Systèmes Socialistes. Giard et Brière, Paris, 1902. 2 vols.

Pesch, Heinrich: Liberalismus, Socialismus, und christliche Gesellschaftsordnung. Freiburg i. Br., Herd’sche Verlagshandlung, 3 Bde., 1893-1900. (See particularly 3rd vol.)

Rae, John: Contemporary Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1898.

Schäffle, Dr. A. E. F.: Die Quintessenz des Socialismus. Gotha., Perthes, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Quintessence of Socialism.)

The Impossibility of a Social Democracy, being a supplement to the “Quintessence of Socialism,” with a preface by Bernard Bosanquet. London, S. Sonnenschein, 1892.

Sombart, Werner: Sozialismus und soziale Bewegung. Fünfte Auflage, 1905. (Eng. trans, of 1st edition: Socialism and the Social Movement in the Nineteenth Century. N. Y., Putnam, 1898.)

 

PART II.— CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SOCIALISM.

1. Marxism.

(a) The Theory.

1a. Its statement by the founders.

Engels, Friedrich: Herrn Eugen Dührings Umwälzung der Wissenschaft. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1894.

Marx, Karl: Das Kapital. Hamburg, Meissner, 1882-98. Ill Bde. (Eng. trans.: Capital, London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1888. Students pressed for time may, without great disadvantage, consult Aveling, Edw.: “The Student’s Marx, an Introduction to the Study of Karl Marx’s ‘Capital.’” London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1892.)

Marx, Karl, and Engels, Fr.: Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1848. (This remains the “Bible” of socialism, and should be carefully read by every student.)

Lassalle, Ferdinand: Reden und Schriften. 3 Bde., herausgegeben von Ed. Bernstein, Berlin, Verlag Vorwärts, 1891. (Eng. trans.: of the “Arbeiterprogramm” by Peters, “Working-man’s Programme and Addresses.” N. Y., International Publishing Co., 1898.)

Aus dem literarischen Nachlass von Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels und Ferdinand Lassalle. Herausgegeben von Franz Mehring, Stuttgart, Dietz, 1901-4. 4 Bde. (A collection of the greatest interest to students of the writings of these three founders of the Marxian movement.)

2a. Modern presentations of the theory.

Bernstein, Ed.: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1899.

Blatchford, Robert: Merrie England. Chicago, Chas. Kerr, & Co.

Deville, Gabriel: Principes Socialistes. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1896.

Ensor, R. C. K.: Modern Socialism. Harper & Bros., N. Y., 1904.

Fabian Essays in Socialism. London, Fabian Society, 1890.

Fabian Tracts (1-126), 1884-1906. Notably Nos. 5, 13, 15, 51, 69, 72.

Ghent, J. Wm.: Mass and Class. N. Y., London, Macmillan, 1904.

Guesde, Jules: Quatre ans de Lutte de classe à la Chambre.

Guesde, J., et Lafargue. P.: Le Program du Parti Ouvrier, son Histoire, ses Considérations, ses Articles. Lille, Imprimerie du Parti Ouvrier, 1894.

Hyndman, H. M.: The Economics of Socialism. London, Twentieth Century Press, 1896.

Kautsky, Karl: Das Erfurter Programm in seinen grundsätzlichen Theilen erlaütert. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1892.

Die Soziale Revolution. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1903. (Eng. trans.: The Social Revolution. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)

Kautsky, K., und Schönlank, Bruno: Grundsätze und Forderungen der Sozialdemokratie. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1892.

Labriola, A.: Socialisme et Philosophie. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1899.

Liebknecht, Wm.: Was die Socialdemokraten sind und was Sie wollen. Chemnitz, Albin Langer, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Socialism, What It Is and What It Seeks to Accomplish. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)

Menger, Anton: Neue Staatslehre. Jena, Fischer, 1903.

Neue Sittenlehre. Jena, Fischer, 1905.

Mills, W. T.: The Struggle for Existence. Chicago, International School of Social Economy, 1904.

Morris, Wm., and Bax, E. B.: Socialism, Its Growth and Outcome. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1897.

Spargo, John: Socialism. N. Y., Macmillan, 1906.

Yandervelde, Emile: Le Collectivisme. Bruxelles, Au Journal du Peuple, 1896.

Le Collectivisme et la Révolution Industrielle. Paris, Librairie Georges Bellais, 1900. (Eng. trans.: Collectivism and Industrial Revolution. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Standard Socialist Series No. 2.)

(b) The makers and propagators of the theory.

On Karl Marx:

Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen V.: Zum Abschluss des Marxischen Systems. Berlin, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Karl Marx and the close of his system. London, Fisher Unwin, 1898.)

Engels, Fr.: Karl Marx. (Handwörterbuch d. Staatswiss, IV, 1892.)

Liebknecht, Wm.: Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis. Nürnberg, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Karl Marx. Standard Socialist Series No, 1, Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)

Liebknecht über Marx. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 15, 1896-97.)

Lafargue, P.: Karl Marx, Persönliche Erinnerungen. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 9, 1890-91.)

Mehring, Franz: Aus dem literarischen Nachlass, etc. Bd. I, pp. 1-57.

Nieuwenhuis, Domela: Karl Marx in Memoriam. Amsterdam.

Chapters in Kirkup, Rae, Russell, Sombart, etc

On Engels:

Kautsky, K.: Friedrich Engels und das Milizsystem. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 17, 1898-99.)

Friedrich Engels. (Züricher Socialdemokrat, Nos. 45-50, 1887.) (Eng. trans.: Fr. Engels, his Life, Work, and Writings. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago.)

Sombart, W.: Friedrich Engels, 1820-95, Ein Blatt zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Socialismus. Berlin, 1895.

On Ferdinand Lassalle:

Becker, B.: Die Arbeiteragitations Lassalle, 1875.

Bernstein, Ed.: Ferdinand Lassalle und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte der Sozialdemokratie in “Reden und Schriften,” Bd. I, pp. 5-189. (Eng. trans.: Ferdinand Lassalle as a social reformer. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1893.)

Dawson, W. H.: German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1888.

Meredith, George: The Tragic Comedians.

Chapters in Kirkup, Rae, Russell, Sombart, etc.

(c) German Social Democracy (Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands).

1c. History of its development as a political party.

Bouffé, Gaston: Le Parti socialiste allemande, son évolution. Paris, A. Chevalier Marescq, 1903.

Bourdeau, J.: Le socialisme allemand et le nihilisme russe. Paris, Alcan, 1892.

Mehring, F.: Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1897-98. (Geschichte des Socialismus in Einzeldarstellung. Bd. 3.)

Milhaud, E.: La démocratie socialiste allemande. Paris, Alcan, 1903.

Russell, Bertrand: German Social Democracy. London, Longmans, 1896, pp. 69-116.

Stegman und Hugo: Articles — International Arbeiterassociation, Sozialistischen Arbeiterpartei, Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

Sombart: Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 201-208.

2c. Party organization. — Program. —Party tactics. —Methods of propaganda.

Bernstein, Ed.: Die heutige Sozialdemokratie in Theorie u. Praxis. Munich, Beck & Co., 1906.

Mehring, F.: op. cit.

Milhaud, E.: op. cit., pp. 51-181.

Russell, B.: op. cit., pp. 116-143.

Stegman u. Hugo: Articles — Taktik, Program.

To follow the movement at first hand, consult:

Protokoll über die Verhandlungen des Parteitags der Socialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands from Halle (1890) to Jena (1905). Of these, that of Erfurt (1891), Dresden (1903), and Jena (1905) are of special interest.

Vorwärts. Berlin. Central official organ (daily).

Neue Zeit. Stuttgart, Dietz. Official magazine ed. by K. Kautsky (weekly).

Socialistische Monatshefte. Berlin. Publication representing the less radical group (monthly).

In Freien Stunden and Die Neue Welt. Literary publications which make a dignified attempt to spread artistic and intellectual ideals among the working classes.

Wahre Jacob. Stuttgart. Comic paper with no mean influence.

Die Gleichheit. (Interests of women workers), ed. by Clara Zetkin.

3c. The party in action today.

Revisionism. — Internationalism. — The agrarian question. — Relation to coöperation. — To trade-unionism. — Anti-semitism. — Syndicalism.

Bebel, A.: Unsere Ziele. Berlin, Buchhandlung “Vorwärts,” 1903.

Göhre, Paul: Die Agrarische Gefahr. Berlin, Verlag “Vorwärts,” 1902.

Kautsky, K.: Der Parlementarismus, die Volksgesetzgebung u. die Sozialdemokratie. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1893.

Mehring, F.: op, cit.,

Milhaud, E.: op. cit., pp. 181-517.

Russell, B.: op. cit., pp. 143-171.

4c. Austrian movement.

Stegman u. Hugo: Article, Oesterreich.

Deutsch, J.: Zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Ungarn. (Die Zeit, Nr. 162. Wein, Nov. 6, 1897.)

Gumplowicz, Ladisl: Mouvement social. Autriche (Rev. internat. de sociologie, II, 1894).

Kcral, August: Zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung Oesterreichs, 1867-94. Berlin, 1894.

Navay, L.: Die Arbeiterfrage in Alfeld mit besonderen Rucksicht auf die Arbeiterverhältnisse im Comitate Cznad. (Zeitschrift f. Volkwirtschaft, Soz. Pol. u. Verwalt, VI, 1897.)

Schatzl, J.: Die Corruption in der oesterreichischen Socialdemokratie. Wien (Leipzig, Liter. Anst., A. Schulze), 1896.

Schlesinger-Eckstein, T.: Die erste Konferenz deutscher Sozialdemokratinnen in Oesterreich (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 16, 1897-98).

(d) Marxism in Latin Countries.

1d. France.

History of the growth of the Marxian movement in France. — Factions. — Programs. — Municipal Socialism in France. — Social influence. — Agrarian question.

Coubertin, Pierre de: France under the Third Republic, translated by I. F. Hapgood. New York, 1897, Ch. XIV.

Gaillard, Louis: La royaume socialiste, choses vues. Paris, Darajan, 1902.

Histoire socialiste (1789-1900) sous la direction de Jean Jaurès. Paris, Rouff, 1901.

Jaurès, Jean: Action Socialiste. Paris, Bellais (undated).

Lafargue, Paul: Die socialistiche Bewegung in Frankreich, 1876-90. (Neue Zeit, 1890.)

Socialism in France, 1876-96 (Fortnightly Rev., 1897, Sept.).

Laviron, P. E.: Le socialisme français et le collectivisme allemand. Paris, Allemane, 1895.

Lecky, W. H.: Democracy and Liberty. New York, 1896. Vol. II, pp. 224-369.

Louis, P.: Les Etapes du socialisme. Paris, Charpentier, 1903, pp. 235 et sq.

Métin, A.: La formation de la démocratie socialiste française.

Millerand, A.: Le socialisme réformiste français. Paris, Bellais, 1903.

Peixotto, J. B.: French Revolution and Modern French Socialism. New York, Crowell & Co., 1901. Ch. VI.

Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed., 1906. Pp. 208-214.

For movement at first hand, read:

Reports of the Congrès Generales des Organizations Socialistes. Paris, 1900, and succeeding years.

La Petite République. (Moderate group.) Paris (daily).

L ‘Humanité. Jaurès, editor. Paris. (Daily.)

La Revue Socialiste. Organ of Integral Socialists. (Monthly.)

Le Mouvement Socialiste. Organ of the radical group. (Fortnightly).

2d. Italy.

Marxism as it has become a political party in Italy. — The present political situation. — Special traits.

Gnocchi-Viani, O.: Dal mazzmianismo al socialismo. Colle, 1893.

Groppali, Alessandro: Le mouvement social en Italie (extrait de la Rev. Internat. de sociologie). Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.

Loria, A.: II movemento operaio.

Nerbini: Cinquante Anni di socialismo nella Italia. Firenze, 1888.

Nitti, F. S.: Le mouvement économique et social en Italie en 1891. (Rev. sociale et politique, année 2, 1892.)

Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed. Pp. 235-239.

Der gegenwartige Stand der italienischen Arbeiterbewegung (Socialpol. Zentralbl. I, 1892).

Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des italienischen Proletariats. (Arch. f. soc. Gesetzg. Bd. 6, 1893; Bd. 8, 1895.)

For first hand insight:

Bolletino della Direzione del Partito Socialista Italiano. Rome. (Monthly.)

Reports of meetings of congresses at Rome (1900), Imola (1902), Bologna (1904).

Avanti. Official organ of the radical socialists, editor, Enrico Ferri. Rome. (Daily.)

Nuova Antologia. Rome. (Monthly.)

L’Asino. Rome. (Comic weekly.)

Il Seme. Publication of the moderate group. Rome. (Fortnightly.)

3d. Spain.

General aspects of the movement in Spain.

Die sociale Bewegung in Spanien. (Jahrb. f. Socialwissenschaft, 1. u. 2, Zurich, 1879 and ’80).

Iglesias, Pablo: Die sozialistiche Arbeiterpartei in Spanien. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)

Maze-Sencien, G.: Le socialisme en Espagne. (Extrait de la Rev. pol. et parl., 1898, aout et sept.). Paris, Davy, 1898.

Posada, A.: L’évolution sociale en Espagne, 1894 et 1895. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1896.

Le mouvement social en Espagne, 1896. (Extrait de la Revue internat. de sociologie.) Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.

Le parti socialiste ouvrier Espagnol au congrès international de Paris de 1900. Madrid, Teodoro, 1901.

Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Spanien.

(e) Marxism in other Continental Countries.

1e. Belgium.

History and distinctive character of Belgian socialist movement.

Bertrand, Louis: Histoire de la Coöpération en Belgiqae. Bruxelles, 2 v.

Destrée, J., and Vandervelde, E.: Le Socialisme en Belgique. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1903.

Deutscher, Paul: The Socialist Movement in Belgium. The Workingmen’s Party (Free Review, 1896, March).

Sombart, W.: Sozialismus. 5th ed. Pp. 229-233.

Consult further:

Reports of Congrès du Parti ouvrier for 1885, and succeeding years.

Le Peuple. (Party organ.) Brussels. (Daily.)

2e. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.

Baug, Gus.: Ein Blick auf die Geschichte der dänischen Sozialdemokratie. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 16, 1897-98.)

Jensen, Ad.: Le Socialisme en Danemark. Rev. d’économpolitique, X, 1896, June.

Knussden, Olsen S. and Olsen M.: Bericht der Sozialdemokratie in Dänemark. Bruxelles, P. Weissenbruch, 1891.

Lindeberg, F.: Die Arbeiterbewegung Dänemarks. (Schweiz. Blätter f. Wirtsch. u. Soz. Pol., Jhrg. 6, 1898.)

Martinet, C: Le socialisme en Danemark. Paris, Société d’éditions scientifique, 1893.

Sombart, W.: Sozialismus, etc. 5th ed., 1906. Pp. 233 et sq.

Stegman u. Hugo: Arts. Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden.

3e. Switzerland.

Berghoff-Ising, Dr. Frz.: Die socialistische Arbeiterbewegung in der Schweiz. Leipzig, Duncker, Humboldt, 1895.

Die neuere socialistische Bewegung in der Schweiz. (Schmoller’s Jahrb. f. Gesetzg., Jhrg. 17, 1893.)

Le socialisme en Suisse. (Extrait de la Revue d’Econ. pol. X, 1896.) Paris, Larose, 1896.

Chez nous en Suisse ou les libertés helvétiques mises à nus. Génève, 1899.

Lang, Otto: Der Socialismus in der Schweiz. Berlin, Verlag der Socialistischen Monatshefte, 1902.

Müller, H.: Die schweizerische Socialdemokratie. (Schweiz. Blätter f. Wirtschaft u. Soz.-Pol., Jhrg. 6, 1898.)

4e. Russia.

Plechanoff, G.: Die Sozialpolitischen Zustande Russland im Jahre 1890. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 9, 1890-91.)

Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Russland.

Winiarsky, L.: Der Sozialismus in Russischen-Polen. Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)

(f) Marxism Under Anglo-Saxon Influence.

1f. Marxist movement in England.

The development of the present movement in England.— The Social Democrats. — Fabianism. — Independent Labor Party. — Socialism in the Colonies.

Bernstein, Ed.: Politische Partei u. wirtschaftliche Interessen in England. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 15, 1896-97.)

Herron, G. D.: Impressions of the English Labor Movement. (Commons, 1898, Jan.)

Laveleye, E. de: Socialism of Today. 1885. Appendix.

Marx-Aveling, Eleanor: Die Arbeiterclassen-Bewegung in England. Nürnberg, Wörlein u. Co., 1895.

Métin, A.: Le socialisme en Angleterre. Paris, Alcan, 1897.

Un socialisme sans doctrine (on Australia and New Zealand). Paris, Alcan, 1901.

Shaw, B.: Fabian Socialism, What It Is and What It Has Done. Fabian Tract No. 41.

Verhaegan, P.: Socialistes anglais. Paris, Larose, 1898.

Webb, Sidney: Socialism in England. American Economic Association, 1889, April.

Woods, R. A.: English Social Movements. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895, pp. 38-78.

For the movement at first hand:

Clarion. Ed. by Robert Blatchford. London. (Weekly.)

Justice. Organ of Social Democratic Federation. London. (Weekly.)

Labor Leader. Official organ of I. L. P. (Monthly.)

Fabian News. Organ of Fabian Society. London. (Monthly.)

Reformer’s Year-Book.

2f. American Marxism.

The history of political socialism in the United States. — Distinctive traits. — Tendencies.

Ely, Richard T.: Labor Movement in America. N. Y., Crowell & Co., 1886.

Engels, Fr.: The Working-Class Movement in America. London, 1888.

Hilquit, Morris: History of Socialism in the United States. N. Y., Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1902.

Kerby, W. J.: Le Socialisme aux Etats-Unis. Bruxelles, (Goemaere, 1897.

Mills, W. T.: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. XLV.

Martiis: Il Socialismo negli Stati Uniti. 1891.

Walterhausen: Der moderne Socialismus in den Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika. 1890.

Sombart, W.: The historical development of the American proletariat. (Inter. Soc. Rev., Nov., 1905.)

For the movement at first hand:

Socialist Party Proceedings at National Convention, Chicago, 1904. Issued by National Committee, 269 Dearborn street, Chicago.

Party programmes (to be found annually in most American Almanacs).

Party magazines and newspapers, of which the best are, perhaps:

The Worker. New York. (Daily.)

Appeal to Reason (somewhat “yellow” journal). J. A. Wayland, editor. Girard, Kansas. (Daily.)

International Socialist Review. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Monthly.)

Wilshire’s Magazine. New York, Wilshire Publishing Co. (Monthly.)

 

2. Non-Marxist Political Socialist Movements.

(a) Christian Socialism.

1a. Catholic Socialism.

Its founders. — Its special aims and its influence in the leading countries of the world.

Hitz, F.: Die Quintessenz der sociale Frage. Paderbom, Bonifacius, Dr., 1877.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole: La papauté, le socialisme et la démocratie. Paris, Calmann Lévy, 1892. (Eng. trans.: Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy.)

Nitti, F. S.: Il socialismo cattolico. Torino, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Catholic Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895.)

Soderni, E.: Socialism and Catholicism. Longmans, 1896.

Stegman u. Hugo: Art. Christlicher Socialismus.

Valez, A.: Le socialisme catholique en France. Montauban, Granié, 1892.

Etudes sociales catholiques. Paris, A. Schulz et Friburg, 1892.

Best known periodicals:

Christlich-Sociale Blätter.

Revue du christianisme pratique.

La Réforme sociale (school of Le Play).

2a. “Christian” or Evangelical Socialism.

Its distinctive characteristics and political status in the several leading nations of the world.

Behrends, A. J. F.: Socialism and Christianity. N. T., Baker & Taylor, 1886.

Carter, J.: Christian Socialism in England. London, 1891.

Göhre, Paul: Die Evangelische-soziale Bewegung. Leipzig, 1896. (Eng. trans.: Evangelical-Social Movement in Germany, Its History and Aims. London, Ideal Public Union, 1898.)

Headlam, Rev. S. D.: Christian Socialism. Fabian Tract No. 42.

Kaufman, M.: Christian Socialism. London, Kegan Paul, 1888.

Naumann, P.: National-Socialen Katechismus. Berlin, Buchverlag der “Zeit,” 1897.

New Christian Socialism. (Quarterly Rev., 1894, July.)

Stöcker, Adf.: Selbsthülfe! Staatshülfe! Gotteshülfe! Essen, Gladbach, 1891.

Stubbs, C. W.: A Creed for Christian Socialists. London, Reeves, 1897.

Best known periodicals:

Church Reformer (London).

Christian Socialist (London).

Die Zeit (organ für nationales Sozialismus auf christliche Grundlage, Berlin).

Hilfe (Frankfurt, a. M.)

Revue du Christianisme social.

See also “Arbeiterbibliothek” (Göttinger), ed. by P. Naumann.

3a. The problem of Christian Socialism.

Adler, Felix: Life and Destiny. N. Y., McClure, Phillips & Co., 1905. Esp. pp. 75-141.

Clifford, Dr. John: Socialism and the Teaching of Christ. Fabian Tract No. 78.

Mathews, Shailer: The Social Teachings of Jesus.

Peabody, Francis G.: Jesus Christ and the Social Question. Macmillan, 1903.

Religion of an Educated Man.

Stubbs, Rev. C. W.: Christ and Economics. Isbister, 1893.

(b) “Philanthropic” Socialism.

What it is, and how it may, or may not, be political socialism. — Some of the representatives of this type of socialism. — Its influence.

Bernstein, Ed.: Zur Frage— Socialliberalismus oder Collectivismus. Berlin, 1900.

Brooks, John G.: The Social Problem. N. Y., Macmillan, 1902.

Hobhouse, L. T.: The Labor Movement. Fischer, Unwin & Co., 1898.

Hobson, J. A.: The Social Problem. N. Y., Pott, 1902.

Kelly, Edmond: Government or Human Evolution. Longmans, N. Y., 1900-01. 2 vols.

Kirkup, T.: History of Socialism. Pp. 273-311.

Wells, H. G.: Mankind in the Making. London, Chapman and Hall, 1904.

(c) State Socialism.

What it is and what sets it apart from the Marxist and other movements. — Katheder-Sozialismus.

Block, Maurice: Quintessence of State Socialism.

Bryce, R. J.: A Short Study of State Socialism. London, E. Baynes & Co., 1903.

Dawson, W. H.: Bismarck and State Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1890.

Kautsky, K.: Vollmar und der Staatssozialismus. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 10, 1891-92.)

Laveleye, Ch.: Socialism of Today. Ch. XII.

Métin, A.: Un Socialisme sans doctrine. Paris, Alcan, 1901.

Millerand, A.: Le socialisme réformiste.

Smith, Hubert L.: Economic Aspects of State Socialism. London, Simpkin, 1887.

Wagner, A.: Vortrag über Sozialismus, Sozialdemokratie, Katheder und Staatssozialismus. Berlin, Vaterländ. Verl. Anst. in Komm., 1894.

Die akademischer Nationalökonomie u. die Socialismus. Berlin, Becker, 1895.

 

PART III.— CRITICAL DISCUSSION OF THE DOCTRINE OF MARXIAN SOCIALISM.

1. Marxist Analysis of Industrial Society.

(a) Marxist Classification of the Factors in Industrial Life.

Labor and proletariat. — Capital and bourgeoisie, and whether these terms are, and can be, used interchangeably.

Kautsky, K.: The Social Revolution, esp. sec. 43.

Marx, K.: Communist Manifesto. Passim.

The “leisure class,” what socialists mean by it, and how they regard it.

See, besides writings of socialists previously cited:

Lafargue, Paul: Le droit à la paresse. Lille, Delory, 1891.

Massart, J., et Vandervelde, E.: Parasitisme organique et parasitisme social. Paris, Reinwald, Schleicher Frères, 1898. (Eng. trans.: Parasitism, organic and social. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1895.)

Students will do well to read in this connection:

Veblen, Thorstein: Theory of the Leisure Class. N. Y., Macmillan, 1902.

(b) Surplus Value.

The Theory.

Aveling, Edw.: Students’ Marx. Pp. 1-48.

Bernstein, Ed.: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 37-46.

Kautsky, K.: Karl Marx’s Oekonomische Lehre. Pp. 3-116.

Marx, K.: Capital. I, pp. 1-311.

Validity of the theory. — Its relation to orthodox economic findings. — How far it is fundamental to socialistic economic theory.

Böhm-Bawerk: Karl Marx and the Close of His System.

(c) Law of Concentration of Capital.

What it is.

Marx, K.: Capital. Pp. 625-736.

Aveling, Edw.: Students’ Marx. Pp. 138-157.

Kautsky, K.: Marx’s Oekonomische Lehren. Pp. 116-177.

Vandervelde, E.: Collectivism and Industrial Evolution. Pt. 1.

How far dispassionate investigation validates this law.

Bourguin, M.: Les systèmes socialistes. Ch. XI, Ch. XII, Ch. XIII, Annexes III, IV, V.

The Trusts in socialist theory.

Lafargue. P.: Les Trusts Américains. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1897.

Lloyd, H.: Wealth Against Commonwealth. Harper, 1894.

Macrosty, H. W.: Trusts and the State. Richards, 1901.

Vail, Chas.: The Trust Question. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Library of Socialism No. 21.)

Mills, Walter Thomas: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. X.

Socialist attitude toward mechanical production. — Question of house industry vs. factory labor.

(d) Theory of Commercial Crises.

Socialist explanation of them. — Comparison of this explanation with other ways of accounting for them.

Bernstein, Ed.: Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus, etc. Pp. 66-83.

Kautsky, K.: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 86-104, 177-252.

(e) Theory of Increasing Misery.

What it is. — How far it is based on fact.

In addition to bibliography previously cited, see:

Why Are the Many Poor? Fabian Tract No. 1.

How far Marxian reformers expect the elimination of pauperism, and how far these expectations seem justified. — The question of unemployed in socialist theory.

Bebel, A.: Die Frau u. der Sozialismus, passim.

Kautsky, K.: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 104-166.

Renard, G.: Le régime socialiste. Pp. 152-186.

(f) The General Strike.

The conception viewed historically, and in contemporary socialist usage. — Objects.

Bernstein, Ed.: Der Strike als Politischer Kampfmittel. (Neue Zeit, Jhrg. 12, 1893-94.)

La Grève Générale et le Socialisme. Enquête Intérnationale. Paris, Odéon, 1904. (June, July, Aug. and Sept. Nos. of “Le Mouvement Socialiste.”)

Protokoll über die Verhandlung des Parteitags der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands. Jena, 1905.

