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Harvard. Problems of labor. Course description, enrollment, final examination. Ripley, 1911-1912

Cartoon by Arthur Young

 

William Z. Ripley’s course on problems of labor was an institutional survey of trade unionism and labor legislation. Economics 9a and 9b were dedicated to market power of organized labor and organized capital, respectively. 

His assistant was the magna cum laude, prize-winning undergraduate Roscoe Russell Hess who had a QJE publication before leaving for the Harvard Law School.

Links to previous Harvard labor exams 1892-93 to 1910-11.

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Labor Bibliographies
Prepared by Ripley

Short Bibliography of Trade Unionism, 1910.

Short Bibliography of Strikes and Boycotts, 1910.

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Meet the Teaching Assistant:
Roscoe Russell Hess
(1887-1979)

Harvard Class of 1911, First Report  (April 1912)

1909-10. Bowdoin Prize. Second prize of $100 for the essay “A Short History and Analysis of the English Submarine Telegraph Company.”

1910-11. Bowdoin Prize. First prize of $250 for the essay “The Paper Industry in its Relation to Conservation and the Tariff.” [Published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1911.]

1911. A.B. magna cum laude

1912. Address:  1722 West 58th St., Seattle, Wash.; is tutoring; his present address is care of Mrs. Hugo R. Johnstone, ” Brackenide,” Hamilton.

Harvard Class of 1911 Decennial Report (1922),
pp. 193-194

Roscoe Russell Hess

Born at Plymouth, Ind., Oct. 17, 1887.
Parents: Joseph William Hess, Nellie Josephine Tibbets.
School: Seattle High School, Seattle, Wash.
Degrees: A. B. 1911; LL. B. 1916.
War Service: Enlisted Aug. 3, 1917, Pvt.; Discharged Jan. 15, 1919, 2nd Lt. F. A. 144th F. A. and others.
Occupation: Lawyer.
Address: ( Home ) Overland Club, Pasadena, Calif. ( Bus. ) 503 H. W. Hellman Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif.

 

For two years after graduation I was tutor for two sons of Hugo R. Johnstone, ’92, wintering in California. The next three years were in the Law School, wherein I received the ” gentleman’s mark, ” but I did an unbelievable amount of type- writing for other fellows in the Law School. The summer of 1916 I spent as secretary for Sir Edgar Speyer, London banker, and the next year was in California, getting admitted to the bar. Then came seventeen months in the Field Artillery and never got across, but landed as far as Camp Jackson, South Carolina, and was discharged Second Lieutenant, Field Artillery. The last two years I have spent in the office of F. G. Cruickshank, best probate lawyer in Pasadena, but at this present writing I am spending time in Los Angeles, preparing income tax returns for people who cannot understand the intricacies of the thing. After March 15 I hope to open an office of my own in Los Angeles.

As to the service, I can only speak of it with regret – a most poignant bitterness, because I enlisted in August 1917 with an outfit that I hoped had the pull to get overseas orders and I made the mistake of my life in not going back to Boston at that time and trying to tie up with an eastern outfit that would have had a better chance of seeing the real stuff.

Member: Overland Club, Pasadena; Sons of the Revolution, California Society, Los Angeles.

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Course Description
1911-12

[Economics] 9a1hf. Problems of Labor. Half-course (first half-year). Tu., Th., and (at the pleasure of the instructor) Sat., at 1.30. Professor Ripley, assisted by Mr. ——

This course will deal mainly with the economic and social relations of employer and employed, with especial reference to legislation. Among the topics included will be: collective bargaining; labor organizations; factory legislation in the United States and Europe; strikes, strike legislation and legal decisions; conciliation and arbitration; employers’ liability and compulsory compensation; compulsory insurance with particular reference to European experience; the problem of the unemployed; apprenticeship, and trade and technical education.

Each student will make at least one report upon a labor union, from the original documents. Two lectures a week, with one recitation, will be the usual practice. This course is open to students who hare passed in Economics 1 and to Juniors and Seniors of good standing who are taking Economics 1 at the same time.

Source: Division of History, Government, and Economics: 1911-12 (1st ed.). Official Register of Harvard University, Vol. VIII, No. 23 (June 15, 1911). pp. 64-65.

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Course Enrollment
1911-12

Economics 9a 1hf. Professor Ripley, assisted by Mr. Hess. — Problems of Labor.

Total 70: 3 Graduates, 23 Seniors, 35 Juniors, 8 Sophomores, 1 Other.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1911-1912, p. 64.