(g) Canons of Distribution.

Whether any are to be found in Marxist and related socialist theory, and if so, how far and in what way they promise more general enjoyment of the results of social production. — Whether socialist schemes expect to increase production, or control consumption. — Whether Marxists aim at distributive justice. — Economic efficiency under socialism.

(h) Competition.

Whether socialists expect the elimination of competition. — The claim that competition involves waste. — How far it is true. — Whether it is possible to eliminate competition from human affairs. — Whether it should be eliminated if it could be. — Whether industrial development is actually tending to diminish competition.

Kelly, Ed,: Government or Human Evolution. II, pp. 273-293.

Reeves, Sidney: The Cost of Competition. McClure, Phillips & Co., 1906.

2. Marxist Political Theory.

(a) The State in Socialist Interpretation.

What the State is held to be.— Its origin.— Its end.— The range of functions ascribed to it.

Deville, G.: Principes Socialistes. Pp. 174-181.

Renard, Georges: Le régime socialiste. Pp. 61-125.

(b) The Individual and His Rights.

Natural rights in Marxian theory. — Rights of the individual specifically or implicitly demanded by all socialists. — The grounds on which the demand for rights is formulated. — How far the word “natural” has disappeared.

Lafargue, P.: Le Droit à la paresse, passim.

Renard, G.: Le Régime socialiste. Alcan, 1904, pp. 24-61.

For views kindred to Marxian see, by way of comparison:

Hobson, J. A.: Social Problem. Bk. II, Chs. I and II.

Kelly, E.: Government or Human Evolution. I, Ch. I.

Menger, A.: Right to the Whole Product of Labor. Pp. 1-40.

Ritchie, D. G.: Natural Rights. London, 1895.

(c) Doctrine of Property.

The theory usually adopted as to the origin and function of property. — The changes in property relations which socialists have in view.

Lafargue, Paul: Evolution of Property from Savagery to Civilization. Swan Sonnenschein, 1891.

Lafargue, Paul, et Guyot, Yves: La propriété communiste par P. Lafargue; réfutation par Guyot. Paris, Delgrave, 1895.

Laveleye, Em. de: De la propriété et ses formes primitives. Paris, Baillière, 1874. (Eng. trans, by G. R. L. Marriott, London, 1878.)

Menger, A.: Right to the Whole Product of Labor. Pp. 157-175.

Willoughby, W. W.: Social Justice. London, Macmillan, 1900. Ch. IV.

(d) Social Democracy.

As to the form of government socialists propose. — What “social democracy” means additional to democracy. — Whether socialist understanding of democracy is the usual one. — Whether the democratic form of government is fundamental to a socialist state. — Whether economic freedom is the means to democracy, or democracy the means to economic freedom, and what economic freedom means.

Bernstein, Ed.: Vorausaetzungen des Socialismus. Pp. 118-140.

(e) Tendency to Belief in Decentralization.

Some reasons for this tendency. — The effects of the doctrine.

(f) Internationalism.

Its nature. — Its present popularity. — Whether adhesion to the doctrine implies diminished patriotism.

Jaurès, J.: Patriotisme et Internationalisme. Lille, Delory (undated.)

Renard, G.: Régime socialiste. Alcan, 1904. Pp. 68-74.

(g) The Family.

Socialist ways of accounting for its origin and its political and social function. — How socialists relate the institution of the family to the status of woman. — The relation between child and parent in the socialist theory.

Bebel, A.: Die Frau und der Sozialismus. Stuttgart, Dietz, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Woman in the Past, Present, and Future, of which many popular editions.)

Engels, F.:  Der Ursprung der Familie. Zürich, Verlags-Magazin, 1891. (Eng. trans.: Origin of the Family. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)

Pearson, Karl: Ethic of Freethought. London, Black, 1901. Pp. 354-431.

Russell, B. and A.: German Social Democracy. Pp. 175-195.

Mills, Walter Thomas: The Struggle for Existence. Ch. XI.

3. Marx’s Doctrine of Social Progress.

(a) The Ultimate Premises of Socialism.

As to whether there are any fixed premises, and whether these premises are those which socialists themselves define. — Whether pessimism or optimism is at the bottom of the movement. — The controversy between materialism and idealism.

Bernstein, Ed.: Das realistische und das idealistische Moment in Socialismus (in “Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus, pp. 262-287.)

Engels, Fr.: Eugen Duhrings Umwalzung der Wissenschaft.

Jaurès, J., et Fafargue, P.: Idéalisme et Matérialisme. Paris, 1895. (Publications du groupe des étudiantes collectivistes.)

Labriola, A.: Socialisme et Philosophie. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1899.

Marx, K.: “Holy Family” in “Aus dem literarischen Nachlass,” etc.

Pearson, K.: Ethic of Freethought. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1901. Pp. 301-354.

(b) The Materialistic Conception of History.

The doctrine. — Its antecedents, and how far the theory is the special property of socialists. — The several forms in which the theory is taught. — Validity of the theory. — Its influence outside of socialist circles.

Barthe, P.: Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Pp. 303-353.

Calwer, Rich.: Das Kommunistiche Manifest u. die heutige Sozialdemokratie. Braunschweig, Gunther, 1894.

Engels, Fr.: Feuerbach, the Roots of the Socialist Philosophy.

Ferri, Enrico: Socialismo e Scienza positiva. Roma, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Socialism and Positive Science.)

Labriola, A.: Saggi intorna alla concezione materialistica della Storia. Loescher, 1902. (Eng. trans.: Essays on the Materialistic Conception of History.)

Loria, A.: Analisi della Proprietà Capitalista. Torino, Bocca, 1889.

Marx, K.: Misère de la Philosophie.

Communist Manifesto.

Masaryk, T. G.: [Die philosophischen und sociologischen] Grundlagen des Marxismus. Vienna, Könegen, 1899.

Seignobos, Ch.: La méthode historique appliquée aux sciences sociales. Alcan, 1901. Pp. 259-269.

Seligman, E. R. A.: Economic Interpretation of History. Macmillan, 1902.

Stein, Ludwig: Die soziale Frage im Lichte der Philosophie. Stuttgart, Enke, 1903. Pp. 302-312.

Weisengrün, Paul: Der Marxismus. Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1900. Pp. 36-212.

(c) Class Struggle.

The doctrine in exact terms. — The social classes it defines, and the basis used to distinguish these. — The contradictions involved in the theory of class struggle. — Whether there is a class struggle on the lines defined by Marxists, or on any lines.

Barthe, P.: Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie. Pp. 336-346.

Bauer, A.: Les Classes Sociales. Paris, Giard et Brière, 1902.

Bernstein, Ed.: Klassenkampf-Dogma u. Klassenkampf-Wirklichkeit. Zur Geschichte u. Theorie des Socialismus, pp. 382-406.

Kautsky, K,: Das Erfurter Programme. Pp. 31-86.

Marx, K.: Communist Manifesto.

Novikow, J.: Les luttes entre les sociétés humaines et leurs phases successives. Paris, Alcan, 1896.

Noyes, W. H.: The Evolution of the Class Struggle. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Library of Socialism.)

Simon, A.: Class Struggle. Chas. H. Kerr & Co., Chicago. (Madden Lib. No. 2.)

Veblen, Thorstein: Theory of Business Enterprise. Macmillan. Esp. Chs. VI, VII, IX, X.

4. Consideration of the Leading Objections to Socialism.

Brünhuber, M.: Die heutige Sozialdemokratie. Fischer, Jena, 1906.

Clark, W.: The Limits of Collectivism (Contemporary Review, 1893).

Donisthorpe, W.: Individualism— A System of Politics. Macmillan, 1889.

Gilman, N. P.: Socialism and the American Spirit. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893.

Gladden, W.: Applied Christianity. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886. (Essay on The Strength and Weakness of Socialism.)

Guyot, Yves: La tyrannie socialiste. Paris, Delagrave, 1893. (Eng trans.: The Tyranny of Socialism. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1894.)

Mackay, J., and others: A Plea for Liberty. Murray, 1892.

Mallock, W. H.: Classes and Masses. London, 1896.

Aristocracy and Evolution. N. Y., 1898.

Morley, John: Compromise. 2nd ed. rev. London, 1877.

Nicholson, J. Shield: Historical Progress and Ideal Socialism. London, Black, 1894.

Richter, Eugene: Die Sozialdemokraten, was sie wollen und was sie werken. Berlin, 1878.

Richter, Eugene: Socialdemokratische Zukunftsbilder. Berlin, Verlag “Fortschritt,” A. G., 1890. (Eng. trans.: Pictures of the Socialist Future. 1894. Sonnenschein.

Say, Léon: Contre le Socialisme. Paris, Leroy, 1896.

Schäffle, A. E. F.: The Impossibility of Social Democracy.

Spencer, Herbert: The Man versus the State.

Sumner, W. G.: What Social Classes Owe Each Other. N. Y., 1884.

Thiers, A.: Du droit de propriété. 2 vols. Paris, Didot, 1841. (Eng. trans.: Rights of Property.)

PART IV.— COMMUNISM AND ANARCHISM.

1. Communism.

Some notable recent attempts at communism. — General type of social organization under communism. — Psychology of the communist. — Tendencies and average results of communistic experiments.

Broome, Isaac: The Last Days of the Ruskin Coöperative Association.

Bulletin of U. S. Labor Dept. (article on Coöperative Communities in the U. S., by Rev. Alex. Kent).

Eastlake, Allan: Oneida Community. Redway, 1900.

Nordhoff, C: Communistic Societies of the U. S. London, Murray, 1875.

Winchell, Alex. C: Communism in America. (North American Review, 1888, May.)

2. Anarchism.

(a) Classification.

The several types of anarchism, and their representatives.

Bakounine, Michel: Oeuvres (especially Dieu et I’Etat).

Grave, Jean: La société mourante et l’anarchie. Paris, 1893.

La société future. Stock, 1895.

L’Individu et la société. 1897. 2nd ed.

L ‘Anarchie, son but, ses moyens. Paris, Stock, 1899.

Hertzka, Theodore: Freiland. (Translated by A. Ransom, N. Y., 1891.)

Kropotkin, Peter H.: La conquête du pain. Paris, 1892.

Parôles d’un révolutionaire.

Autour d’une vie. Paris, 1903. 2 vols. 1899(?).

L’anarchie, sa philosophie, son idéal. 1905(?).

Memoires d’un révolutionaire.

Fields, Factories, and Workshops. London, S. Sonnenschein, 1901.

Malato, Ch.: De la commune à l’anarchie. Paris, Stock, 1894.

Mackay, John: Der Anarchisten.

Michel, Louis: La Commune. Paris, Stock, 1898.

Most, Johann Joseph: Die Lösung der sociale Frage. 1876. Memoiren, 2 Bde., N. Y., 1903.

Reclus, Elisée: L’évolution, la révolution et l’idéale anarchique. Paris, 1902.

Spencer, Herbert: Social Statistics (1st ed., containing chapter on right of individual to ignore the State).

Tucker, Benj.: Instead of a Book. N. Y., Tucker, 1893. (Reprinted under the title “State, Socialism, and Anarchism.” London, Reeves, 1895.)

Yarros, Victor: Anarchism, Its Aims and Methods. Boston, 1887.

(b) The Theory in Practice.

The programmes. — Organization. — Methods of propaganda. — The relation of anarchism to socialism. — To individualism. — Herbert Spencer and anarchism. — Psychology of the anarchist.

Bernstein, Ed.: Die sociale Doktrin des Anarchismus (in Neue Zeit, Jahrg. 10, Bd. 1-2).

Basch, V.: L ‘individualisme anarchiste. Alcan, 1904.

Dubois, Felix: Le péril anarchiste. Paris, 1894. (Eng. trans.: The Anarchist Peril. Unwin, 1894.)

Garan, J.: L’anarchie et les anarchistes. Paris, 1885.

Ghio, Paul: L’anarchie aux Etats Unis. Paris, Colin, 1903.

Hamon, A.: Le psychology de l’anarchiste socialiste. Paris, Stock, 1895.

Lombroso, Cesare: Gli anarchici. Turin, 1894.

Plechanoff, G.: Anarchismus und Sozialismus. Berlin, 1894. (Eng. trans.: Anarchism and Socialism. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co.)

Shaw, Bernard: The Impossibilities of Anarchism. Fabian Tract No. 46.

Simons, A. M.: Socialism vs. Anarchy. Chicago, Chas. H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)

Zenker, E. V.: Der Anarchismus. Kritische Geschichte der anarchistischen Theorien. Jena, 1895. (Eng. trans.: Anarchism, a Criticism and History of the Anarchist Theory. Putnam, 1897.)

PART V.— SOCIAL REFORMS WITH LESS EXTENSIVE PROBLEMS.

1. Land Nationalization and Single Tax.

The doctrine. — Methods of reform proposed. — The founder of the Single Tax movement, and some facts of his life which throw light on his theories. — Economic and social results expected. — Critical examination of the doctrine. — Relation of socialists to these movements.

An Essay on the Right of Property in Land. 1782. Reprinted, London, 1891, under the title “Birthright in Land.”

Cox, H.: Land Nationalization. London, Methuen, 1892.

Dawson, W. H.: Unearned Increment. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1890.

Hobson: Coöperation in the Land.

Moore: Back to the Land.