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ECONOMICS 9a
Final Exam
Mid-year 1911-12

  1. Economically speaking, that is to say regardless of legal obstacles, why should not the state regulate conditions of labor for adult men, as well as for women and children? Would this accord with trade union ideals?
  2. What details in the Baldwin Locomotive Works’ plan of apprenticeship would insure or forfeit its approval by a thoroughgoing trades unionist?
  3. What are some of the defects, according to Webb, in the Victorian Minimum Wage legislation?
  4. State any economic differences between American and Australian conditions which might affect the success of such legislation in Massachusetts.
  5. Name, specifically, four labor and social laws in England, which are more advanced than most of our state regulation in America.
  6. Having regard to its original uses, to what occurrences might injunctions be applied in connection with labor disputes? To what others has it been applied in later usage?
  7. Cite as many instances as you can, of different labor laws, held to be unconstitutional by the Courts.
  8. Discuss the present longshoremen’s strike in Boston.

Source: Harvard University Archives. Harvard University — Examination papers, 1873-1915. Box 6. Bound volume, Examination Papers, 1912. Harvard University Examinations. Papers Set For Examinations in History, History of Science, Government, Economics […], p. 55.

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Previous Labor Courses at Harvard

1892-93. The Social and Economic Condition of Workingmen in the U.S. and in Other Countries (E. Cummings)
1893-94. The Social and Economic Condition of Workingmen in the U.S. and in Other Countries (E. Cummings)
1894-95. The Social and Economic Condition of Workingmen in the U.S. and in Other Countries (E. Cummings)
1895-96. The Social and Economic Condition of Workingmen in the U.S. and in Other Countries (E. Cummings)
1896-97. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (J. and E. Cummings)
1897-98. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (J. and E. Cummings)
1898-99. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (E. Cummings)
1899-1900. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (Omitted)
1900-01. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (W.F. Willoughby)
1901-02. The Labor Question in Europe and the U.S. (E.D. Durand)
1902-03. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1903-04. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1904-05. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1905-06. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1906-07. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1907-08. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1908-09. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1909-10. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)
1910-11. Problems of Labor (W.Z. Ripley)

Image Source: Arthur Young cartoon illustration for “The Industrial Revolt at Lawrence” by Richard Washburn Child in Collier’s The National Weekly, Vol. 48, Issue 25 (March 9, 1912), p. 14.

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Harvard. Enrollment and Exam for Public Finance especially Taxation. Huse, 1910-1911

Charles Phillips Huse again substituted for his thesis advisor, Charles Jesse Bullock, in 1910-11. This post has established a curatorial first for Economics in the Rear-view Mirror, namely, it has a list of all previous examinations for courses in public finance at Harvard going into the 1910-11 academic year that have been transcribed and posted!

Links to previous public finance exams 1883-84 to 1909-10.

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Relevant Readings for Students

From 1906: Selected Readings in Public Finance edited by Charles Jesse Bullock (Boston: Inn & Company).

From 1910: Short bibliography on public finance “for serious minded students” by Bullock.

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Course Description
1910-11

7 2hf. Public Finance, considered with special reference to the Theory and Methods of Taxation. Half-course (second half-year). Mon., Wed., Fri., at 10. Professor Bullock [sic] and an assistant.

This course is for undergraduates exclusively. As stated in the title, much attention is given to the subject of taxation, which will occupy about one half of the time of the course and will be studied with special reference to federal, state, and local taxation in the United States. The remainder of the time will be given to such topics as governmental expenditures, governmental industries (including some study of the relation of the state to railways and other public-service industries), public debts, and financial administration.

The course may, with the consent of the instructor, be elected by students who are taking Economies 1 in the same year.

Source: History and Political Science, Comprising the Departments of History and Government, and Economics, 1910-11. Published in the Official Register of Harvard University. Vol. VI,I No. 23 (June 21, 1910), pp. 52

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Course Enrollment
1910-11

Economics 7 2hf. Dr. [Charles Phillips] Huse [Ph.D. 1907], assisted by Messrs. [Wilfred] Eldred [Ph.D. 1919] and [Roscoe Russell] Hess [LL.B. 1916] . — Public Finance considered with special reference to the Theory and Methods of Taxation.

Total 192: 1 Graduate, 30 Seniors, 63 Juniors, 69 Sophomores, 18 Freshmen, 11 Others.

Source: Harvard University. Report of the President of Harvard College, 1910-1911, p. 49.

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ECONOMICS 7
Year-end Examination
1910-11

  1. What is the significance, practical and theoretical, of the increase of public expenditure in modern times?
  2. Discuss the financial results of the United States postal service.
  3. What do you consider the proper financial policy for public industries?
  4. What is the incidence of a tax on interest? On wages? On the products of a monopolized industry?
  5. State the benefit and ability theories of taxation. To what extent should each be followed in apportioning the burdens of any particular tax? Of the tax system as a whole?
  6. Describe the working of the general property tax in the United States. What defects are most clearly and generally to be observed? What reforms of the tax are most commonly urged?
  7. What have been the salient features of state inheritance taxation in this country? What changes are to be expected in the future?
  8. Describe the following features of the British income tax:
    (1) the five schedules; (2) stoppage at the source; (3) extent of declaration; (4) amount of evasion; (5) exemptions and abatements; (6) productiveness; (7) conformity with ideals of justice.
  9. Describe the present position of the income tax in the financial systems of our state and national governments. What are the arguments for and against a Federal income tax in the United States?
  10. What use is made of license taxes in the United States? What are the arguments for and against the license tax?

Source: Papers set for Final Examinations in History, Government, Economics, …, Landscape Architecture, Music in Harvard College. June 1911, p. 44. In Harvard University Archives, Examination papers, 1873-1915 (HUC 7000.25). Box 9. Examination Papers, 1910-11, p. 45.

Image Source: Charles Phillips Huse, Boston University yearbook, 1927.

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Earlier public finance exams
at Harvard

1883-84. Political Economy 7. Comparison of the Financial Systems of France, England, Germany, and the U.S. Taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1884-85. Political Economy 7. Comparison of the Financial Systems of France, England, Germany, and the U.S. [Omitted 1884-85].

1884-85. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1885-86. Political Economy 8. Financial History of the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1886-87. Political Economy 7. Public Finance and Banking taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1886-87. Political Economy 8. Financial History of the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar [Exams not (yet) found]

1887-88. Political Economy 7. Taxation, Public Debts, and Banking taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1887-88. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1888-89. Political Economy 7. Taxation, Public Debts, and Banking taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1888-89. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar

1889-90. Political Economy 7. Public Finance and Banking. Omitted.

1889-90. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by Adolph Caspar Miller

1890-91. Political Economy 7. Public Finance and Taxation taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1890-91. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by William Morse Cole.

1891-92. Political Economy 71. Theory and Methods of Taxation  taught by Charles F. Dunbar [Mid-year examination not found]

1891-92. Political Economy 8. History of Financial Legislation in the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1892-93. Economics 71. Theory and Methods of Taxation taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1892-93. Economics 72. Financial Administration and Public Debts taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1893-94. Economics 8. History of Financial Legislation of the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1894-95. Economics 7. Theory and Methods of Taxation (first semester) and Financial Administration and Public Debts (second semester) taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1895-96. Economics 7. Financial Administration and Public Debts taught by John Cummings.

1895-96. Economics 8. History of Financial Legislation of the U.S. taught by J. A. Hill.

1896-97. Economics 16. Topics in the Financial Legislation of the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1897-98. Economics 71. Theory and Methods of Taxation taught by Frank William Taussig, Readings, Exams.

1898-99. Economics 16. Topics in the Financial Legislation of the U.S. taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1899-1900. Economics 7a. Financial Administration and Public Debts taught by Charles F. Dunbar.

1899-1900. Economics 7b. Theory and Methods of Taxation taught by Frank William Taussig.

1900-01. Economics 7a and 7b. Not offered.

1901-02. Economics 7a and 7b. Financial administration; taxation [undergraduate] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1902-03. Economics 7b. Theory and methods of taxation with reference to local taxation [undergraduate] taught by Edward Dana Durand, Readings, Exam and Durand biography.

1902-03. Economics 16. Financial History of the United States taught by Prof Henry Brayton Gardner of Brown University.

1903-04. Economics 7b. Theory and Methods of Taxation taught by Frank William Taussig.

1903-04. Economics 16.  Financial history of the United States taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1904-05. Economics 7a. Introduction to public finance [undergraduate] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1904-05. Economics 7b. Theory and methods of taxation [undergraduate] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1904-05. Economics 16. Financial history of the United States taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1905-06 Economics 7.  Public finance [undergraduate] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1905-06 Economics 16. Public finance [advanced] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1906-07 Economics 16. Public finance and taxation taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1907-08 Economics 16. Public finance and taxation taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1908-09 Economics 7. Public finance [undergraduate] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1908-09 Economics 16. Public finance [advanced course] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock

1909-10 Economics 7. Public finance and taxation taught by Charles Phillips Huse [biographical information included]

1909-10 Economics 16. American Taxation [advanced course] taught by Charles Jesse Bullock and Charles Phillips Huse.