Simons, A. M.: Single Tax vs. Socialism, Chicago, Chas, H. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)

Stubbs, C. W.: Land and the Laborer. London, Swan Sonnenschein, 1891,

Thackeray, S. W.: The Land and the Community. N. Y., Appleton & Co., 1889.

Among good criticisms of the theory:

Hobson, J. A.: The Influence of Henry George in England. (Fortnightly Review, 1897, December.)

Schäffle, A.: Inkorporation des Hypothekencredits. Tübigen, 1883.

Smart, W.: Taxation of Land Values and the Single Tax.

Walker, Francis A.: Land and Its Rent. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1883. Pp. 141-182.

Publications of the “Land and Property Defense League.”

2. Coöperation.

Coöperation from the social reform point of view. — Coöperation and communism. — Coöperation and profit sharing. — The several kinds of coöperative societies. — The status of the coöperative movement in the leading nations of Europe and America. — The outlook for coöperation. — Arguments in favor of the movement. — Its weaknesses. — Socialists’ attitude toward it.

Bertrand, Louis: Histoire de la coöpération en Belgique.

Gide, Ch.: La Coöpération. Paris, Librarie de la société du Recueil genéral des lois et des arrêts et du Journal du palais. 1900.

Holyoake, G. J.: History of Coöperation in England. London, 1875-85. 2 vols.

Hughes, Thomas, and Neale, Edward V.: A Manual for Coöperators. Manchester, 1888.

Hubert-Valleroux, P.: La Coöpération. Paris, 1904.

Jones, Benjamin: Coöperative Production. Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1894.

Pissamiglio: Distributive Coöperative Societies.

Van Marken: Industrial Social Organization. Delft., 1901.

Wright, Carrol D.: Manual of Distributive Coöperation. Boston, 1885.

On relation to Social Democracy:

Anseele, E.: “Socialism and Coöperation” in Ensor. Modern Socialism, pp. 284-301.

Gerhard, Adele: Konsumgenossenschaft und Sozialdemokratie. Nürnberg, Wörlein u. Co., 1895.

Kautsky, K.: Konsumverein u. Arbeiterbewegung. (Wiener Arbeiterbibliothek, Heft. 1) Vienna, 1897.

Milhaud, Ed.: La démocratie socialiste allemande. Pp. 442-517.

Reports and publications:

Annual reports of Coöperative Unions, of Coöperative Wholesale, of “Vooruit,” Maison du Peuple, etc.

Annual reports of Registrar of Friendly Societies.

Coöperative News, Manchester.

3. Trade-Unionism.

How far trade-unionism may justifiably be included in a study of social reform movements. — The objects of trade-unionism, and how these objects compare with the primary aims of other social reform movements. — The exact distinction between the “industrial democracy” this movement represents, and “social democracy,” and, in general, the relation between trade-unionism and socialism.

Herkner, Heinrich: Die Arbeiterfrage. Berlin, J. Guttentag, 1902.

Lange, Friedrich A.: Die Arbeiterfrage. Winterthur, 1879.

London, Jack: The Scab. Chicago, Chas. Kerr & Co. (Pocket Lib. of Socialism.)

Nicholson, J. S.: Strikes and Social Problems. (Essay on Labor Combinations and Competition.)

Troeltseh, W., and Hirschfeld, P.: Die deutschen Sozialdemokratischen Gewerkschaften. Berlin, Carl Heymanns Verlag, 1906.

Webb, Sidney and Beatrice: Industrial Democracy. 2 vols.

PART VI.— UTOPIANISM.

  1. The relation of Utopianism to social reform. — The types of Utopian writings. — Some leading modern examples of Utopian plans, and their place in current reform movements. — The question of the utility of Utopianism.

Bellamy, Ed.: Looking Backward. 1870. London, Reeves & Co., 1888.

Equality. New York, Appleton, 1897.

Ellis, Havelock: The Nineteenth Century, an Utopian Retrospect. Boston, Small, Maynard & Co., 1901.

Hertzka, Theodor: Freiland. (Eng. trans.: Freeland. Translated by A. Ransom. N. Y., 1891.)

Hobson, J. A.: Edward Bellamy and the Utopian Romance. (Humanitarian, 1898. Vol. 13.)

Howells, W. D.: A Traveller from Altruria.

Kaufmann, M.: Utopias from Sir Thomas Moore to Karl Marx:. London, Paul, 1879.

Morris, Wm.: News from Nowhere. Longmans, 1896.

Wells, H. G.: A Modern Utopia. Chapman & Hall, 1905.

Source: University of California, Department of Economics. Topics and References for Economics 42: Contemporary Theories of Social Reform. Berkeley: The University Press, 1906. 29 pages.

 

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Cal Tech Columbia Fields M.I.T. Michigan Princeton Stanford

Columbia. Memo advocating the establishment of an Industrial Relations Section. Wolman, 1944

 

 

The following brief memo written by Leo Wolman was commissioned in 1943 by an informal committee to provide a case for establishing an Industrial Relations Institute at Columbia. Besides identifying the existing centers of industrial relations research and teaching in the U.S. and Canada, Wolman also points to the key role played by “C. J. Hicks, the dean of American industrial relations men, adviser to the Rockefellers on policies and problems in this field and, until his retirement some 15 years ago, the director of labor relations for the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey.”

_____________________

Leo Wolman, Biographical Note

1890, Feb. 24. Born, Baltimore, Md.
1914. Ph.D. in political economy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
1916. Published The Boycott in American Trade Unions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
1918. Appointed head of section on production statistics, War Industries Board
1919. Attached to American peace mission, Paris, France
1919-1928. Member, faculty, New School for Social Research, New York, N.Y.
1920-1931. Director of research, Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
1920-1934. Editor, Journal of American Statistics Association
circa 1925. Became freelance researcher for the National Bureau of Economic Research, formally joining the staff in 1931 and later becoming director-at-large for research. NBER publications by Leo Wolman.
1931-1958. Professor of economics, Columbia University, New York, N.Y.
1933. Appointed to staff of National Recovery Administration
1936. Published Ebb and Flow in American Trade Unionism. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research
1961, Oct. 2. Died, New York, N.Y.

Source: Library of Congress. Leo Wolman Papers. Biographical Note.

_____________________

COPY TO DR. FACKENTHAL

October 23, 1944

Dean George B. Pegram,
201 Low Memorial Library.

Dear Dean Pegram:

I enclose a copy of a statement prepared by Professor Wolman on “Industrial Relations Sections or Departments in American Universities”. This was prepared in compliance with the recommendation made by the informal committee that met last year to consider the possibility of our setting up an Industrial Relations Institute at Columbia. I have had some two dozen copies of this statement mimeographed. These will be available for distribution if you plan to call another meeting to explore this matter further.

Faithfully yours,

_____________________

Industrial Relations Sections or Departments

During the past 15 years, a number of American universities, and one Canadian, have organized sections or departments of industrial relations. The earliest of these was the Industrial Relations Section of Princeton University. Since 1930, similar sections have been established at the University of Michigan, Stanford, California Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Queens University, Canada. These sections are integral parts of the graduate departments of the several institutions. The moving spirit in initiating and finding financial resources for the sections, already established, was C. J. Hicks, the dean of American industrial relations men, adviser to the Rockefellers on policies and problems in this field and, until his retirement some 15 years ago, the director of labor relations for the Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey.

The purposes of this departure were several—to keep members of the faculty and students abreast of the very rapid developments in this important area of private and public policy, to make available to employers, managers, labor, and public officials comparative data as to practices, rules, procedures and policies, to enable students desiring to specialize in labor, labor relations and related subjects to observe and study the practical workings of industrial relations, to push forward the boundaries of knowledge through research, and to establish a closer relation between the scientific activities of universities and the problems of industry, labor, government, and the public. In carrying out these purposes, the various sections have built up libraries of current materials, have published studies dealing with current developments, such as the reemployment of veterans, or of historical importance, such as labor banking in the United States, have trained graduate students, and have held conferences, annual as a rule, for persons working in labor relations.

Depending on their location, age, and industrial environment, the sections now in operation have emphasized different practices. California Technology, operating in a region where large-scale industry is relatively new and personnel men are scarce, has devoted much of its time and resources to bringing to bear the knowledge and experience of other parts of the country on the problems and needs of Southern California. The Massachusetts Institute, operating in an area concerned with unemployment and industrial contraction, has concentrated on research in wages, labor mobility, unemployment, and the like. But all of the sections study, teach, and write about the large issues of private and public policy.

The funds for these enterprises come largely from business, usually in the form of annual contributions pledged for periods of 3 or 5 years. Occasionally a specific piece of research is financed by one of the Foundations but this source of funds has not been counted on for current expenses. Contributions by labor unions have been only a small fraction of total income, though they generally participate in the conferences, and make use of available materials.

There can be little question that the establishment of an industrial relations section at Columbia (associated with the faculties of Political Science and Business) would confer many benefits upon the University. It would make available to students in this field facilities, publications, and contacts with labor and industry which they now lack. It would open up for graduate students new opportunities for employment. It would make available to the university facilities and funds for research. It would create for interested numbers of the faculty, working in the related areas of labor economics, theory, public law, sociology, and labor law, the occasions for using the materials, experience, and problems of industry, labor, and government, not now available to them. It would enable the University to enlarge the range of its public service by serving some of the needs of the enormous and variegated industry, located in this city and the surrounding industrial area of New Jersey, Connecticut, and New York State.

The funds for such an undertaking are probably available in industry. At any rate the other universities had no difficulty raising money. What is needed at Columbia is endorsement of the idea by the faculty, administration, and trustees and the appointment of a small committee instructed to make the plans, raise the funds and find the man capable of directing a section of industrial relations at Columbia.

Leo Wolman

Source: Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. Columbiana. Department of Economics Collection. Faculty. Box 2, Folder “Department of Economics—Faculty. Beginning Jan. 1, 1944”.

Image Source: Detail from a faculty group picture (early 1930’s). Columbia University Libraries, Manuscript Collections. Columbiana. Department of Economics Collection. Box 9, Folder “Photos”.

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Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. General Examinations in Micro- and Macroeconomic Theory, Fall 1992

 

 

The following general examinations for microeconomic and macroeconomic theory (Fall 1992) have been transcribed from a collection of general exams at Harvard from the 1990s provided to Economics in the Rear-view Mirror by Abigail Waggoner Wozniak (Harvard economics Ph.D., 2005). Abigail Wozniak was an associate professor of economics at Notre Dame before being appointed a senior research economist and the first director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis’ Opportunity & Inclusive Growth Institute. Economics in the Rear-view Mirror is most grateful for her generosity in sharing this valuable material.

The “Wozniak collection” is over 90 pages long, so it will take some time for all the exams to get transcribed.

Transcriptions are available for:

Spring 1991 General Examinations in Microeconomic Theory and Macroeconomic Theory.

___________________

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

GENERAL EXAMINATION IN MICROECONOMIC THEORY
FALL 1992

Instructions:

  1. You have FOUR
  2. Answer a total of FOUR questions subject to the following constraint:
    There are four sections (I, II, III, IV). You must answer ONE question from each section.
  3. Please use a separate blue book for each question.
  4. Please put only your EXAM NUMBER on the blue book.

 

PART I

  1. Suppose that the consumption set is X=\left\{ x\in \mathbb{R}_{+}^{2}:{{x}_{1}}+{{x}_{2}}\ge 1 \right\} and the utility function is u(x) = x2.
    1. Represent graphically the consumption set and the indifference map.
    2. State and show that the locally cheaper consumption test for demand fails at the price/wealth combination (p, w) = (1, 1, 1).
    3. Show that market demand is not continuous at the above price/wealth combination. Interpret economically.
  2. An individual has Bernoulli utility indicator u and initial wealth w. Let lottery L offer a payoff of G with probability q and a payoff of B with probability 1 – q.
    1. If the individual owns the lottery, what is the minimum price s/he would sell it for?
    2. If s/he does not own it. What is the maximum price s/he would be willing to pay for it?
    3. Are buying and selling prices equal? Give an economic interpretation for your answer. Find conditions on the parameters of the problem under which buying and selling prices are equal.
    4. Let G = 10, B = 5, w = 0 and u(x) = x0.5. Compute the buying and selling prices for this lottery and this utility indicator.

 

PART II

Consider a market with three identical firms. The three firms set quantities as strategies and do so simultaneously. Each firm has marginal cost c, and market price is

p=1-\sum\limits_{i=1}^{3}{{{q}_{i}}}, where qi is firm i’s quantity.

  1. What are the Cournot equilibrium quantities and prices in this model?
  2. Suppose that firms 1 and 2 consider merging to form a single firm, which would have access to the two firms’ technologies. The merged firm, if it forms, would compete as a Cournot duopolist with firm 3. Assuming that the owners of firms 1 and 2 split the merged firm’s profit equally, would they find such a merger advantageous?
  3. Now suppose that firm 1 sets its quantity (as a Stackelberg leader) first and that firms 2 and 3 then follow and set quantities simultaneously. The model is otherwise the same as before. Suppose that firms 1 and 2 contemplate forming a merged firm that would act as a Stackelberg leader vis a vis firm 3. Will the merged firm’s profit be higher or lower than the sum of firm 1’s and 2’s profits in the pre-merger equilibrium? The question should be answered without making any mathematical computations.

 

PART III

Consider the country of Ec, a country with a small open economy. Ec’s economy produces two outputs, x and y, from two immobile factors, capital (K) and labor (L). The prices of x and y, px and py, are determined on the world market and are not affected by anything that happens in Ec. The aggregate production function in Ec for x is fx(K,L) and that for y is fy(K,L). Both of these functions are homogeneous of degree one in (K,L), continuous, differentiable, and have strictly convex upper contour sets. Let the input price of K  in Ec be r and that for L be w(these are prices in Ec, not world prices).

  1. Display the set of efficient production plans in an Edgeworth Box. Argue that the contract curve must lie either all above, all below, or be coincident with the diagonal in the interior of this box.

Now assume that production of x is more capital intensive than is production of y in the sense that for any given ratio of input prices, r/w, the cost minimizing way to produce any given amount of output involves a strictly larger capital-labor ratio, K/L, in the production of x than in the production of y.

  1. What can you say about the shape of the contract curve now? How do the slopes of the isoquants of the two production processes vary at various points on the contract curve?

Now assume that Ec has a perfectly competitive economy.

  1. Show that there is a unique equilibrium input price ratio r/w.
  2. Prove that if the world price of the capital intensive good (px) rises, then the equilibrium input price ratio, r/w, increases.
  3. Prove that if the endowment of labor in Ec increases, the output of good y increases and output of good x

 

PART IV

  1. How is it that, even in a world of linear technologies, different theories of growth and distribution lead to different theories of value, i.e., different theories of relative prices? Doesn’t this violate the non-substitution theorem, which shows that, for a given cost of capital, the technology which minimizes costs will be chosen irrespective of demand? Is the existence of different theories of value compatible with the idea that competition eliminates any difference between price and cost of production? How does utility maximization enter into neoclassical and non-neoclassical theories of value?
  2. Overheard in the corridors of Littauer:
    “I took the best road home yesterday.”
    “How do you know that?”
    “If there had been a better one I would have taken it.”
    Analyze the above dialogue from the point of view of both partisans and critics of revealed preference theory.

 

Source: Department of Economics, Harvard University. Past General Exams Spring 1991-Spring 1999, pp. 72-77. Copy provided to Economics in the Rear-view Mirror by Abigail Wozniak.

___________________

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

GENERAL EXAMINATION IN MACROECONOMIC THEORY
FALL 1992

Instructions:

  1. You have FOUR
  2. Answer a total of SIX questions subject to the following constraint:
    There are four sections (I, II, III, IV). You must answer ONE question from each section.
  3. Please use a separate blue book for each question.
  4. Please put only your EXAM NUMBER on the blue book.

 

PART I

  1. Answer the question, “Does money affect output?” Support your answer with both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this evidence. Finally, include a detailed discussion of one theory that supports your position.
  2. The response among pundits to the recent reduction in German interest rates has been overwhelmingly positive. Evaluate this response in light of the Mundell-Flemming model. How does foreign monetary policy affect domestic output in the model? What other channel might American commentators have in mind. Speculate about the cause of this difference and give an opinion as to who is correct.

 

PART II

Problem 1

Consider the following dynamic version of the Mundell-Fleming model:

{{\dot{e}}}/{e}\;={{i}^{*}}-i

i=\alpha y-\beta m

\dot{y}=\gamma \left( d-y \right)

d=\lambda y-\theta e+g

where

e is the exchange rate (measured so that an appreciation of the domestic currency is an increase in e),
i* is the (exogenous) world interest rate,
i is the domestic interest rate,
y is output,
m is (exogenous) real money balances,
d is demand,
g is a measure of (exogenous) fiscal policy,
and \alpha >0,\,\,\beta >0,\,\,\gamma >0,\,\,0<\lambda <1,\,\,\theta >0.

  1. Give an interpretation of each equation.
  2. Write the model using two variables and two laws of motion. Identify the state (non-jumping) variable and the costate (jumping) variable.
  3. Draw the phase diagram, including the steady-state conditions, the implied[?] dynamics, and the saddle-point stable path.
  4. Describe the effects of a sudden, permanent increase in g. Compare the results to the standard (static) Mundell-Fleming model.
  5. Describe the effects of a sudden, permanent increase in Compare the results to the standard (static) Mundell-Fleming model.

 

Problem 2

Suppose that the representative consumer maximizes the following intertemporal utility function:

{{E}_{t}}\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty }{{{\left( 1+\rho  \right)}^{j}}U\left( {{C}_{t+j}},{{G}_{t+j}} \right)}

where C is consumption,

G is (exogenous) government spending,

\rho is the subjective rate of discount,

The consumer has random earnings, and she can borrow and lend at the constant real interest rate r.

  1. What is the consumer’s intertemporal first-order condition? Explain.
  2. In this problem, what variable follows a random walk (that is a martingale)? What variable doesn’t? Explain.
  3. Suppose that government spending follows a predictable pattern: in particular, suppose that (for some political reason) G fluctuates as a sine wave. What is the implied pattern of consumption?
  4. Describe the equity-premium puzzle.
  5. Suppose now that government spending is countercyclical (that is, the government increases G when the economy goes into a recession). How might this model help resolve the equity-premium puzzle? What condition would you need for the utility function U(.)?

 

PART III

  1. What implications for the conduct of monetary policy follow from the fact that many of the familiar variables that economists have urged central banks to adopt as their operating targets—for example, prices, or real interest rates, or measures of money other than the monetary base—are inherently endogenous in the sense that a central bank typically cannot set any of these variables directly via its open market operations? Use a specific model of your choice to illustrate what role a variable like the price level or the real interest rate, or a measure of money other than the monetary base, can plausibly play in the monetary policymaking process even when it is clearly endogenous.
  2. “Whether or not debt-financed government spending ‘crowds out’ private capital formation depends on whether or not the economy’s private resources are already fully employed. At less than full employment, deficit spending will crowd out investment even if it raises output (which it may or may not do). By contrast, the mechanisms that cause this decline in investment at less than full employment are not operative when the economy is fully employed.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your reasoning as explicitly as possible.

 

PART IV

  1. Suppose that the government wishes to minimize the present value of costs, zt, which are given for period t by {{z}_{t}}=a\cdot {{\left( {{\pi }_{t}} \right)}^{2}}-b\cdot \left( {{\pi }_{t}}-\pi _{t}^{e} \right)+\left( {c}/{2}\; \right){{\left( {{\pi }_{t}}-\pi _{t}^{e} \right)}^{2}}
    where a, b, c, > 0 are constants, {{\pi }_{t}} is the inflation rate for period t, and \pi _{t}^{e} is the inflation rate that people expected at the start of period t.

    1. If the government takes \pi _{t}^{e} as given, then what value of {{\pi }_{t}} minimizes the cost zt for period t?
    2. If the government acts as in part I., and everyone knows it, then what is the full equilibrium under conditions of rational expectations? Explain the costs that are borne in this equilibrium. How are they affected by an increase in the parameter a, which measures the cost of inflation? Explain the results.
    3. If the government can commit to an inflation rate for period t, then what rate should it commit to? Explain how the costs in this situation compare with those from the equilibrium in part 2.
    4. Can the equilibrium described under 2. still apply if the government takes account of costs in future periods as well as for period t?
  2. Consider the neoclassical growth model for a closed economy of Solow, Cass, Koopmans, et al.
    1. If we think of all countries as closed, does this model imply convergence in the sense that poor countries tend to grow faster per capita than rich countries? Discuss in your answer the distinction between absolute convergence—where the poor grow faster than the rich—and conditional convergence—where a poor country grows faster for given values of some exogenous variables.
    2. How do the rates of convergence in this model relate in a general way to the diminishing returns to capital and to the behavior of the saving rate? How would the rate of convergence be affected by allowing for some capital mobility across countries?
    3. If poor countries tend to grow faster per capita than rich countries does it follow that the dispersion of per capita incomes across countries will tend to narrow over time?

 

Source: Department of Economics, Harvard University. Past General Exams Spring 1991-Spring 1999, pp. 78-83. Copy provided to Economics in the Rear-view Mirror by Abigail Wozniak.

Image Source: Harvard Class Album 1946.

Categories
Chicago Economic History Suggested Reading Syllabus

Chicago. Reading list for Development of Monetary and Financial Institutions. Hamilton, 1960

 

 

The papers of the economic historian Earl J. Hamilton are a grab-bag of archival treasure, poorly sorted and demanding from the historian an unlimited faith in the goodness of the gods of serendipity. This post is a course reading list that would have rested safe in the obscurity of Hamilton’s papers, but for a chance encounter. I have taken the liberty of assuming the course title for Economics 334 at the University of Chicago in 1959-60 would match that of 1956-57. The course reading list is a nice example of the intersection of economic history and the history of economics.  

_____________________

Economics 334: Mr. Hamilton

Assignments to be read before May 20, 1960

  1. Luigi Einaudi, “The Medieval Practice of Managed Currency,” in A.D. Gayer (Ed.), The Lessons of Monetary Experience, pp. 259-268. HG 255.L63
  2. W. C. Mitchell, “The Role of Money in Economic Theory,” in The Backward Art of Spending Money, pp. 149-176. HB 33.M 68.
  3. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, “Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam,” in Book IV, Chapter III, Part I. HB 161. S 65.
  4. Earl J. Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, Chapter XIII. H31.H33, v. 43
  5. Earl J. Hamilton, “Prices and Wages at Paris under John Law’s System,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. LI, (1936-1937), pp. 42-70. HB1.Q3
  6. Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade, Chapters III-V HF1007.V75
  7. N. J. Silberling, “Financial and Monetary Policy of Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXXVIII (1923-24), pp. 214-33, 397-439. HB1.Q3, v.38
  8. Lloyd W. Mints, History of Banking Theory, Chapter IV. HG1586.M6
  9. Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street. HG3000.L82B3
  10. R. S. Sayers, “The Question of the Standard in the Eighteen-Fifties,” Economic History (a supplement to the Economic Journal), Vol. II, pp. 575-601. HB1.E31
  11. Rufus S. Tucker, “The Myth of 1849,” in C.O Hardy, Is There Enough Gold? Appendix A, pp. 177-199. HG289.H28.
  12. J. H. Clapham, The Bank of England, Vol. II, Chapters VI-VIII and Epilogue. HG2996.C6
  13. Knut Wicksell, “The Influence of the Rate of Interest on Prices,” Economic Journal, Vol. XVII (1907), pp. 213-220. YW16 (reprint)
  14. O. M. W. Sprague, Crises under the National Banking System, Washington, 1910, pp. 1-107. HB3743.S7
  15. John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, Book III, Chapter XII. HB171.M635, M636, M644, M653.
  16. Charles F. Dunbar (Revised and edited by O. M. W. Sprague), The Theory and History of Banking, Chapters VIII (“The English Banking System”), IX (“The French Banking System”), X (“The German Banking System”), XI (“The National Banks of the United States”). HG1586.D9
  17. J. M. Keynes, A Tract on Monetary Reform, Chapters I-II, IV-V. HG221.K4
  18. J. M. Keynes, A Treatise on Money, Vol. II, Chapter 30. HG221.K422.

There will be an hour examination on April 29, 1960 covering 1-18 and the lectures.

  1. Alfred Marshall, Money, Credit, and Commerce, Books II, IV, and Appendix A. HG221.M35
  2. J. M. Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, Part II, Chaps. 1 and 3; Part III, Chapter 5; Part V, Chapter 2. In the London, 1933 edition these chapters cover pages 77-79, 105-17, 244-70, 358-73. HC57.K471.
  3. D. H. Robertson, Essays in Monetary Theory, Chaps. I and XII. HB 171.R544.
  4. Fred H. Klopstock, “Monetary Reform in Western Germany,” Journal of Political Economy, August, 1949. HB1.J7, v. 57.
  5. J. M. Keynes, A Treatise on Money, Vol. II, Chaps. 35 and 37. HG221.K422
  6. Earl J. Hamilton, “Prices and Progress,” Journal of Economic History, XII (1952), pp. 325-49.
  7. J. M. Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Chapter 23. HB171.K46
  8. Official Papers by Alfred Marshall, pp. 3-16. HG171.M318.
  9. The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions
  10. Rondo E. Cameron, “The Credit Mobilier and the Economic Development of Europe,” Journal of Political Economy, LXI (1953), pp. 461-88.

There will be a three-hour final examination (9:00-12:00) on May 27, 1960 covering all assignments and lectures.

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Earl J. Hamilton Papers. Box 2. Folder “Academic and Personal Correspondence 1950s-1970s; 1990; and n.d.”

Image Source:  University of Chicago Photographic Archive, apf1-02446, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library.

Categories
Economic History Exam Questions Harvard Suggested Reading Syllabus

Harvard. European Economic History from the Industrial Revolution. Gay, 1934

 

 

A brief biography of Harvard economic historian and first Dean of the Harvard Business School, Edwin Francis Gay (1867-1946) is found in the earlier post for his course “Recent Economic History” that was also taught at Harvard in the 1934-35 academic year. Below we have the course announcement, enrollment figures, reading list, and final exam for the course on European Economic History from the Industrial Revolution.

______________________________

Course Announcement

Economics 2a 1hf. European Economic History from the Industrial Revolution

Half-course (first half-year). Tu., Th., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Sat., at 9. Professor Gay.

Source: Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences During 1934-35, second edition. Published in Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. XXXI, No. 38 (September 20, 1934), p. 125.

______________________________

Course Enrollment

[Economics] 2a 1hf. Professor Gay.—European Economic History since the Industrial Revolution.

Total 50:  3 Graduates, 21 Seniors, 17 Juniors, 8 Sophomores, 1 Other.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1934-35, p. 81.

______________________________

Assigned and Suggested Readings

ECONOMICS 2a
[pencil insert: 1934-5]

European Economic History from the Industrial Revolution

Hour Test on November 13 [Pencil insert: Extended to Nov. 15] will cover Groups I and II.

I. SOCIAL THOUGHT AND PROGRESS

A. V. Dicey—Law and Public Opinion in England (1908). Lectures 4-7 (Pages 62-258)

J. M. Keynes—The End of Laissez Faire. (1926)

G. Wallas—Life of Francis Place (1918). Chapters 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 (pages 1-92, 157-240)

II. TRANSPORTATION

E. A. Pratt—A History of Inland Transport and Communication in England (1912). Chapters 8-22 (pages 51-311)

J. H. Clapham—Economic Development of France and Germany (1921). Chapters 5, 7, 12 (Pages 104-120, 140-157, 339-375)

III. AGRICULTURE

Lord Ernle—English Farming, Past and Present (3d edition, 1922). Chapters 17, 18

J. H. Clapham—Economic Development of France and Germany (1921). Chapter 9 (pages 195-231)

C. L. Christensen—Agricultural Cooperation in Denmark. Pages 9-54, 81-87

IV. TARIFF POLICY

P. Ashley—Modern Tariff History (1920). Part 1, Part 3 (pages 3-128, 269-355)

J. Morley—Life of Richard Cobden (1881). Chapters 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 16 (pages 140-172, 209-247, 290-307, 355-389)

V. BANKING

A. Andreades—History of the Bank of England (1909). Vol. 1, part 4; Vol. 2, Introductory chapter and Part 1 (pages 161-294)

H. Feis—Europe The World’s Banker, 1870-1914 (1930). Part I; Part II; Part III, Chapters 12, 13 (pages 3-190-258-313)

VI. READING PERIOD ASSIGNMENT

Choose ONE of the following groups:

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

P. Mantoux—The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (English translation, 1928)

Part I, Chapter 2
Part II, Chapters 1, 2, 3
Part III, Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4
(pages 93-139-193-317, 349-489)

J. H. Clapham—Economic Development of France and German. Chapters 3, 4 (pages 53-103)

LABOR

S. & B. Webb—History of Trade Unionism (1920 edition). Chapters (in part) 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 (pages 64-112, 153-179, 180-204, 249-298, 358-421, 472-546, 594-611, 634-676, 677-704)

Cambridge Modern History—Volume 12—Chapter 23—Social Movements (by Webb) (pages 730-765

BRITISH INDUSTRY AND CAPITAL

A. Siegfried—England’s Crisis (1933 edition)

L. H. Jenks—The Migration of British Capital to 1875 (1927). Chapters 1, 5, 7, 11. Pages 1-24, 126-157, 193-232, 326-336)

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING—NOT ASSIGNED

A. Birnie—Economic History of Europe 1760-1930 (1930)

C. Day—Economic Development in Modern Europe (1933)

J. H. Clapham—An Economic History of Modern Britain—2 vol. 1926-32 [3 vols. 1926-1938]

L. Domeratzsky—The International Cartel Movement (1928)

R. J. S. Hoffman—Great Britain and the German Trade Rivalry 1875-1914 (1933)

P Fitzgerald—Industrial Combination in England (1927)

L. C .A. Knowles—The Economic Development of the British Overseas Empire, 2 vols. (1924-1930)

F. L. Nussbaum—A History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe (1933)

H. M. Robertson—Aspects of the Rise of Economic Individualism (1933)

L. C .A. Knowles—Economic Development in the Nineteenth Century (1932)

 

Source: Harvard University Archives. Syllabi, course outlines and reading lists in economics, 1895-2003. Box 2, Folder “Economics 1934-1935”

______________________________

1934-35
HARVARD UNIVERSITY

ECONOMICS 2a1
[Final. 1935.]

Comment briefly on THREE of the statements in part I, and discuss more fully TWO of the questions in Part II.

Part I

  1. “During the period 1785-1802 there was an increase rather than a decrease of the yeomen proper in England.”
    “The Industrial Revolution was responsible for a decrease in the number of yeomen.”
  2. “The solution for the problem of agricultural distress is to be found, as the example of Denmark clearly shows, not in protective tariffs but in coöperative organization.”
  3. “The Bank was right in 1811 in rejecting the main recommendations of the Bullion Committee and in thereby refusing to follow the counsels of doctrinaires.”
  4. “The Trade Union of today is a direct descendant of the old Gild.”
  5. “The fact that the landlords supported the Factory Acts and that the manufacturers agitated for the repeal of the Corn Laws indicates that both of these powerful antagonists desired the welfare of the working class and that this class, as yet unenfranchised, wielded great political power.”

Part II

  1. “It was the increase of population which rendered necessary the Industrial Revolution.” (Lewinski.)
    “The cotton industry by its demand for the labor of women and children was chiefly responsible for the great increase of population in the towns during the generation and a half preceding the Reform Bill.”
    Comment and give your own view concerning the movement of population in Great Britain and its relation to the Industrial Revolution.
  2. “The community as a whole benefits more by falling than by rising prices.” (Layton.)
    Is this statement supported by the experience of England in the nineteenth century?
  3. Show the chief difference (giving reasons therefor) between France and Germany in railroad development and control.
  4. “The manifold connections and activities of British commerce and finance achieved for Great Britain in their freedom a vigorous expansion.” (Feis) Explain and exemplify.
  5. Summarize concisely:
    1. Bullion Report.
    2. New Unionism.
    3. Cobden Chevalier Treaty.
    4. Méline Tariff.
    5. Bank Act of 1844.
    6. Taff Vale Case.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Mid-year examinations, 1852-1943. Box 12. Volume: Examination Papers. Mid-Years, 1934-35.

Image Source: Edwin Francis Gay in Harvard Class Album 1934.

Categories
Exam Questions Harvard

Harvard. Final examination for graduate mathematical economics. Goodwin, 1950-51

 

 

 

The reading list for the one-term course Economics 204b. Mathematical Economics, taught by Richard Goodwin during the first term of 1948-49 was posted earlier.

This same course number, Economics 204b, was later assigned to a Goodwin’s seminar in mathematical economics in 1950-51 (that covered “General interdependence systems: in particular, Leontief linear systems”), so we can assume that much of the reading list for his course Economics 204a in 1950-51  would have been very similar to the earlier list linked above. In any event, here are the exam questions for the 1950-51 course.

_____________________

Course Description

Economics 204a. Mathematical Economics

Half-course (fall term). Tu., Th., 2:30-4. Assistant Professor Goodwin.

Micro-and macro-dynamical economic systems.

Prerequisites: one course in economics and one in college mathematics. Properly qualified undergraduates will be admitted to the course.

Source: Final Announcement of the Courses of Instruction Offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences During 1950-51. Published in Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. XLVII, No. 23 (September, 1950), p. 83.

_____________________

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
ECONOMICS 204a
Final. January, 1951

Please use right hand side of page only, leaving the left hand side for scratchwork.

I
Required hour question.

  1. Write an essay on the role of stability in economic science. Include some discussion of various definitions of it, how to measure it, and its use by Walras and by Marshall. Would you be inclined to accept as valid the following type of proposition: we may assume that all or most markets have stable equilibria, for “the plausibility of such a stability hypothesis is suggested by the consideration that positions of unstable equilibrium, even if they exist, are transient, nonpersistent states, and hence on the crudest probability calculation would be observed less frequently than stable states” (Samuelson)?

II
Take any TWO questions, allowing about 40 minutes for each.

  1. State concisely the economic assumptions and derivation of any one macrodynamic model of an inventory cycle. In terms of the model discuss the factors governing the period of its cycle.
  2. Develop briefly a simply macrodynamic model based on ‘fixed’ capital theory. Indicate the important non-linearities and give a graphical discussion of the nature of the solutions and their limit cycle. What are the principal characteristics of the system’s behavior?
  3. Two different economic situations are described by the somewhat similar equations:
    1. \ddot{x}+.12\dot{x}+2.3x=10;
    2. x\left( t+2 \right)+.12x\left( t+1 \right)+2.3x\left( t \right)=10.
      Compare and contrast the behavior implied in the two cases.

 

III
Take any TWO questions, allowing about 20 minutes for each.

  1. If the multiplier mechanism is represented by
    {1}/{v}\;\dot{y}+\left( 1-\alpha \right)y=i\left( t \right)+H ,
    and if
    i\left( t \right)=\kappa \dot{y}+I\cos \omega t,
    Obtain the complete solution for y.
  2. Given a Marshallian type market, specified by
    \begin{array}{l}{{p}_{d}}={{p}_{d}}\left( q \right),\\{{p}_{s}}={{p}_{s}}\left( q \right),\\\text{and}\\\dot{q}=f\left( {{p}_{d}}-{{p}_{x}} \right),\end{array}

    1. State the meaning and use of its phase line, \psi \left( q \right);
    2. Derive the relationship between the slope of \psi \left( q \right) and the slopes of the supply, the demand, and the reaction curves;
    3. Show what conditions on the slopes of the other curves are implied by a stable equilibrium point.
    4. If all curves are linear for small variations, show how the time constant, \tau , depends on the slopes of the supply, the demand, and the reaction curves.
    5. With the help of graphs, discuss the various possible behavior types of a ‘cob-web’ market with general, non-linear supply and demand curves. Explain briefly in words the meaning of your results.

Source:  Harvard University Archives. Final examinations, 1853-2001. Box 17, Bound volume: Papers Printed for Final Examinations. History, History of Religions, …, Economics, …, Military Science, Naval Science. January, 1951.

Image: Harvard Class Album 1951.

Categories
Economist Market Funny Business Minnesota

Minnesota. Parody letters of recommendation. Bronfenbrenner, ca. 1961

 

To achieve a cultural understanding of modern economics, samples of successful and unsuccessful attempts at humor by economists are valuable artifacts seeking proper interpretation. The following five parody letters of recommendation were written by an economist for whom I have achieved a sort of archival sympathy. The reader can imagine my surprise upon transcribing (especially) letter II below that casts a fairly unflattering light on its author (even allowing for his genuine satiric intent seen in the letters regarded as a whole). 

Without apologies, dear colleagues, five teachable moments….

____________________

MEMORANDUM

To: Staff and Nonsense [presumably a joke at the expense of “Non-staff”], School of Business Administration, University of Minnesota
From: Administrative Assistant to the Assistant Administrator.

Subject: Letters of Recommendation.

The silly season is once more with us, when letters of recommendation are composed in connection with teaching and other positions. Five model forms are presented below. You will note that they are more than perfunctory, and show sincere interest in the candidates being recommended.

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

I

Chairman, Department of Economics
Valley University
Death Valley, Cal.

Dear Sir:

We appreciate your inquiry regarding Dr. Wilfred (“Solid-State 880”) Jones in connection with a teaching position in Mathematical Economics and Econometrics at your eminent institution.

Minnesota is proud of Dr. Jones. In his graduate education we have established a record high marginal rate of substitution of mathematical training for native intelligence. Mr. Jones’ I.Q. was only 70 when he enrolled here. It has since been lowered systematically by special courses from the illiterate Japanese statisticians Mekura, Tsumbo, and Oshi in Summer Institutes at Swineford University. Dr. Jones has nevertheless produced a truly outstanding dissertation on the logical and topological foundations of strabismic [visual defect when both eyes are unable to focus together on an object due to an imbalance of the eye muscles] utility. This masterpiece, written under Professor Haffwitz’ [“half-wit”] O.N.R. research grant, explains not only the purchase of naval surplies [sic, either “supplies” or “surplus” or a deliberate synthesis] by cross-eyed and schizophrenic naval officers, but also the consumer behavior of civilian Siamese Twins.

The psychological trauma and Parrot Fever [disease humans can catch by inhaling bacteria from shed bird-feathers] involved in this accomplishment by a man with Dr. Jones’ handicaps have had their effects upon his personality. He started his graduate career a typical dead fish [a cold, nonresponsive person] wrapped in wet blankets [as in a wet blanket used to smother a fire, i.e. a kill-joy]. As his nickname indicates, he has been accused of becoming a desiccated robot, but we can assure you that he is not only clinically alive but likely to remain so for some time.

There are certain definite advantages to Valley University in employing Dr. Jones. Since he can no longer talk, there is no need to stockpile other econometricians or mathematical economists for him to talk to. Also, unlike many new Ph.D.s completely helpless without electronic computers, Dr. Jones can and does count on his fingers. (Also on his toes, when his shoes and stockings are taken off.)

We have humanitarian reasons for wishing particularly to place Dr. Jones at Valley University. The rigor of his Minnesota training has impaired his ability to come in out of the rain, but it never rains in Death Valley.

Cordially yours,

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

II

Head, Division of Social Studies and Humanities
Everglades College and Seminary
Dismal Swamp, Fla.

Dear Sir:

Minnesota is delighted to hear of your interest in our Mr. Ebenezer Akubongo to teach Social Science, Economic Principles, Economic Development, Alligator Husbandry, and allied subjects at Everglades. Mr. Akubongo is perhaps the most under-developed economist in any American graduate school, just as Everglades is the most under-developed college in the country. Mr. Akubongo and Everglades fit each other very well, especially since, you tell us, Immigration Service agents have been unable to penetrate the Everglades as far as Dismal Swamp. It would be to everyone’s advantage, we are sure, for you to modify your segregationist policies in Mr. Akubongo’ s favor provided that, as you propose, he assumes full-time janitorial responsibilities in addition to your customary 24-hour weekly teaching load.

Mr. Akubongo was born in Karra-Wanga, one of the Cannibal Islands. Well-intentioned missionaries secured him a scholarship to the Minnesota Bible College in Minneapolis, but he found himself on the wrong side of University Avenue and enrolled here instead. (We have not yet determined why the University admitted him.)

Mr. Akubongo’s Americanization has been proceeding apace for the past decade. He now wears shoes and headgear habitually during the winter months. His few recent reversions into cannibalism have been inspired by succulent milk-fed Minnesotans under the age of five. (We have no evidence that he would eat a Florida Cracker [Note: not necessarily intended as a racial epithet for a white person. Apparently also a self-description by families having lived generations in Florida] or Seminole Indian of any age, but perhaps you should pay him somewhat above the usual church-related-college scale, for insurance purposes.) Although he still has communication difficulties with others, we have reason to believe that Mr. Akubongo himself understands more than half of what he says in English. After bringing to this country his wife and four children, Mr. Akubongo was passed in his M.A. examinations on his third attempt. He now has two wives and eight children, and may pass his Ph.D. examinations on his nth attempt. His thesis, however, will be delayed until September, as explained below.

Mr. Akubongo is writing his doctoral thesis on the Economic Development of Karra-Wanga, and has been waiting for Karra-Wangan source materials. Their receipt involves certain difficulties; Analgesic [drug to relieve pain], the literary language of Karra-Wanga, has not been reduced to writing. Mr. Akubongo, however, is willing to compose his own source materials to whatever extent necessary to meet a reasonable thesis deadline.

In reply to your query regarding Mr. Akubongo’s loyalty to the Free Market and the American Way of Life, we doubt that Mr. Akubongo has ever had any ideas of any kind relating to these subjects. If he had, he could express them only in Karra-Wangan, which could not be understood by your students, trustees, and American Legion post. Your cherished traditions of economic freedom (which Minnesota shares with you) are therefore entirely consistent with your employment of Ebenezer Akubongo.

Sincerely yours,

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

III

Dean, School of Business
Hog Hollow State College
Hog Hollow, Mo.

Dear Mr. Dean:

We hear you have a vacancy in General Business, and present the name of Mr. August Dummkopf Sitzfleisch as the most vacant candidate available here or anywhere else. Gus’ devotion to Business and Education may be known to you, since your school is largely responsible for him. Unable to qualify as an Office Boy after High School graduation, he tried twice more after B.S.B. [probably “Bull-shit Bachelor”] and M.B.A. degrees from Hog Hollow State. Two more failures discouraged him not; Gus will receive his Ph.D. in Business Administration at Minnesota this June, but his age now disqualifies him for Office Boy positions and he plans to teach instead. We feel that you should have the first opportunity to hire Gus, since it was your recommendation which first won him admission to our doctoral program. If you do not hire him, we should be glad to do so ourselves—except for our reluctance to inbreed. This leaves the C.I.A. and F.B.I. as Gus’ last resorts, if you reject him now.

Gus’ record in useless abstract theory has, we admit, not been exactly outstanding but even here his manner of expressing himself has won widespread admiration. Whatever he says and writes in such courses manifests the usual effects of overindulgence in alcohol and opium derivatives, but Gus has satisfied our Dean of Students, our Health Service Psychiatrist, and several campus clergymen that the cause is pure and simple confusion! Gus has done better in such applied courses as Salesmanship, Office-Boymanship, Pickpocketry, Embezzlement, and Fraud. He has worked his way through school by practical experience in certain of these fields, and become a specialist in the production and distribution of automobile license plates in several communities. [i.e., has served time in prison, manufacturing license plates]

Gus’ Ph.D. thesis leans heavily, we are proud to say, on Professor Sodapopopoulos [“Soda-pop”-opoulos] famous course in Research Methodology in Business and Economics. Here he learned to use not only Scissors and Paste, but scotch Tape and Thermofax as well. The resulting 1500-page thesis, weighing 25 pounds (bound), which took Gus six years to write, is a veritable gold mine of case materials on all aspects of Business Administration. It is organized along strictly stochastic and aleatory [literally, “dicey”] lines, and unfortunately lacks an Index. Its French title, “Collage Commerciale,” which has no precise English equivalent, bears witness to Gus’ literary and artistic culture, unusual in most doctoral candidates in this field.

Forever thine,

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

IV

Personnel Office,
Minnesota Manacle, Mace, and Maul Company
Mayhem and Massacre Roads, WSE
Minneapolis, Minn.

Fellow-Americans!

The Industrial Relations Center is disappointed at your reluctance to include Simon Legree II in your distinguished organization. Perhaps you will reconsider after we answer the questions you have raised about the Center itself.

In the first place, Si is a hundred-percent 4-M type. He once killed a man with a whip at his fraternity initiation. After exhausting his athletic eligibility, he put himself through school at Minnesota as a masked wrestler, under the name of “Mr. 4-M.” What greater proof do you need?

It is true that our milk-and-water State Legislature makes the Center provide training for labor agitators as well as personnel men. But these classes are not given at the same time, so red-blooded Americans are protected from contamination. It is also true that University rules require management people to take a few courses in parlor-pink “social science” outside the Center’s jurisdiction but before each class of this sort we supply sleeping pills, for your protection as well as their own.

Only one professor within the Industrial Relations Center teaches both personnel men and labor fakers. This is Professor Adolf Hitler K.M. Doppelganger, but I know your criticism of Professor Doppelganger is unfair. His heart is in the right place. Every Monday and Wednesday night he re-reads the collected works of Henry Hazlitt and also his file of the Reader’s Digest, so the Commies cannot lead him astray next day. He spends every week-end painting swastikas on synagogues somewhere in the Twin Cities. He spends every Summer in Mississippi setting up White Citizens’ Councils all over the State. Next year he will go to Spain and West Germany on sabbatical leave, helping the Government hold the line against Communist subversion by agents of the Kremlin.

Under these circumstances, I know you will want to withdraw your attacks upon Professor Doppelganger, whose distasteful affiliations with Leftist organization have been undertaken only at the special request of the House Un-American Activities Committee. And then, once Professor Doppelganger’s true position is clear, won’t you give Si Legree a personnel-office job? He lives just to be a 4-M man, and to honor the best traditions of the Industrial Relations Center in its own home town.

Yours for Free Enterprise!

*  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *  *

V

Local 1, Organizers Union
Communist Party of U.S.A.
State Department
Washington 25, D.C.

Comrades!

The Industrial Relations Center is disappointed at your reluctance to include Jefferson Lincoln Washington in your revolutionary vanguard. Perhaps you will reconsider after we answer the questions you have raised about the Center itself.

In the first place, Jeff is a hundred-percent C.P. type. He once killed a scab with one blow of his fist on the picket line. After exhausting his athletic eligibility, he put himself through school at Minnesota as a masked wrestler, under the name of “Red October.” What greater proof do you need?

It is true that our reactionary State Legislature makes the Center provide training for Fascist bloodsuckers as well as leaders of the toiling masses. But these classes are not given at the same time, so single-minded revolutionaries are protected from contamination. It is also true that University rules require revolutionary proletarians to take a few courses in bourgeois “social science” outside the Center’s jurisdiction, but before each class of this sort we supply sleeping pills, for your protection as well as their own.

Only one professor within the Industrial Relations Center teaches both fighters for labor’s rights and their mercenary exploiters. This is Professor Karl Marx A.H. Doppelganger, but I know your criticism of Professor Doppelganger is unfair. His heart is in the right place. Every Tuesday and Thursday night he re-reads the works of Nikolai Lenin and his file of Masses and Mainstream, so the Fascists cannot lead him astray next day. He spends every week-end photographing R.O.T.C. preparations for the Cuban invasion somewhere in the Twin Cities. He spends every summer in Mississippi organizing Freedom Riders all over the State. Next year he will go to Hungary and East Germany on sabbatical leave, helping the People’s Democracies hold the line against capitalist subversion by agents of Wall Street.

Under these circumstances, I know you will want to withdraw your attacks upon Professor Doppelganger, whose distasteful affiliations with Rightest organizations have been undertaken only at the special request of the Soviet Embassy. And then, once Professor Doppelganger’s true position is clear, won’t you give Jeff Washington an organizing job? He lives just to be a C.P. organizer, and to honor the best traditions of the Industrial Relations Center in the nation’s capital.

Yours for the Revolution!

 

Source: Duke University. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Economists’ Papers Archives. Martin Bronfenbrenner Papers. Box 7, Folder “McCarthyism, 1953-62”.

Image Source: Martin Bronfenbrenner. University of Minnesota Archives/Libraries/Umedia.

Categories
Economists Teaching Undergraduate Williams

Williams. Leading Author of Political Economy Textbooks, Arthur Lathan Perry (1830-1905)

 

An earlier post mentioned the late 19th century economics textbook writer, Arthur Latham Perry, whose writings in the United States were rated by leading publishers in third/fourth place (behind Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill) in 1876. This post provides some biographical information, links to most editions of his three textbooks and two prefaces that describe his personal intellectual development as an economist. 

More about the economics professor Arthur Latham Perry:

Joseph Dorfman. Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 3 1865-1918. New York: 1949. pp. 56-63.

Stephen Meardon. A Tale of Two Tariff Commissions and One Dubious “Globalization Backlash”. Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department Working Paper 476 (November 2002), pp. 14-19.

________________________

Perry, Arthur Latham (1830-1905)
By Patrick J. McCurdy (Class of 2002)

Arthur Latham Perry, Williams Class of 1852, was born on February 27, 1830 and died on July 9, 1905. He was raised in poverty in New Hampshire but was able to attend Williams College, where he was one of the founders and charter members of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity.

After graduating, he taught in Washington for a year but returned immediately when offered a position at Williams as professor of history and political economy. He taught these subjects from 1854 to 1891. While at the college he also taught German language and literature 1854-1868. As a professor of Political Economy, 1859-1899, he wrote many textbooks and monographs and was considered a leading expert in the field of free trade.

For several years he toured the country during his summer holidays, giving lectures on the principle of free trade for The American Free Trade League. He also wrote important history books on Williamstown and Williams College, Origins of Williamstown (1894) and Williamstown and Williams College (1898).

In 1891 Professor Perry retired and acted as a consultant to the governors of Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Connecticut. It was for his great devotion to Williams College that the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity house was named in honor of him.

Perry married Mary Brown Smedley, whose ancestors were some of the first settlers of Williamstown and famous leaders of the Revolutionary War.  With her he had five sons and one daughter: Bliss, Arthur, Walter, Carroll, Lewis and Grace.  Papers for years to come would describe the brothers as a member of an old and distinguished Williamstown family.”

Source: Williams College. Special Collections Website: Perry, Arthur Latham (1830-1905) webpage.

Image Source: Arthur Latham Perry. Miscellanies. Williamstown, Mass.: Published by the Author, 1902).

________________________

Arthur Latham Perry
Links to Editions of his Three Text-books in Political Economy

Perry, Arthur Latham. Elements of Political Economy (New York: Charles Scribner and Company). 1st ed. (1866); 2nd ed. (1867); 4th ed. (1868); 5th ed. (1869) ; 6th ed. (1871); 7th ed. (1872); 10th ed. (1873); 11th ed. (1874); 13th ed. (1875); 14th ed. (1877);  15?th ed. (1878);
Title shortened to Political Economy: 18th ed. (1883); 19th ed. (1887); 20th ed. (1888); 21st ed. (1892); 22nd ed. (1895).

Perry, Arthur Latham. An Introduction to Political Economy (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, & Company). 1st ed. (1877); 2nd ed. (1880).

Perry, Arthur Latham. Principles of Political Economy. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons). 1st ed. (1891);

________________________

Arthur Latham Perry, LL.D.
Orrin Sage Professor of History and Political Economy in Williams College

PREFACE
14th edition (1877) of Elements of Political Economy

THE good reception given to my book in its previous editions by many practical teachers, as well as by the general public, has prompted me to subject it to another thorough revision, by verifying former statements of fact and introducing many new ones to bring the book abreast of the present time, and by enlarging the discussion of principles at some points and curtailing it at others in the interest of symmetry and completeness; and prompts me also to write, even at this late day, a preface to the book, since I have grounds for believing that some of its friends may be pleased to learn of the circumstances under which it was originally written.

I had taught Political Economy in this Institution [Williams College] for ten or twelve years without ever forming any purpose to try my hand at a treatise on the subject. I had used for my teachers and guides the English writers, particularly Smith, Ricardo, Senior, and Mill; and had familiarized myself also with the American writers, particularly Carey, Wayland, Bowen, and Bascom. Almost from the outset of my studies, however, and increasingly as the years went by, I felt a dissatisfaction with what seemed to me to be the lack of scientific generality common to nearly all these writers. I could see no solid reason why economical discussions should be confined to tangible commodities, and not include as well personal services rendered for pay, and also credits of all kinds. I discussed this point repeatedly with Professor Bascom, at that time my colleague, and my mind had almost reached the conclusion in which it has now rested for many years, when my late friend Amasa Walker, who was even then a political economist of reputation, although he had not yet published his “Science of Wealth,” recommended to me Bastiat’s “Harmonies of Political Economy.” I had scarcely read a dozen pages in that remarkable book, when, closing it, and giving myself to an hour’s reflection, the field of Political Economy, in all its outlines and landmarks, lay before my mind just as it does to-day. I do not know how much I brought to this result, and how much towards it was derived from Bastiat. I only know that from that hour Political Economy has been to me a new science; and that I experienced then and thereafter a sense of having found something, and the cognate sense of having something of my own to say. This was in 1863.

Subsequently I learned much from Bastiat. It is a pleasure to acknowledge, in the amplest manner, one’s indebtedness to such a quickening writer as he is; and whoever will compare carefully with his book the following chapters on Value and Land, will see how much I have profited by his discussions; and he will also see that I have made an independent, not a servile, use of them. I dare to hope that the relations of utility to value are even more clearly and ultimately put than he has put them. Not to have availed myself of the truths which he has actually established would be as unjust to science, as not also to have endeavored, in the chapters on Exchange and Foreign Trade to execute the commission which he left to his readers in these words:

“I hope yet to find at least one among them who will be able to demonstrate rigorously this proposition: the good of each tends to the good of all, as the good of all tends to the good of each ; and who will, moreover, be able to impress this truth upon men’s minds by rendering the proof of it simple, lucid, and irrefragable.”
[Sterling’s Translation of the Harmonies, page 92.]

Under the impression that I could now say something about Political Economy that the public might be willing to hear, I wrote over my initials a series of articles for the “Springfield Republican,” which attracted attention, and brought me letters alike from friends and from entire strangers, – notably from the late Sidney Homer of Boston, whose name I shall always hold in grateful remembrance for this and other reasons, – urging me to continue to write on this subject, and suggesting that a formal treatise might be acceptable to the public. Thus solicited and encouraged, – Mr. Bowles kindly adding his voice to the rest, — I ventured with diffidence upon the composition of this book. It was not at all the primary purpose to prepare a text-book for the use of college students. I thought, indeed, that I might use the book with my own classes; but the general public was in my eye throughout. The supposed needs of merchants’ clerks and farmers’ sons, for example, influenced the matter and form much more than those of people intellectually further advanced. Indeed, there was, for this reason, in the first edition, a familiarity of phrase and illustration which justly elicited criticism, and which has since been gradually eliminated. While the original design, to be intelligible to all classes of readers, may doubtless have betrayed me at times into too familiar a style, it has continued, nevertheless, to control the form of every new and every altered paragraph.

That which is original in my book is perhaps rather to be sought for in the book as a whole than in the specific parts of it. The entire plan is different from that of any book published prior to 1865. I attempted a self-consistent and symmetrical development of the one idea of Value in each of the three forms in which it manifests itself. That the outline at least is complete, is confirmed by the fact that I have found no occasion since for any other chapters than the sixteen originally sketched. I dropped entirely the long-maintained distinctions between the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth. So far as I know, I was the first to drop the technical use of the term Wealth, – a term that has always proved an invincible foe to every one trying to wrestle with it scientifically: even Bastiat, athlete as he was, was floored in this encounter. I believe that new light has been thrown on the value of land, on the delicate relations between money as a medium and money as a measure, on the whole line of objections to free trade, and on the nature of property as related to every form of taxation. The historical chapters of the book cost me very great labor. In sketching the history of American tariffs, I had not before me the tracks of even a solitary pioneer. The same remark applies in the same degree to the chapter on Currency in the United States, – a subject that has since been worthily developed into a volume by my friend Professor Sumner of Yale College. In the opening chapter on the History of the Science, I was aided somewhat by the Introductory Discourse prefixed by Mr. McCulloch to his edition of Adam Smith, and also somewhat by the article “Political in the New American Cyclopedia; but all the quotations from the classical writers, as well as those from Locke, Hume, and Bastiat, were made at first hand.

Two or three editions of the present treatise had been issued before I had seen any of the books of Henry Dunning Macleod, and to the numerous points of our independent coincidence have been added, in my later editions, many points of information in matters of fact, and some distinctions in matters of science, for which I wish here to express in general my obligations to him. Mr. Macleod, in the first volume of his “Principles of Economical Philosophy.” has done me the great honor to associate my name with Condillac, Whately, Bastiat, and Chevalier, — the heads of the third great school in Political Economy. His own name is more worthy than mine, and more likely than mine, to stand permanently in that distinguished list.

The most recent writers, whom I have consulted, and to whom I feel under obligations, – and every writer who is both competent and earnest puts his readers under obligations of some sort, — are ,Governor Musgrave of South Australia, Professors Price and Jevons of England, and General Walker of New Haven; the points of the latter in respect to the so called wages-fund have led me to modify my previous views on that subject.

I can not conclude this preface without expressing my sense of indebtedness to the successive classes of intelligent young men, to whom I have presented, and with whom I have discussed, now for almost a quarter of a century, the facts and principles of this fascinating science. It seems to me as if every possible objection to the leading points in this book has been raised, at one time or another, in my own lecture-room. Sometimes I have been convicted of error in minor points, and many times been fortified in the truth, through an attempt to remove objections started thus by students. Nearly every one of the objections to free exchange answered in the chapter on Foreign Trade was broached in this way; and I deem it of the greatest advantage to any political economist, — an advantage to which Adam Smith himself was much indebted, – to have the opportunity to test views and theories over and over again in the presence of fresh and bright minds. It has not infrequently happened in my experience that new light has been thrown out upon a subject by a young man just grasping the thought for the first time.

A. L. P.

Williams College,
July 4, 1876.

Source: Arthur Latham Perry. Elements of Political Economy, 14th edition (1877), pp. v-xi.

________________________

Arthur Latham Perry, LL.D.
Orrin Sage Professor of History and Political Economy in Williams College

PREFACE.
Principles of Political Economy (1891)

It is now exactly twenty-five years since was published my first book upon the large topics at present in hand. It was but as a bow drawn at a venture, and was very properly entitled “Elements of Political Economy.” At that time I had been teaching for about a dozen years in this Institution the closely cognate subjects of History and Political Economy; cognate indeed, since Hermann Lotze, a distinguished German philosopher of our day, makes prominent among its only five most general phases, the “industrial” element in all human history; and since Goldwin Smith, an able English scholar, resolves the elements of human progress, and thus of universal history, into only three, namely, “the moral, the intellectual, and the productive.”

During these studious and observant years of teaching, I had slowly come to a settled conviction that I could say something of my own and something of consequence about Political Economy, especially at two points ; and these two proved in the sequel to be more radical and transforming points than was even thought of at the first. For one thing, I had satisfied myself, that the word “Wealth,” as at once a strangely indefinite and grossly misleading term, was worse than useless in the nomenclature of the Science, and would have to be utterly dislodged from it, before a scientific content and defensible form could by any possibility be given to what had long been called in all the modern languages the “Science of Wealth.” Accordingly, so far as has appeared in the long interval of time since 1865, these “Elements” were the very first attempt to undertake an orderly construction of Economics from beginning to end without once using or having occasion to use the obnoxious word. A scientific substitute for it was of course required, which, with the help of Bastiat, himself however still clinging to the technical term “Richesse,” was discerned and appropriated in the word “Value” ; a good word indeed, that can be simply and perfectly defined in a scientific sense of its own; and, what is more important still, that precisely covers in that sense all the three sorts of things which are ever bought and sold, the three only Valuables in short, namely, material Commodities, personal Services, commercial Credits. It is of course involved in this simple-looking but far-reaching change from “Wealth” to “Value,” that Economics become at once and throughout a science of Persons buying and selling, and no longer as before a science of Things howsoever manipulated for and in their market.

For another thing, before beginning to write out the first word of that book, I believed myself to have made sure, by repeated and multiform inductions, of this deepest truth in the whole Science, which was a little after embodied (I hope I may even say embalmed) in a phrase taking its proper place in the book itself, — A market for Products is products in Market. The fundamental thus tersely expressed may be formulated more at length in this way: One cannot Sell without at the same instant and in the same act Buying, nor Buy anything without simultaneously Selling something else; because in Buying one pays for what he buys, which is Selling, and in Selling one must take pay for what is sold, which is Buying. As these universal actions among men are always voluntary, there must be also an universal motive leading up to them; this motive on the part of both parties to each and every Sale can be no other than the mutual satisfaction derivable to both; the inference, accordingly, is easy and invincible, that governmental restrictions on Sales, or prohibitions of them, must lessen the satisfactions and retard the progress of mankind.

Organizing strictly all the matter of my book along these two lines of Personality and Reciprocity, notwithstanding much in it that was crude and more that was redundant and something that was ill-reasoned and unsound, the book made on account of this original mode of treatment an immediate impression upon the public, particularly upon teachers and pupils; new streaks of light could not but be cast from these new points of view, upon such topics especially as Land and Money and Foreign Trade; and nothing is likely ever to rob the author of the satisfaction, which he is willing to share with the public, of having contributed something of importance both in substance and in feature to the permanent upbuilding of that Science, which comes closer, it may be, to the homes and happiness and progress of the People, than any other science. And let it be said in passing, that there is one consideration well-fitted to stimulate and to reward each patient and competent scientific inquirer, no matter what that science may be in which he labors, namely, this: Any just generalization, made and fortified inductively, is put thereby beyond hazard of essential change for all time; for this best of reasons, that God has constructed the World and Men on everlasting lines of Order.

As successive editions of this first book were called for, and as its many defects were brought out into the light through teaching my own classes from it year after year, occasion was taken to revise it and amend it and in large parts to rewrite it again and again; until, in 1883, and for the eighteenth edition, it was recast from bottom up for wholly new plates, and a riper title was ventured upon, — “Political Economy,” — instead of the original more tentative “Elements.” Since then have been weeded out the slight typographical and other minute errors, and the book stands now in its ultimate shape.

My excellent publishers, who have always been keenly and wisely alive to my interests as an author, suggested several times after the success of the first book was reasonably assured, that a second and smaller one should be written out, with an especial eye to the needs of high schools and academies and colleges for a text-book within moderate limits, yet soundly based and covering in full outline the whole subject. This is the origin of the “Introduction to Political Economy” first published in 1877, twelve years after the other. Its success as a text-book and as a book of reading for young people has already justified, and will doubtless continue to justify in the future, the forethought of its promoters. It has found a place in many popular libraries, and in courses of prescribed reading. Twice it has been carefully corrected and somewhat enlarged, and is now in its final form. In the preface to the later editions of the ” Introduction ” may be found the following sentence, which expresses a feeling not likely to undergo any change in the time to come: — “I have long been, and am still, ambitious that these books of mine may become the horn-books of my countrymen in the study of this fascinating Science.”

Why, then, should I have undertaken of my own motion a new and third book on Political Economy, and attempted to mark the completion of the third cycle of a dozen years each of teaching it, by offering to the public the present volume? One reason is implied in the title, “Principles of Political Economy.” There are three extended historical chapters in the earlier book, occupying more than one-quarter of its entire space, which were indeed novel, which cost me wide research and very great labor, and which have also proven useful and largely illustrative of almost every phase of Economics ; but I wanted to leave behind me one book of about the same size as that, devoted exclusively to the Principles of the Science, and using History only incidentally to illustrate in passing each topic as it came under review. For a college text-book as this is designed to become, and for a book of reading and reference for technical purposes, it seems better that all the space should be taken up by purely scientific discussion and illustration. This does not mean, however, that great pains have not been taken in every part to make this book also easily intelligible, and as readable and interesting as such careful discussions can be made.

A second reason is, to provide for myself a fresh text-book to teach from. My mind has become quite too thoroughly familiarized with the other, even down to the very words, by so long a course of instructing from it, for the best results in the class-room. Accordingly, a new plan of construction has been adopted. Instead of the fourteen chapters there, there are but seven chapters here. Not a page nor a paragraph as such has been copied from either of the preceding books. Single sentences, and sometimes several of them together, when they exactly fitted the purposes of the new context, have been incorporated here and there, in what is throughout both in form and style a new book, neither an enlargement nor an abridgment nor a recasting of any other. I anticipate great pleasure in the years immediately to come from the handling with my classes, who have always been of much assistance to me from the first in studying Political Economy, a fresh book written expressly for them and for others like-circumstanced; in which every principle is drawn from the facts of every-day life by way of induction, and also stands in vital touch with such facts (past or present) by way of illustration.

The third and only other reason needful to be mentioned here is, that in recent years the legislation of my country in the matter of cheap Money and of artificial restrictions on Trade has run so directly counter to sound Economics in their very core, that I felt it a debt due to my countrymen to use once more the best and ripest results of my life-long studies, in the most cogent and persuasive way possible within strictly scientific limits, to help them see and act for themselves in the way of escape from false counsels and impoverishing statutes. Wantonly and enormously heavy lies the hand of the national Government upon the masses of the people at present. But the People are sovereign, and not their transient agents in the government; and the signs are now cheering indeed, that they have not forgotten their native word of command, nor that government is instituted for the sole benefit of the governed and governing people, nor that the greatest good of the greatest number is the true aim and guide of Legislation. I am grateful for the proofs that appear on every hand, that former labors in these directions and under these motives have proven themselves to have been both opportune and effective; and I am sanguine almost to certainty, that this reiterated effort undertaken for the sake of my fellow-citizens as a whole, will slowly bear abundant fruit also, as towards their liberty of action as individuals, and in their harmonious co-operation together as entire classes to the end of popular comforts and universal progress.

A. L. PERRY.

Williams College,
November 25, 1890.

Source: Preface to Arthur Latham Perry, Principles of Political Economy (New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons), pp. vii-xii.